桑树二倍体及人工诱导的同源四倍体遗传差异的AFLP分析

利用AFLP（Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism）分子标记技术,即扩增片段长度多态性,从DNA分子水平探讨二倍体桑（2n=2X=28）与经秋水仙素诱变得到的同源四倍体桑（2n=4X=56）在遗传结构上的差异。根据对供试材料DNA多态性及遗传距离分析,认为经秋水仙素诱变得到的同源4X与2X相比在DNA分子遗传结构上产生一定程度的改变,在种内变异水平上,2X与同源4X桑间的遗传差异小于种间差异。     

人工三倍体新桑品种嘉陵20号的AFLP分析

利用AFLP分子标记技术, 从DNA水平对人工三倍体新桑品种嘉陵20 号(2n=3x=42) 及其亲本以及与嘉陵20号同亲本的2 个三倍体(2n=3x=42) 桑树材料与10 个二倍体(2n=2x=28) 桑树材料进行了遗传背景分析。获得了它们的指纹图谱、遗传距离及遗传相似系数, 并绘制出了它们的UPGMA聚类图。研究结果发现: 嘉陵20 号的母本7920 (2x;♀) 与父本西庆四号(4x; ♂) 间的相似系数为0 6612。这为今后更具强大杂交优势和多倍体优势的新型人工三倍体新桑品种选育时杂交亲本的选择与组配提供了较有用的参考依据。     

甜叶菊同源四倍体离体诱导及鉴定

用不同浓度秋水仙素溶液处理甜叶菊不定芽,诱导同源四倍体,并进行解剖学、染色体鉴定和流式细胞仪鉴定倍性。结果表明:(1)用0.20%的秋水仙素溶液浸泡甜叶菊不定芽12h,同源四倍体诱导率最高,可达32.14%。(2)同源四倍体植株与二倍体(对照)相比,其气孔、叶片等均表现巨大性,且叶片变厚、叶色浓绿、叶片皱缩。(3)对照植株染色体2n=2x=22,四倍体植株染色体2n=4x=44;流式细胞仪倍性鉴定结果显示,对照DNA相对含量为100,四倍体DNA相对含量为200。(4)该研究共鉴定出48株甜叶菊同源四倍体植株,为进行倍性植株的诱导奠定了技术基础,为进一步开展甜叶菊同源四倍体新品种的选育提供了实验材料。     

秋水仙素诱导牛蒡多倍体

用种子处理法,以秋水仙素作为诱导剂,获得了牛蒡的同源四倍体(2n=4x=72),同时还得到了一些八倍体(2n=8x=144)和非整倍体植株.     

田埂报春多倍体诱导及其形态学研究

在离体培养条件下,比较不同浓度、不同处理时间的秋水仙素对田埂报春进行染色体加倍的诱导效果。结果表明:0.08%秋水仙素处理48h的诱变效果最佳,诱变率高达56%。经秋水仙素诱导后形成的多倍体植株与原二倍体植株比较,在形态上,四倍体植株表现出多倍体特征,叶片变厚,叶形指数减小,保卫细胞增大,单位面积气孔数减少,叶绿体数明显增多。对变异植株进行细胞学研究发现,体细胞中期染色体数目为2n=4x=36,而原二倍体的染色体数目为2n=2x=18,基数x=9,因此,变异植株(2n=4x=36)为四倍体。前者的核型公式为2n=4x=8L+12M2+4M1+12S,核型属于1A;后者的核型公式为2n=2x=4L+6M2+2M1+6S,核型也属于1A。检测发现少数个体有非整倍体变异。     

3个马铃薯杂种优良株系的核型及SSR分析

为明确‘费乌瑞它’ב陇薯3号’杂种F1优良无性株系A1和A3及‘费乌瑞它’×J07-6杂种F1优良无性株系C2在染色体及DNA水平上的遗传差异,利用根尖染色体制片技术和SSR分子标记技术,对这3个优良株系的核型及SSR指纹特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)株系A1、A3和C2均为四倍体(2n=4x=48),其核型类型分别为2B、1B和1A;株系A1和A3核型公式均为2n=4x=48=36m+12sm,C2核型公式为2n=4x=48=48m。(2)利用筛选出的10对SSR适宜引物PCR扩增得到50个多态性位点,多态性位点百分率为79.37%。(3)建立了3个马铃薯杂种优良株系及其亲本的SSR指纹图,并以遗传距离(GD值)0.45为基准,将6个材料分为3类:母本‘费乌瑞它’、株系A1和父本‘陇薯3号’聚为一类,株系A3和C2聚为另一类,父本J07-6单独列为一类。     

库拉索芦荟的多倍体诱导及其变异初报

在组织培养条件下,对库拉索芦荟（Aloe vera L.)用秋水仙素进行染色体加倍的诱导处理,结果表明：用含0.06%秋水仙素处理12h后诱变频率可达50％,其效果最佳。经秋水仙素诱导的加倍群体与正常二倍体植株比较,植株的大多数叶片变厚,叶色变深,叶片变大,气孔增大而单位叶面积气孔数减少。对变异材料进行细胞学研究所发现,体细胞中期染色体为2n=4x=28,为4倍体。未加倍前的二倍体为2n=2x=14。检测中也发现有少数植株有2n=14和2n=28两种细胞型的情况。     

空间搭载诱导水稻种子突变的分子标记多态性分析

以卫星空间搭载广东水稻品种特籼占13干种子,返地种植后经5代选择、培育,获得一批形态及育性变异的突变体及品系（种）,如株高变矮,稻穗变大,雄性不育等。为了探索空间诱变的本质,对选出的6个突变体及2个优良品系,选用了130个10－mer随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD经物和17对扩增片段长度多态性（AFLP）引物组合,分别对其基因组DNA进行多态性位点扫描分析,两种方法的结果均显示：不同的突变体与原种DNA之间存在不同程度的多态性差异,且由两法得到的结果较接近,为6％－12％。此结果从分子水平上进一步证明了空间环境确实对植物种子存在诱变作用。     

几种杀虫药剂敏感蚊类酯酶多态性的研究

通过蚊虫酯酶蛋白的淀粉凝胶电泳分析和基因组DNA的限制性酶切片段长度多态性(RFLPs)比较, 对尖音库蚊Culex pipiens、三带喙库蚊Culex tritaeniorhynchus和中华按蚊Anopheles sinensis有机磷杀虫药剂敏感种群的酯酶蛋白和结构基因的多态性进行分析。发现在蛋白质水平上,三带喙库蚊敏感种群(n=54)在酯酶α和β位点分别存在2个和3个等位基因,在DNA水平上有2.9%的个体具有与酯酶β1¹基因1.3 kb Cdna片段同源的1.3 kb单拷贝带存在。发现中华按蚊敏感种群 (n= 50)中具有低活性的非特异性酯酶存在,在蛋白质水平上,酯酶α和β位点各有一个等位基因;在DNA水平上,通过对单个蚊虫基因组DNA的研究未发现有与酯酶β1¹基因同源的酯酶编码基因的存在。对尖音库蚊北京敏感种群(n= 64)的研究发现,在酯酶α和β位点都存在5个等位基因,在DNA水平上,使用一个限制性内切酶(EcoRI),15只蚊虫的样本在酯酶β位点发现了5个等位基因,说明在尖音库蚊北京敏感种群的酯酶β基因周围存在着较大的中性多态性,在有机磷杀虫剂的选择下,这些中性多态性可能会成为基因扩增的潜在因素。     

用RAPD技术研究我国苹果果实轮纹病菌的遗传变异(英文)

为了从分子水平上明确近年来我国苹果生产上发生的A、B、D和F 4种不同症状型苹果果实轮纹病的遗传分化现象及其不同致病菌的遗传变异程度。本研究对来自我国三大苹果产区的26个相关病原菌株的DNA指纹图谱进行了分析(Table 1)。结果表明 (1) 上述4种不同症状型轮纹病原菌株在基因组DNA水平上具有明显的遗传差异(Fig.1&Table 2),并在所分析的11个多态性引物中有4个引物的扩增图谱(Table 4)均可使上述4种不同致病型菌株相互区别(Table 5)。统计分析结果显示,这4种不同致病菌相互之间的遗传距离为0.1314~0.2541(Table 6);(2) 相同症状型的不同来源致病菌之间具有较高的遗传相似性 (88.4~100%)(Table 3),由此说明苹果果实轮纹病菌的遗传分化与地理环境条件差异无明显的相关性。 以上研究结果对于进一步阐明苹果果实轮纹病害的遗传演化规律及该病害监测与防治技术的改进具有重要的理论与实际意义。     

Estimation of preferential pairing in tetraploid x diploid hybridizations

Summary Crosses made between tetraploid and diploid, 2n pollen-producing species directly transfer from one-half to the entire diploid genome from the diploid to the tetraploid level, depending on the mechanism of 2n pollen formation and the amount of crossing-over that occurs. Tetraploid plants that result from tetraploid x diploid hybridizations can be further utilized in a breeding program. It is postulated that preferential pairing between homologous chromosomes derived from the original tetraploid or diploid parent occurs in the tetraploid x diploid hybrid. Depending on the genetic divergence of the species involved, preferential pairing of homologous chromosomes may range from zero to one. Theoretical estimates of the amount of preferential pairing and the standard errors of these estimates are derived for cases where the diploid parent produces 2n gametes by either a first division or a second division restitution mechanism.     

Sequence diversity in the tetraploid Zea perennis and the closely related diploid Z. diploperennis: insights from four nuclear loci

Polyploidy has been an extremely common phenomenon in the evolutionary history of angiosperms. Despite this there are few data available to evaluate the effects of polyploidy on genetic diversity and to compare the relative effects of drift and selection in polyploids and related diploids. We investigated DNA sequence diversity at four nuclear loci (adh1, glb1, c1, and waxy) from the tetraploid Zea perennis and the closely related diploid Z. diploperennis. Contrary to expectations, we detected no strong evidence for greater genetic diversity in the tetraploid, or for consistent differences in the effects of either drift or selection between the tetraploid and the diploid. Our failure to find greater genetic diversity in Z. perennis may result from its relatively recent origin or demographic factors associated with its origin. In addition to comparing genetic diversity in the two species, we constructed genealogies to infer the evolutionary origin of Z. perennis. Although these genealogies are equivocal regarding the mode of origin, several aspects of these genealogies support an autotetraploid origin. Consistent with previous molecular data the genealogies do not, however, support the division of Zea into two sections, the section Zea and the section Luxuriantes.     

GENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF AUTOPOLYPLOIDY IN TOLMIEA (SAXIFRAGACEAE)

Although there is an extensive literature on the genetic attributes of allopolyploids, very little information is available regarding the genetic consequences of autopolyploidy in natural populations. We therefore addressed the major predicted genetic consequences of autopolyploidy using diploid and tetraploid populations of Tolmiea menziesii. Individual autotetraploid plants frequently maintain three or four alleles at single loci: 39% of the 678 tetraploid plants exhibited three or four alleles for at least one locus. Heterozygosity was also significantly higher in autotetraploid populations than in diploid populations: H_° = 0.070 and 0.237 in diploid and tetraploid Tolmiea, respectively. Most of the genetic diversity in T. menziesii is maintained within populations (ratio of gene diversity within populations to mean total genetic diversity = 0.636). The total genetic diversity due to differentiation between the two cytotypes is only 0.055. Such a low degree of differentiation between cytotypes would be expected between a diploid and its autotetraploid derivative. Most diploid and all tetraploid populations examined are in genetic equilibrium. Diploid and tetraploid Tolmiea share three or four alleles at six of eight polymorphic loci. This suggests that either autotetraploid Tolmiea was formed via crossing of genetically different diploids (perhaps via a triploid intermediate) or autopolyploidy occurred more than once in separate individual plants, followed by later crossing of autotetraploids.     

Relationships among genetic distance,forage yield and heterozygosity in isogenic diploid and tetraploid alfalfa populations

Isogenic diploid and tetraploid alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was studied with molecular markers to help understand why diploid performance and breeding behavior does not always predict that of tetraploids. In a previous study of partially heterozygous alfalfa genotypes, we detected a low correlation between yields of isogenic diploid (2x) and tetraploid (4x) single-cross progenies, and genetic distances were more highly correlated with yields of tetraploids than diploids. These differences may be related to the level of RFLP heterozygosity expected among progenies derived from heterozygous parents at the two ploidy levels. The objectives of this study were to determine the relationships among genetic distance, forage yield and heterozygosity in isogenic 2 x and 4 x alfalfa populations. Four diploid genotypes were chromosome doubled to produce corresponding isogenic autotetraploids, and these genotypes were mated in 4 × 4 diallels to produce 6 single-cross families at each ploidy level for field evaluation. Allele compositions of parents were determined at 33 RFLP loci by monitoring segregation of homologous restriction fragments among individuals within progenies, and these were used to estimate RFLP heterozygosity levels for all single-cross progenies at both ploidy levels. RFLP heterozygosity rankings were identical between progenies of isogenic diploid and tetraploid parents; but significant associations (P < 0.05) between estimated heterozygosity levels and forage yield were detected only at the tetraploid level. Since tetraploid families were nearly 25% more heterozygous than the corresponding diploid families, inconsistencies in the association between molecular marker diversity and forage yields of isogenic 2 x and 4 x single crosses may be due to recessive alleles that are expressed in diploids but masked in tetraploids. The gene action involved in heterosis may be the same at both ploidy levels; however, tetraploids benefit from greater complementary gene interactions than are possible for equivalent diploids. Present address: AgResearch Grasslands, New Zealand Pastoral Agriculture Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand     

Population size, self-incompatibility and genetic rescue in diploid and tetraploid races of Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides (Asteraceae)

Self-incompatibility systems function to prevent inbreeding, and work effectively in large, genetically diverse populations. However, a decrease in population size can reduce genetic diversity at the self-incompatibility locus, which leads to a reduction in mate availability and has important demographic implications for small populations. Currently, little is known about the response of self-incompatible polyploid species to a reduction in population size. In Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides there was a significant decrease in the within-population probability of fertilization with a decline in population size for diploid populations and a marginally significant relationship for tetraploid populations, suggesting that in small populations of both chromosome races fertilization success is reduced due to a decrease in self-incompatibility allele (S-allele) diversity. There was no significant difference between the slopes of the fertility-population size relationship for diploid and tetraploid populations which indicates a similar rate of decline in fertilization success with population size for both chromosome races. Fertilization success increased when crosses were undertaken between populations and this was significantly related to population size for diploid and tetraploid populations, indicating that small populations gain the greatest benefit to fertilization success from crossing between populations. For tetraploid populations the benefits of crossing between populations tended to decline more rapidly with increasing population size. These results suggest that for small populations that have reduced fertilization success, genetic rescue by introducing new genetic material from other populations is an important means of ameliorating mate limitation issues associated with reduced S-allele diversity in both diploid and tetraploid races.     

秋水仙素诱导天山雪莲四倍体的研究

利用组织培养附加秋水仙素的方法对濒危药用植物天山雪莲(Saussurea involucrata Kar.et Kir.)进行多倍体诱导,结果表明:(1)与种子作材料相比,采用秋水仙素处理无菌苗是获得天山雪莲多倍体植株的最佳途径.(2)二倍体植株的叶片薄、平展、较细长、色绿、尖齿不明显、根细长;经秋水仙素处理诱导得到的植株叶片变宽、变肥厚、叶色深绿,尖齿明显、根短粗.(3)染色体计数、气孔分析及流式细胞仪倍性综合检测表明,诱导得到的多倍体变异苗为纯合四倍体.     

Selecting salt-tolerant clones and evaluating genetic variability to obtain parents of new diploid and tetraploid germplasm in rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana K.)

We evaluated survival percentage under salt stress in 46 diploid and tetraploid clones of rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana K.) with the aim of obtaining salt tolerant clones. Fifteen clones were selected at 600 mM NaCl under hydroponic conditions. Survival percentage of the selected clones ranged between 50–100% and 50–75% for diploid and tetraploid clones, respectively. Genetic diversity among the 15 salt-tolerant clones was assessed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). All tetraploid clones showed genetic diversity, whereas the diploid group included some genetically related clones. Clones tolerant at 600 mM NaCl and showed genetic diversity are proposed as parents for new synthetic varieties of each rhodesgrass ploidy.     

基于AFLP分子标记技术的黑花韭与多星韭遗传多样性与亲缘关系分析

采用AFLP分子标记技术分析了分布在滇中、滇西、滇西北的3个黑花韭居群、3个二倍体多星韭居群和6个四倍体多星韭居群的遗传多样性与亲缘关系.结果表明,12个居群在DNA水平上已发生明显分化.居群间的基因分化系数(GST)为0.444.由GST计算的居群间基因流(Nm)为0.625,表明居群间部分基因流动受阻.12个居群间...