羊源丁酸梭菌HDRyYB1发酵工艺的优化

【目的】目前,国内外鲜有关于羊源丁酸梭菌的报道。本课题选用羊源丁酸梭菌HDRy YB1为研究对象,对其发酵工艺进行优化,为该菌株作为饲料添加剂应用于畜牧业生产奠定基础。【方法】采用Plackett-Burman(PB)试验设计法和响应面法分析并优化显著影响HDRy YB1菌株发酵液中芽胞数的培养基成分。【结果】发酵培养基中的面粉浓度、鱼粉浓度和米粉浓度显著影响发酵液中的芽胞数,优化后的发酵培养基组分(质量体积比)为:面粉3.72%、鱼粉0.90%、米粉3.96%、酵母粉0.60%、Na Cl 0.19%、Mg SO4·7H2O 0.19%、KH2PO4 0.01%、Na HCO3 0.01%、Ca CO3 0.48%;培养参数为:37°C,初始p H为7.2-7.4,瓶装量100/250,接种量3%。在此条件下,HDRy YB1菌株发酵完全(18 h)的芽胞数为1.478×108 CFU/m L,是优化前的2.7倍。【结论】HDRy YB1菌株发酵培养基得到了优化,优化后的培养基可用于后期的扩大发酵试验,验证其在实践生产中的应用价值。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌LJ1摇瓶发酵条件优化北大核心CSCD

解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)LJ1是从天津土壤中分离筛选出的一株具有广谱抑菌效果的生防菌株,该实验旨在明确B.amyloliquefaciens LJ1的抑菌谱并通过优化发酵培养基和发酵条件提升其抑菌效果。通过对峙培养检测菌株LJ1对14种病原真菌的抑制效果;采用单因素试验、正交试验优化发酵培养基和摇瓶发酵条件;最后用孢子萌发法和盆栽试验验证优化后发酵液的抑菌效果。实验结果表明B.amyloliquefaciens LJ1对黄瓜灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、苹果炭疽病菌(Glomerella cingulata)、苹果腐烂病菌(Valsa ceratosperma)等11种病原真菌有抑制作用;优化后的摇瓶发酵条件为温度30℃、初始p H 5、转速200 r/min、装液量50 m L/250 m L;优化后的发酵培养基为马铃薯200 g,蔗糖10 g,黄豆粉20 g,Mg Cl2·6H2O 1.5 g,蒸馏水1 000 m L。经发酵条件与培养基优化后,B.amyloliquefaciens LJ1发酵液对Botrytis cinerea孢子萌发的抑制率达99.7%,盆栽实验防效达51.08%。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌LJ1摇瓶发酵条件优化

解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)LJ1是从天津土壤中分离筛选出的一株具有广谱抑菌效果的生防菌株,该实验旨在明确B.amyloliquefaciens LJ1的抑菌谱并通过优化发酵培养基和发酵条件提升其抑菌效果。通过对峙培养检测菌株LJ1对14种病原真菌的抑制效果;采用单因素试验、正交试验优化发酵培养基和摇瓶发酵条件;最后用孢子萌发法和盆栽试验验证优化后发酵液的抑菌效果。实验结果表明B.amyloliquefaciens LJ1对黄瓜灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、苹果炭疽病菌(Glomerella cingulata)、苹果腐烂病菌(Valsa ceratosperma)等11种病原真菌有抑制作用;优化后的摇瓶发酵条件为温度30℃、初始p H 5、转速200 r/min、装液量50 m L/250 m L;优化后的发酵培养基为马铃薯200 g,蔗糖10 g,黄豆粉20 g,Mg Cl2·6H2O 1.5 g,蒸馏水1 000 m L。经发酵条件与培养基优化后,B.amyloliquefaciens LJ1发酵液对Botrytis cinerea孢子萌发的抑制率达99.7%,盆栽实验防效达51.08%。     

蜡质芽胞杆菌XF的发酵条件优化及对番茄灰霉病的防治效果

由灰葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)引起的番茄灰霉病是一种土传病害,近年来施用生防菌被认为是一种有效的防治手段。以灰葡萄孢菌为指示菌,生物量和抑菌率为指标,采用单因素试验、正交优化试验相结合的方法,优化蜡质芽胞杆菌XF株的发酵培养基和发酵条件,从而提高菌株XF对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制效果,并于室内盆栽条件下探讨其对番茄灰霉病的防治效果,为今后该菌剂生产工艺条件的进一步确定及其防治应用的进一步开展奠定基础。结果表明,蜡质芽胞杆菌XF株发酵最适培养基(质量分数):葡萄糖1.00%,蛋白胨1.00%,酵母粉0.50%,NaCl 1.00%,MgSO_4·7H_2O 0.10%,色氨酸100 mg/L;最佳发酵条件:初始pH 6.0,温度30℃,发酵周期60 h,摇床转速200r/min,接种量5%。菌株XF稀释10倍发酵液对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制率为98.19%,对番茄离体叶片、盆栽的防效分别可达66.58%、83.97%。菌株XF具有很强的生防潜力。     

一株桑树内生拮抗菌的分离、鉴定及发酵条件优化

【目的】利用植物内生拮抗菌防治植物病害是一种有效的生物防治手段。本研究从健康桑树中分离筛选桑椹菌核病拮抗性内生细菌,为桑椹菌核病生物防治提供优良菌种。【方法】釆用组织分离培养法及抑菌圈法分离、筛选桑椹菌核病拮抗性内生细菌;根据菌体形态、培养特征、生理生化特性及基于16S rDNA序列的系统发育分析,对抑菌活性显著且稳定的菌株进行菌种鉴定;进而利用菌丝生长速率法检测活性发酵液的抑菌谱与热稳定性,并通过单因素及正交试验优化该菌株产生抑菌活性物质的发酵条件。【结果】从健康桑树中共分离获得55株内生细菌,其中XP-27菌株对核盘菌PZ-2的抑菌活性稳定且拮抗效果明显;XP-27菌株形态、培养特征、生理生化特性与芽孢杆菌属相符,基于16S rDNA序列的系统发育分析结果显示该菌株与多株甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus)的亲缘关系最近,且处于系统发育树的同一分枝,故将XP-27菌株鉴定为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌,命名为B.methylotrophicusXP-27;抑菌谱与热稳定性实验结果表明XP-27菌株对灰霉菌SWU5、腐霉菌SWU3等10种常见植物病原菌具不同程度的抑制作用,且其发酵滤液热稳定性强;发酵条件优化结果表明该菌株最佳培养基配方与培养条件为:牛肉膏1.00%,淀粉1.50%,K_2HPO_4 0.05%,MgSO_4·7H_2O 0.10%,初始pH值为8.0,培养温度为30°C,接种量为7%,发酵时间为120 h。【结论】筛选获得的桑树内生细菌B. methylotrophicus XP-27对桑椹菌核病病原菌核盘菌PZ-2具有显著拮抗作用,可作为开发桑椹菌核病生防制剂的候选菌株。     

蒺藜内生真菌发酵液抗菌及抗肿瘤活性初步研究

【目的】筛选出具有抗菌和抗肿瘤活性的蒺藜内生真菌。【方法】采用牛津杯法、稻瘟菌模型及肿瘤细胞模型评价蒺藜内生真菌PDB和察氏培养基发酵产物的抗菌活性和肿瘤细胞毒性。【结果】PDB培养基发酵液和察氏培养基发酵液抑菌圈直径大于10 mm的菌株分别占总菌株数的19.05%和23.81%。PDB培养基发酵液和察氏培养基发酵液对稻瘟菌的最小抑制浓度(MIC)低于10%的菌株分别占总菌株数的19.05%和47.61%。对肿瘤细胞抑制率高于50%的PDB发酵产物占PDB发酵产物总数的52.38%, 而对肿瘤细胞抑制率高于50%的察氏发酵产物占察氏发酵产物总数的28.57%。【结论】部分蒺藜内生真菌的发酵产物具有抗菌和抗肿瘤活性。     

核桃黑斑病拮抗放线菌WMF106的筛选、鉴定及防效

【背景】核桃黑斑病是由2种病原菌引起的细菌性病害,目前缺乏有效的生物防治方法。【目的】从核桃树根际土壤中筛选对核桃黑斑病病原菌具有拮抗效果的放线菌菌株,为该病害生防菌剂的开发提供基础。【方法】采用稀释涂布法分离放线菌,并以病原菌野油菜黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris)和成团泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans)作为指示菌,利用平板对峙法和改良牛津杯法筛选具有高拮抗活性的菌株,通过形态学特征、生理生化特性和16SrRNA基因序列分析确定其分类地位,并测定其无菌发酵液的抗菌谱和室内防效。【结果】筛选到一株对野油菜黄单胞菌和成团泛菌均有较强拮抗作用的放线菌菌株WMF106,该菌株对2种病原菌的抑菌圈直径分别为2.38 cm和1.82 cm,无菌发酵液对2种病原菌的抑菌圈直径分别为1.75 cm和1.55 cm。根据菌株形态学、生理生化特性及16SrRNA基因序列分析,将菌株WMF106鉴定为暗蓝色链霉菌(Streptomyces caeruleatus)。该菌株对尖孢镰刀菌、腐皮镰孢菌、辣椒刺盘孢菌、灰葡萄孢菌、胶孢炭疽菌5种植物病原菌及大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉5种指示菌均有抑制作用,抗菌性能广谱高效,其无菌发酵液原液对离体叶片上由野油菜黄单胞菌和成团泛菌造成的核桃黑斑病防效分别为77.44%和58.33%。【结论】菌株WMF106可作为防治核桃黑斑病的生防材料,具有良好的开发价值和应用前景。     

具有杀线虫活性的郭霍氏芽孢杆菌发酵条件优化及稳定性评价

【背景】芽孢杆菌是一类常见的生防菌,在植物病害防治中展现出巨大潜力。【目的】对一株具有杀线虫活性的郭霍氏芽孢杆菌(Bacillus kochii) DDWB进行发酵条件优化和稳定性评价,为菌株的开发提供理论支持。【方法】以发酵液上清杀线虫率及细菌发酵液OD600值为指标,通过单因素法与正交试验设计,对菌株的培养基与发酵参数进行优化;同时对菌株发酵液酸碱、温度、紫外、遗传及储存稳定性进行评价。【结果】DDWB菌株培养基优化后为:蔗糖2%,酵母提取物1%,氯化钾2%;优化后初始pH值为8.0,装液量为150 mL/250 mL锥形瓶,发酵时间为48h,接种量为8%,转速为160r/min,发酵温度为31℃;稳定性测定结果显示发酵液对酸碱敏感,紫外光照射4 h后活性物质发生降解,但发酵液对温度不敏感且杀线虫活性相关基因可稳定遗传。【结论】本研究优化了DDWB菌株的发酵条件,并对发酵液中活性物质的稳定性进行了多因素评价,使得菌株可以快速扩繁并长期稳定保持对根结线虫的抑制活性,为进一步评价菌株田间防效和研究生防机制奠定了基础。     

猪源屎肠球菌WEI-9的高密度培养

目的对分离自健康仔猪肠道的屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)WEI-9的高密度发酵培养基进行响应面优化,为菌株WEI-9的工业化生产奠定基础。方法首先采用单因素试验确定最适高密度发酵培养基的碳源和氮源,随后采用Plackett-Burman设计筛选出影响菌株WEI-9发酵活菌数的显著因素,利用最陡爬坡试验得出显著因素逼近最大活菌数产量的响应区域,最后应用Box-Behnken设计和响应面分析法确定显著影响因子的最佳浓度。结果优化后的最适高密度发酵培养基成分和配比为:乳清粉21.34 g/L,蛋白胨21.94 g/L,Na AC·3H2O 5 g/L,柠檬酸铵2 g/L,K2HPO4·3H2O 2 g/L,Mg SO4·7H2O 0.2 g/L,Mn SO4·H2O 0.05 g/L,吐温-80 1 g/L,发酵液最高活菌数达到1.6×109CFU/m L,是相同条件下MRS培养基中活菌数的1.98倍。结论本研究实现了猪源屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)WEI-9的高密度培养。     

核桃黑斑病生防链霉菌YNF36的鉴定及其抑菌活性测定

【背景】由野油菜黄单胞菌(Xanthomonas campestris)和成团泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans)侵染引起的核桃黑斑病是一种严重的细菌性病害,给核桃产业带来了极大损失。【目的】从根际土壤中筛选出对核桃黑斑病病原菌野油菜黄单胞菌和成团泛菌均具有拮抗效果的放线菌菌株,可作为创制生防菌剂的出发菌株。【方法】采用稀释涂布法、平板对峙法和改良牛津杯法筛选拮抗菌株,通过形态学特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列分析进行鉴定,测定无菌发酵液抗菌谱,离体叶片试验验证其对核桃黑斑病的防治效果。【结果】筛选到一株对2种病原菌均有较强拮抗作用的放线菌菌株YNF36。经形态学特征观察、生理生化特性试验及16S rRNA基因序列分析,将菌株YNF36鉴定为沙场链霉菌(Streptomyces arenae)。该菌株在SYP培养基上产量最高,抑菌活性最强,其无菌发酵液对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、黑曲霉、白色念珠菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌这7种指示菌,以及链格孢菌、黑腐皮壳菌、胶孢炭疽菌、灰葡萄孢菌、黄褐孢霉菌、辣椒刺盘孢菌、腐皮镰孢菌这7种植物病原菌均有抑制作用,抗菌谱广。发酵液原液对离体叶片上的由野油菜黄单胞菌和成团泛菌造成的核桃黑斑病防效分别为75.69%和62.39%。【结论】沙场链霉菌YNF36补充了一种防治核桃黑斑病的生防材料,具有良好的开发价值和应用前景。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The mechanism of hatching of eggs of Haemonchus contortus

Fluid collected from hatching eggs of Haemonchus contortus contained a lipase which hydrolysed 2-naphthyl laurate (about 0·7 μmol naphthol freed /h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid also hydrolysed l-leucinamide (about 2·3 μmol leucine freed/h/10⁶ eggs). The fluid when added to normal or heated eggs caused ‘hatching’. ‘Hatching’ also occurred in exsheathing fluid from infective juveniles and in a preparation of pancreatic lipase containing leucine aminopeptidase. A purified mammalian leucine aminopeptidase in combination with several different lipases did not attack egg shells.The ‘spontaneous’ hatching of eggs of H. contortus was strongly inhibited by 1,10-phenanthroline, 10^?3M, and this inhibition was reversed by Zn²⁺. However, the inhibition of ‘hatching’ of eggs in externally applied hatching fluid, or the hydrolysis of leucinamide in hatching fluid was generally less marked.