半合成抗体库的构建及抗Tie2 Fab抗体的筛选*

构建一个半合成抗体库 ,不经免疫制备人源抗Tie2Fab抗体。通过RT PCR方法 ,从人脐带血淋巴细胞总RNA扩增轻链基因及重链VH段基因 ,将轻链基因插入pCOMb3载体中 ,得人轻链质粒库 ;从HBsAb的Fd段基因制备含有不同长度随机化CDR3的FR3 CDR3 J CH1片段 ,然后将VH段基因与随机化的CDR3融合 ,得到Fd基因片段 ,再将其插入轻链质粒库中 ,得半合成人Fab质粒库。通过多次建库 ,获得总容量为 2×10⁷的半合成抗体库。其Fd段和轻链基因的重组率为     

抗破伤风类毒素单抗可变区基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中表达的三种工程抗体

我们采用RT-PCR,从小鼠杂交瘤细胞中扩增并克隆了抗破伤风类毒素(TT)抗体轻、重链可变区,重链Fd区基因,测定了其VH、Vk序列。并在大肠杆菌中表达了Fd片段,ELISA分析的结果表明Fd片段具有抗原结合的能力,但特异性很差。进一步采用SOE,和PCR技术,将VH、VK基因与ScFv连接片段组装成单链抗体(ScFv)基因片段,以及将人重链CH1和Fab基因连接片段组装成Fab基因片段。将它们分别插入含噬菌体fd外壳蛋白3基因的phagem-id pHEN 1中,在辅助噬菌体M 13-VCS作用下,噬菌体表面表达了抗TT的噬菌体单链抗体(phage-ScFv)与噬菌体Fab(phage-Fab),经ELISA检测,表明它们都能与TT特异结合。     

鼠源抗B型肉毒毒素Fab抗体库的构建及初步筛选

目的:应用重组噬菌体抗体库技术制备抗B型肉毒毒素Fab抗体。方法:用重组B型肉毒毒素重链C端片段(BoNTB/Hc)免疫BALB/c小鼠,从其脾淋巴细胞扩增免疫球蛋白Fd段和κ链基因,克隆至表达载体pComb3中,并将抗体Fab段表达于噬菌体表面,建立容量为5.96×106cfu的噬菌体抗体库。以BoNTB/Hc为抗原对所建抗体库进行4轮亲和筛选,获得与B型肉毒毒素特异性结合的克隆,并进行序列测定。结果:构建了抗B型肉毒毒素Fab抗体库,筛选出特异性克隆1个。结论:从鼠源噬菌体免疫抗体库中初步获得了特异性抗B型肉毒毒素的Fab抗体。     

鼠源性抗雄性特异性抗原噬菌体Fab抗体的制备及分析

利用噬菌体抗体库筛选技术获得抗雄性特异性抗原的噬菌体Fab抗体,首次采用雄鼠脾细胞对鼠源性抗雄性特异性抗原噬菌体Fab抗体库进行3轮亲和富集和2轮雌鼠脾细胞吸附,对筛选后特异性噬菌体Fab抗体进行ELISA分析,重组率鉴定及基因测序分析。结果显示,5次筛选后的15个菌落中有9个能产生抗雄性特异性抗原特异性噬菌体抗体,噬菌体Fab抗体的基因重组率为60%,E5克隆的重链、轻链可变区序列分别属于VH1和VκⅣ基因家族,这为挑选出高亲和力的抗雄性特异性抗原噬菌体Fab抗体奠定了实验基础,将推进雄性特异性抗原及其抗体的研究进程,并为性别控制研究开创新途径。     

可内化的人源抗Met基因工程抗体Fab的亲和力成熟与特性分析

应用噬菌体展示技术制备抗Met(HGF受体,一个与肿瘤发生、侵袭和转移相关原癌基因产物)特异性、高亲和力的全人Fab片段.Fab基因分三步合成,以从错配PCR突变库中筛选出的Fab基因可变区为模板,扩增VH和VL基因,分别与CH1、CL基因融合,合成Fd和L基因,再拼接合成Fab基因,克隆于pComb3XSS中,构建Fab次级抗体库.经细胞筛选和固相筛选,获得高亲和力阳性克隆.工程菌经IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE和蛋白质印迹分析,在25ku和27ku出现预期大小蛋白质条带.Fab分子经流式细胞术、免疫沉淀、细胞免疫荧光检测,结果表明,Fab能够与S114和MKN45细胞膜上的Met胞外区特异性结合,而与阴性细胞NIH3T3不结合.抗体内化分析显示,Fab能够与标记肥皂草毒素(ZAP)的抗人IgG结合,并进入细胞内,抑制Met阳性细胞的生长,揭示该抗体能够与Met特异性结合,并且被细胞内化.该抗体有望成为肿瘤临床诊断或治疗的候选分子.     

鼠源抗人乳腺癌MRP1/ABCC1噬菌体Fab抗体库的构建

鼠源抗人乳腺癌多药耐药相关蛋白1(multidrug resistance-associated protein 1,MRP1/ABCC1)噬菌体Fab抗体库的构建首先是利用乳腺癌组织匀浆液作为免疫原免疫BALB/c小鼠,成功免疫后提取小鼠脾组织的总RNA逆转录为cDNA。然后设计小鼠IgG各亚型的特异性Fab引物,PCR扩增Fd和L基因并依次连接到噬菌体载体pComb3中。重组体pComb3-Fab转化至E.coli XL1-Blue菌中,最后经辅助噬菌体VCSM13超感染,成功构建噬菌体Fab抗体库。以化学合成的MRP1/ABCC1膜表位10肽为抗原进行3轮淘选、富集,对淘选后获得的各级噬菌体抗体库进行ELISA检测和鉴定。成功获得的抗MRP1/ABCC1-10肽三级噬菌体Fab抗体库将为抗人乳腺癌MRP1/ABCC1 Fab抗体的制备提供保障。     

人源抗狂犬病毒单克隆抗体Fab段基因的获得和表达

运用噬菌体表面呈现（phage display）技术获得了人源抗狂犬病毒糖蛋白基因工程单克隆抗体Fab段基因及其表达。从狂犬病毒PM株Vero细胞疫苗免疫的人抗凝血中分离获得外周淋巴细胞,提取细胞总RNA,通过RTPCR方法,用一组人IgG Fab基因4特异性引物,从合成的cDNA中扩增了一组轻链和重链Fab段基因,将轻链和重链Fab段基因,将轻链和重链先后克隆入噬菌体载体pComb3,成功地建立了抗狂犬病毒抗原的方法,对此抗体库进行富积筛选表达,成功地获得了抗狂犬病毒的人源单抗Fab段基因及其在大肠杆菌中的有效表达,对其中一株单抗G10进行了较为系统的分析,发现它与一株鼠源中和性狂犬病毒糖蛋白特异性单抗存在竞争,证实该单抗能识别狂犬病毒糖蛋白,其序列资料分析表明,该单抗为一株新的抗狂犬病毒人源基因工程抗体。     

大容量人天然抗体库的构建、鉴定及初步应用

从未经主动免疫的健康志愿者的外周血淋巴细胞中提取总RNA,用RT-PCR扩增人抗体重链(VH)和轻链(VL)可变区基因,得到了6种VH家族基因,11种VL家族基因,这些抗体基因家族覆盖了人抗体基因多样性的95%以上。采用改进的SOEPCR法将VH基因和VL基因连接成人单链抗体(scFv)基因,并克隆到噬菌粒载体pCANTAB5E中,将连接产物电转化大肠杆菌TG1,经辅助噬菌体M13KO7超感染,构建了库容为5.58×109的噬菌体单链抗体库。采用BstNI酶切法证明,构建的噬菌体单链抗体库具有良好的多样性。以TNF-α为靶,从该抗体库中筛选到了抗TNF-α抗体,这说明该抗体库可用于人源抗体的筛选。     

入源中和性抗甲型肝炎病毒抗体Fab段基因的序列分析及可溶性表达

在用噬菌体表面呈现系统获得人源抗甲型肝炎(甲肝)病毒中和性基因工程Fab抗体的基础上,对所获得的4株中和性Fab抗体轻重链可变区基因进行了序列分析、可溶性表达及生物学特性鉴定.4株Fab抗体重链可变区拥有99%同源的核苷酸序列和相同的CDR区氨基酸序列,属于VHⅢ基因家族.而轻链可变区核苷酸序列同源性为95%和相似的CDR区氨基酸序列,属于VL5基因家族.这些重组抗体都能与人甲肝恢复期血清及具有中和活性的鼠抗甲肝单克隆抗体产生竞争抑制反应,表明其针对甲肝病毒结构蛋白上的主要抗原决定簇.     

天然兔源噬菌体单链抗体库的构建与鉴定

目的:构建天然兔源噬菌体单链抗体库。方法:采用RT-PCR法从未免疫的兔子脾脏中克隆得到抗体重链可变区(VH)与轻链可变区(VL)基因,重叠PCR将VH和VL拼接成scFv片段,将scFv连接到噬菌粒pComb3XSS上,电转入XL1-Blue菌中,得到单链抗体库,并用此抗体库筛选抗肌酸激酶抗体。结果:构建了容量为4×108,基因重组率95%的单链抗体库,DNA指纹图谱显示抗体库多样性良好。以肌酸激酶为抗原,从该库中筛到3株抗肌酸激酶的抗体。结论:分析表明构建的天然兔源单链抗体库质量良好,可用于快速筛选、制备多种单链抗体。     

Antibody engineering

Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) have been used as diagnostic and analytical reagents since hybridoma technology was invented in 1975. In recent years, antibodies have become increasingly accepted as therapeutics for human diseases, particularly for cancer, viral infection and autoimmune disorders. An indication of the emerging significance of antibody-based therapeutics is that over a third of the proteins currently undergoing clinical trials in the United States are antibodies. Until the late 1980's, antibody technology relied primarily on animal immunization and the expression of engineered antibodies. However, the development of methods for the expression of antibody fragments in bacteria and powerful techniques for screening combinatorial libraries, together with the accumulating structure-function data base of antibodies, have opened unlimited opportunities for the engineering of antibodies with tailor-made properties for specific applications. Antibodies of low immunogenicity, suitable for human therapy andin vivo diagnosis, can now be developed with relative ease. Here, antibody structure-function and antibody engineering technologies are described.     

Antibody engineering

The antibody molecule is a therapeutic agent, designed by nature to bind to a wide range of antigen molecules and to trigger effector functions, such as complement lysis and cell-mediated killing. The genes encoding antibodies can be manipulated in vitro, allowing the binding sites for antigen and effector molecules to be dissected, and new properties to be engineered. The future for the application of engineered antibodies in medicine is reviewed in the context of the past century.     

基于重链抗体构建的单域抗体研究进展

在骆驼血清中存在天然的缺失轻链的重链抗体(heavy chainantibody ,HCAb) ,克隆重链抗体的可变区构建的只由一个重链可变区组成的单域抗体称为VHH抗体(variabledomainofheavychainofheavy chainantibody ,VHH)。研究发现,VHH抗体具有易表达、可溶性好、稳定性强等优点。另外,骆驼的重链抗体与人VH3家族抗体同源,对人VH3家族抗体的重链可变区进行类似VHH的特征性改造,可以使这些抗体在保持亲和力、特异性不变或者变化很小的情况下,优化抗体的其它性质。已有的研究表明VHH抗体作为一种小型化的基因工程抗体在基础研究、药物开发等领域有广阔的应用前景。     

Antibody biodistribution coefficients

Tissue vs. plasma concentration profiles have been generated from a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model of monoclonal antibody (mAb). Based on the profiles, we hypothesized that a linear relationship between the plasma and tissue concentrations of non-binding mAbs could exist; and that the relationship may be generally constant irrespective of the absolute mAb concentration, time, and animal species being analyzed. The hypothesis was verified for various tissues in mice, rat, monkey, and human using mAb or antibody-drug conjugate tissue distribution data collected from diverse literature. The relationship between the plasma and various tissue concentrations was mathematically characterized using the antibody biodistribution coefficient (ABC). Estimated ABC values suggest that typically the concentration of mAb in lung is 14.9%, heart 10.2%, kidney 13.7%, muscle 3.97%, skin 15.7%, small intestine 5.22%, large intestine 5.03%, spleen 12.8%, liver 12.1%, bone 7.27%, stomach 4.98%, lymph node 8.46%, adipose 4.78%, brain 0.351%, pancreas 6.4%, testes 5.88%, thyroid 67.5% and thymus is 6.62% of the plasma concentration. The validity of using the ABC to predict mAb concentrations in different tissues of mouse, rat, monkey, and human species was evaluated by generating validation data sets, which demonstrated that predicted concentrations were within 2-fold of the observed concentrations. The use of ABC to infer tissue concentrations of mAbs and related molecules provides a valuable tool for investigating preclinical or clinical disposition of these molecules. It can also help eliminate or optimize biodistribution studies, and interpret efficacy or toxicity of the drug in a particular tissue.     

Antibody modeling assessment

A blinded study to assess the state of the art in three‐dimensional structure modeling of the variable region (Fv) of antibodies was conducted. Nine unpublished high‐resolution x‐ray Fab crystal structures covering a wide range of antigen‐binding site conformations were used as benchmark to compare Fv models generated by four structure prediction methodologies. The methodologies included two homology modeling strategies independently developed by CCG (Chemical Computer Group) and Accerlys Inc, and two fully automated antibody modeling servers: PIGS (Prediction of ImmunoGlobulin Structure), based on the canonical structure model, and Rosetta Antibody Modeling, based on homology modeling and Rosetta structure prediction methodology. The benchmark structure sequences were submitted to Accelrys and CCG and a set of models for each of the nine antibody structures were generated. PIGS and Rosetta models were obtained using the default parameters of the servers. In most cases, we found good agreement between the models and x‐ray structures. The average rmsd (root mean square deviation) values calculated over the backbone atoms between the models and structures were fairly consistent, around 1.2 Å. Average rmsd values of the framework and hypervariable loops with canonical structures (L1, L2, L3, H1, and H2) were close to 1.0 Å. H3 prediction yielded rmsd values around 3.0 Å for most of the models. Quality assessment of the models and the relative strengths and weaknesses of the methods are discussed. We hope this initiative will serve as a model of scientific partnership and look forward to future antibody modeling assessments. Proteins 2011; © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Antibody engineering.

Antibody engineering has received a boost from the development of an Escherichia coli expression system that now allows the screening of libraries with bacteria or phages. These random selection techniques can be applied using knowledge obtained from new X-ray structures of recombinant antibody domains, and anti-peptide antibodies. The first crystal structure of an anti-idiotype complex has also been solved. Additionally, the engineering of binding sites for metals and haptens, and the design of new immunotoxins have been reported.