高光胁迫对水稻籼粳亚种两个品种色素蛋白复合体的影响

以耐光抑制的水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）粳亚种品种“武育粳”和对光抑制敏感的灿亚种品种“汕优６３”的剑叶为材料,比较研究了高光胁迫对水稻两个亚种光合系统的影响。结果表明,高光胁迫影响激发能在两个光系统之间的分配,抑制激发能向ＰＳⅡ传递。在籼稻中激发峰和发射峰以及相关比值在受到高光胁迫后下降的幅度均比在粳稻中显著。与粳稻相比,高光胁迫几乎使籼稻的ＰＳⅡ捕光色素蛋白复合体的三聚体解体,使其Ｐ     

水分胁迫对小麦叶绿体色素蛋白复合体的影响

水分胁迫可抑制激发能向ＰＳⅡ传递,降低ＰＳⅡ捕光色素蛋白复合体、ＰＳⅡ内周天线色素蛋白复合体以及ＰＳⅠ捕光色素蛋白复合体和ＰＳⅠ反应中心叶绿素ａ 蛋白复合体的含量,其中以ＰＳⅡ色素蛋白复合体含量下降幅度较大。类囊体膜多肽分析表明,水分胁迫使属于ＰＳⅡ捕光色素蛋白复合体的２５ ｋＤ蛋白、ＰＳⅡ内周天线色素蛋白复合体的４３ ｋＤ 和４７ ｋＤ蛋白以及ＰＳⅠ捕光色素蛋白复合体的２１ ｋＤ蛋白含量降低,尤以２５ ｋＤ蛋白含量降幅最大。     

植物光合机构对光环境的适应机制: 状态转换

在自然条件下,植物接受的照光量经常变化,而植物在进化过程中已形成了相应的适应机制,用以维持光环境变化过程中2个光反应之间光能转换的能量平衡.植物的调控系统不但能通过调控叶片和叶绿体的运动以及光合色素的积累调节光的吸收,还可以通过光系统的状态转换灵活地调节捕光色素蛋白复合体吸收的能量分配.特别是在低光强下,植物通过可对电子传递链的氧化还原状态做出响应的激酶和磷酸酶调控光系统Ⅱ捕光色素蛋白复合体(LHCⅡ)的可逆磷酸化,从而调节激发能在PSⅠ与PSⅡ之间的分配.植物的状态转换机制是植物适应光质等光环境变化的重要机制.本文综述了植物状态转换机制的研究进展,阐述了LHCⅡ的磷酸化及其在PSⅠ与PSⅡ两个光系统间的移动及其状态转换在植物适应光环境变化中的生理意义,并展望了今后的主要研究方向.     

植物光合机构对光环境的适应机制:状态转换

在自然条件下,植物接受的照光量经常变化,而植物在进化过程中已形成了相应的适应机制,用以维持光环境变化过程中2个光反应之间光能转换的能量平衡.植物的调控系统不但能通过调控叶片和叶绿体的运动以及光合色素的积累调节光的吸收,还可以通过光系统的状态转换灵活地调节捕光色素蛋白复合体吸收的能量分配.特别是在低光强下,植物通过可对电子传递链的氧化还原状态做出响应的激酶和磷酸酶调控光系统Ⅱ捕光色素蛋白复合体(LHCⅡ)的可逆磷酸化,从而调节激发能在PSⅠ与PSⅡ之间的分配.植物的状态转换机制是植物适应光质等光环境变化的重要机制.本文综述了植物状态转换机制的研究进展,阐述了LHCⅡ的磷酸化及其在PSⅠ与PSⅡ两个光系统间的移动及其状态转换在植物适应光环境变化中的生理意义,并展望了今后的主要研究方向.     

氮素水平对小麦幼苗叶绿体色素蛋白复合体含量的影响

在水培条件下,研究了不同氮素水平对小麦幼苗叶绿体色素、色素蛋白复合体含量及其光谱特征的影响。结果显示:(1)氮素水平较低时PSⅡ捕光色素蛋白复合体LHCⅡ在24~30 kD范围内的蛋白含量降低,不供氮时,色素蛋白复合体含量最低,而高分子量区域的蛋白组分相对较为稳定,说明氮素水平影响PSⅡ的多肽组分,而对PSⅠ多肽组分的影响相对较小。(2)室温吸收光谱分析表明,氮素水平较低时结合态色素的含量及比例发生改变,影响植物对光的吸收能力;荧光激发及发射光谱的峰值均随氮素浓度的升高而升高,说明增加施氮量时,叶绿体类囊体中受激发的色素分子数目增加,荧光强度也随之增大;叶绿体蛋白含量在16.86 mg.L-1氮素浓度时最大。     

籼粳稻光合作用的光抑制特性及在正反交F1杂种中的表现

用稻０２４２８、０２９和籼稻３０３７、Ｐａｌ－ｇｈａｒ进行杂交,探索籼粳亚种光抑制特性在Ｆ１杂种中的遗传表现。结果表明：通常粳稻表现耐光抑制,籼稻表现对光抑制敏感。杂种Ｆ１的光抑制特性因正反交有明显差异。粳／籼Ｆ１光合光抑制与其母本粳稻相似,因其来自母本质基因编码的ＱＢ蛋白与＾１４Ｃ－Ａｔｒａｚｉｎｅ结合的Ｋｂ值和光抑制条件下ＱＢ蛋白维持能力接近;籼／粳Ｆ１比母本籼稻耐光抑制,因其ＱＢ蛋白维持能力     

水稻籼粳亚种杂交1代的光合光抑制特性

用４个粳稻品种,５个籼稻品种进行正反交,得到１６个籼粳杂交Ｆ１,测定其光合光抑制特性。结果表明：通常籼稻对光抑制的敏感性大于粳稻,但籼稻中也有耐性强的品种。籼粳杂交稻Ｆ１的光抑制介于双亲之间,并偏向其母本。光抑制程度与ＰＳⅡ活性一致,其机理与双亲核编码的ＳＯＤ诱导活性和母本质体编码的Ｄ１蛋白量有关。比较釉粳杂交稻“３０３７／０２４２８”和税型杂交稻“汕优６３”的光抑制特性发现,在光抑制条件下,籼粳杂交稻ＳＯＤ诱导活性和Ｄ１蛋白量保持能力较高,因而ＰＳⅡ和光合能力表现比较稳定。因此,为培育耐光抑制的籼粳杂交稻,筛选耐性强的品种作母本是籼粳亚种配组的重要原则。     

高等植物光系统Ⅱ对高温的响应

光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)是位于类囊体膜上的高度组织的色素蛋白复合体,主要由反应中心复合体、捕光天线复合体等亚单位组成。主要介绍PSⅡ的结构和功能、高温对PSⅡ的影响以及PSⅡ对高温胁迫的防御机制。     

超高产杂交稻‘华安3号’冠层不同衰老程度叶片的光合功能

 较系统地研究了抽穗期超高产杂交稻‘华安3号’（`X075’×`紫恢100’）冠层顶部5片叶片的光合功能。结果表明,‘华安3号’剑叶的光系统Ⅱ（PSＩＩ）光化学最大效率(Fv/Fm)、开放的PSⅡ反应中心捕获激发能效率（Fv′/Fm′）、PSⅡ电子传递量子效率（ΦPSⅡ）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）、表观电子传递效率（ETR）、光合色素尤其是叶绿素（Chl）和类胡萝卜素（Car）中的新黄素、黄体素和β-胡萝卜素（β-Car）的含量等均优于其下的各叶,而PSⅡ的激发压力（1-qP）低于其它叶片。经对叶片低温（77K）荧光发射光谱的Gaussian解析,与其它各叶片相比,剑叶PSⅡ核心天线复合物CP47和光系统Ⅰ（PSⅠ）的含量较高,而非活性的PSⅡ捕光色素蛋白复合体（LHCⅡ）聚集态含量较少。研究证明：1）水稻在决定籽粒产量的生育后期,其干物质的积累主要是由冠层最上面的3片叶的光合作用所提供;2）在叶片衰老过程中,光合反应中心的衰老早于天线系统;3）杂交稻的光保护途径之一,可能在于光抑制条件下通过增加PSⅠ含量及其对光能的吸收并刺激环式电子传递高速运转,从而对光合器起保护作用;4）水稻叶片在衰老过程中,可能通过部分Chl b还原为Chl a,以降低LHCⅡ的含量,从而减少对光能的捕获,达到降低光抑制的伤害。     

紫细菌光合机构及光合作用基因的表达调控

紫细菌是研究细菌光合作用的重要生物.介绍了紫细菌光合机构捕光色素蛋白复合体Ⅰ(light-harvestingⅠ)、捕光色素蛋白复合体Ⅱ(1ight-harvesting Ⅱ)和光化学反应中心(reaction center)的结构,并探讨了其光合作用基因的转录调控机制,重点阐述了PpsR/AppA系统对紫细菌光合作用基因的转录调控.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.