浙江古田山自然保护区常绿阔叶林种子雨的时空变异

木本植物种子产量的时间和空间变化格局对植物更新以及群落组成和结构有着重要影响, 是种子雨研究的一个重要方面。2006年6月在古田山亚热带常绿阔叶林24 hm²样地布置了130个面积为0.5 m²的种子雨收集器, 每周收集一次。利用4年的种子雨数据, 研究了种子雨的时间和空间变异。主要结果如下: (1)共收集到124227粒成熟种子, 属于29科51属63种, 每月降水量与平均每月种子数、物种数均呈显著负相关; (2)种子产量在每年干季(秋季)有明显的高峰, 有10个物种在湿季扩散种子, 不同物种结实物候起始和终止时间有差异; (3)基于4年的种子雨数据, 几乎所有物种的种子雨均存在很大的年际变异, 收集到的所有物种的种子产量年际变异系数的中位数为1.72; (4)种子雨在不同收集器之间有很大的变异, 变异系数的中位数为8.06; 几乎所有物种的空间变异都远远大于时间变异, 这可能是由于母树的稀有性、种子传播距离的差异, 以及地形等因素造成。通过与巴拿马Barro Colorado Island 50 hm ²样地108个物种种子产量的年际变异系数相比较, 古田山种子雨数据支持了高纬度地区种子产量变异高于低纬度地区的假说。     

林窗模型的几个基本问题的研究:I.模拟样地面积的效应

以中国东北长白山阔叶红松林为例,应用林窗模型NEWCOP探索了不同模拟样地面积对林窗模型输出结果的影响.结果表明,模拟样地面积大小变化可影响模拟出的森林群落的树种组成和模拟样地的林窗出现周期,通过应用这一特点确定了阔叶红松林的林窗面积为400～800m².     

长白山阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林种子雨组成及其季节动态

为了解阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林的种子雨组成及其在时间和空间上的动态变化,在长白山阔叶红松林25 hm2样地内,设置了150个种子收集器,收集掉落于种子收集器中的果实、种子等.所有收集到的样品分别鉴定其种类并分为成熟种实、未成熟种实、花序和果实或种子碎片及其附属物4类,计算各类别的数量,而后分别烘干秤重.从2005年6月到2006年11月,共收集到隶属11科12属20种的种实及其生殖器官残体.累计收集到121291粒种实,其中成熟种实23147粒,仅占所有种实总个体数的19.1%.种实数最多的树种是紫椴(Tilia amurensis)和水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica),两个树种种实的个体数占总个体数的90%.对2006年5月～11月种子雨季节动态的分析发现:种实在7月中旬至10月下旬数量极大,但主要由未成熟种实组成;在10月中旬出现成熟种实散落高峰,但未成熟种实仍占一定的比例.按每个收集器收集到的成熟种实数统计,成熟种实数量在100～200之间的收集器数量最多.按每个收集器收集到的树种数统计,收集器中最多收到的树种数为7,树种数为3和4的收集器个数最多.对6个主要树种成熟种实所在收集器的空间分布进行分析发现,紫椴和水曲柳的成熟种实在整个样地都有分布,春榆(Ulmus japonica)、糠椴(T. mandshurica)、色木槭(Acer mono)和假色槭(A. pseudo-sieboldianum)则只在样地的局部区域收集到成熟种实.成熟种实的空间分布与母树的空间分布大都表现出明显的相关性,表明这些树种的成熟种实并没有扩散到离母树较远的距离.     

长白山阔叶红松林凋落物组成及其季节动态

为了解群落尺度上凋落物组成及其时空变化,对长白山阔叶红松林25 hm² 样地内2008年度收集的凋落物进行统计分析.结果表明: 一年间,150个收集器内收集的凋落叶分属35种树木,占样地内胸径≥1 cm树种数(52种)的67.3%;凋落物总量为29.39 kg,折合3918.4 kg·hm^-2,其中,阔叶、杂物、针叶和枝条凋落量分别占凋落物总量的61.7%、18.0%、11.7%和 8.6%;紫椴、水曲柳、蒙古栎、色木槭和春榆5个树种的叶凋落量占阔叶总凋落量的83.8%;不同树种的凋落量季节差异很大,61.9%的凋落物产生于9月13日至10月10日.其中,红松和紫椴叶凋落高峰出现在9月13-26日,蒙古栎、春榆和色木槭叶凋落高峰出现在9月27日-10月10日.收集器间凋落物量差异较大,其中68个收集器的年凋落量在150～200 g,1个收集器大于500 g;单个收集器全年最多可收集到18个树种的凋落叶,凋落叶种数为12种的收集器最多(32个).叶凋落量与样地内该树种的胸高断面积总和成正比.样地内凋落叶的分布存在明显的空间异质性,且收集器内凋落物的收集量与其所处的位置有关.     

林窗模型的几个基本问题的研究 Ⅰ.模拟样地面积的效应

以中国东北长白山阔叶红松林为例,应用林窗模型NEWCOP探索了不同模拟样地面积对林窗模型输出结果的影响,结果表明,模拟样地面积大小变化可影响模拟出的森林群落的树种组成和模拟样地的林窗出现周期,通过应用这一特点确定了阔叶红松林的林窗面积为400－800m^2。     

东北阔叶红松林地表葬甲群落多样性及其空间变异特征

为了探明我国东北阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林地表葬甲多样性及其空间变异特征，在胜山、丰林、凉水和长白山的4个大型森林动态监测样地内，通过布置900个陷阱调查了36 hm²范围内的地表葬甲群落基本特征。基于群落物种数量、个体数量和总体长，分析了地表葬甲多样性及其空间变异性。结果表明：(1)东北阔叶红松林区域物种库包含12个葬甲物种，密度为0.018只/m²,总平均体长达0.32 mm/m²。北方花葬甲(Nicrophorus tenuipes)是东北阔叶红松林内的广布物种，黑葬甲(Nicrophorus concolor)等五个物种具有明显的生境偏好，仅存在于单个局域物种库内。(2)物种数量、个体数量和总体长在胜山、丰林、凉水和长白山样地存在明显差异，其中纬度较低的局域物种库(凉水、长白山)可维持更高的物种多样性，纬度最高的局域物种库(胜山)维持较低的物种多样性。(3)地表葬甲群落在胜山和丰林样地存在显著的空间自相关性，在凉水和长白山样地则不显著。(4)葬甲群落具有较明显的空间异质性，长白山样地的空间变异...     

东北阔叶红松林群落类型划分及物种多样性

运用TWINSPAN分类方法,对我国东北阔叶红松林群落类型进行划分,对乔木层树种进行聚类,并对东北地区长白山、大秃顶子山、平顶山和丰林保护区4个样点的物种多样性进行对比研究.结果表明:24个样地中共记录到维管束植物264种,隶属于64科147属.经过聚类,将阔叶红松林划分为3个群落类型组和7个群落类型;同时,将33个乔木树种间的关联性划分为8组.阔叶红松林群落的物种丰富度和多样性为草本层>灌木层>乔木层.在4个样点中,长白山的样地平均物种丰富度最高,为63.长白山和大秃顶子山乔木层和灌木层的物种多样性略高于平顶山和丰林保护区;丰林保护区草本层的物种多样性为2.83,高于其它3个样点.平顶山灌木层和长白山草本层的均匀度最低,分别为0.71和0.80.     

长白山阔叶红松林乔木树种幼苗组成及其年际动态

为了解阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林乔木树种幼苗的组成及其年际动态, 以长白山阔叶红松林25 ha动态监测样地为平台, 在样地内150个种子收集器周围设置了600个5 m×5 m幼苗样方。基于2006–2008年连续3年的幼苗样方调查数据, 对乔木幼苗的树种组成、数量组成、空间分布特征、年际动态、新增和死亡幼苗组成等进行了分析。结果表明: (1)从树种组成来看, 该群落乔木树种的幼苗组成种类较为丰富, 共记录到21个树种, 这些树种也是样地内胸径1 cm以上乔木树种的主要组成成分。树种组成在年际间变化不大, 但各样方间表现出极大的空间变异。(2)从数量组成来看, 共记录到11,959株乔木幼苗, 以水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)和紫椴(Tilia amurensis)幼苗数最多, 占总幼苗数的72.75%; 水曲柳、紫椴和红松的幼苗数量在年际间有明显波动, 其他树种年际间波动较小。(3)从新增和死亡幼苗的数量与组成来看, 共记录到15个乔木树种的新增幼苗, 其中紫椴、水曲柳、色木槭(Acer mono)、红松等10个树种在每次调查中都有新苗记录, 新苗数量在年际间随物种和样方位置表现出明显差异。(4)对各树种的幼苗、种子和大树的组成和空间分布的比较发现, 各树种的幼苗、种子和大树之间的数量组成和比例差异较大, 其中紫椴、水曲柳、色木槭和假色槭(A. pseudo-sieboldianum)的幼苗、种子在整个样地内都有分布, 春榆(Ulmus japonica)和怀槐(Maackia amurensis)幼苗的空间分布与种子和大树不一致, 糠椴(T. mandshurica)和山丁子(Malus baccata)等的幼苗、种子和大树的个体数相对都较少, 且它们的分布是一致的。     

长白山阔叶红松林退化生态系统的土壤呼吸作用

选择处于全球变化中国东北样带东部典型生态系统的长白山阔叶红松林作为研究区,采用动态气室-CO₂红外分析法测定了森林生态系统不同退化阶段的土壤呼吸作用.结果表明：在生长季,长白山阔叶红松林不同退化阶段的土壤呼吸动态变化呈单峰型曲线,在7-8月达到最大值;不同退化阶段林地土壤呼吸大小顺序为：杨桦林＞蒙古栎林＞阔叶红松林＞硬阔叶林＞裸地.其中,杨桦林和蒙古栎林样地的碳释放量分别为对照阔叶红松林的1.4和1.3倍,硬阔叶林和裸地的碳释放量分别为对照阔叶红松林的88%和78%.     

长白山阔叶红松林演替序列水分利用效率特征

水分利用效率是反映植物水分利用的客观指标,对其研究有助于了解陆地生态系统的碳水耦合机制。本研究利用稳定碳同位素技术分析了长白山阔叶红松林演替序列下3种林分(中龄杨桦林、成熟杨桦林、阔叶红松林)中优势树种的水分利用效率。结果表明: 3种林分的水分利用效率在不同演替阶段存在阔叶红松林＞中龄杨桦林＞成熟杨桦林的大小顺序,且同一树种在不同林分中水分利用效率不同,中龄杨桦林中山杨和白桦的水分利用效率高于成熟杨桦林,阔叶红松林中水曲柳的水分利用效率远高于其在中龄杨桦林,阔叶红松林中色木槭和蒙古栎的水分利用效率高于其在成熟杨桦林;优势树种的水分利用效率存在木材类型上的差异,总体呈现环孔材树种＞散孔材树种;阔叶红松林优势树种中,阔叶树种和针叶树种的水分利用效率在生长季呈现两种不同的变化趋势,水曲柳、色木槭、蒙古栎、紫椴总体呈现先减小后增加的趋势,而红松呈现先增加后减小的趋势。生长季阔叶红松林的水分利用效率与温度呈显著负相关。不同的水分利用效率是长白山阔叶红松林优势树种适应演替进程、响应气候和环境变化的策略之一。     

天童山森林土壤种子库的时空格局

土壤种子库是植物群落的潜在物种库。在中国东部典型丘陵地区天童国家森林公园内选取8类微地形, 分别于2008年9月、12月和2009年3月、6月进行野外调查取样和室内实验, 从总计1,960份土样中挑选种子进行鉴定及分类统计, 研究其时空格局, 探讨自然森林土壤种子库的基本特征及分布规律。结果显示: (1)共检出有活力的种子5,024粒, 共鉴定出68个种, 其中定名种65个; 落叶阔叶乔木和常绿阔叶小乔木物种数量以及种子数量均占优势; 土壤种子库与地上植被共有种为48种, 相似性系数为0.45。(2) 2级和3级顶坡及下部边坡、麓坡、泛滥性阶地种子库储量较大, 而高上部边坡、中上部边坡和低上部边坡种子库储量较小。雷公鹅耳枥(Carpinus viminea)和细枝柃(Eurya loquaiana)是各个微地形单元种子库的优势种。其他优势种中, 上部坡面的微地形主要为格药柃(E. muricata)、短梗冬青(Ilex buergeri)、黑山山矾(Symplocos heishanensis)、四川山矾(S. setchuensis)等常绿树种, 而下部坡面的微地形主要为南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaris)、橄榄槭(Acer olivaceum)、西川朴(Celtis vandervoetiana)等落叶树种。(3)土壤种子库储量在垂直空间上的分布是0-2 cm土层>2-5 cm土层>5-10 cm土层>枯枝落叶层。(4)土壤种子库具有明显的季节动态, 其储量在各个取样时间中的分布为12月>3月>9月>6月。     

Seed banks in Danish deciduous forests: species composition, seed influx and distribution pattern in soil

Samples of soil from six forest stands of different age and composition were collected, and the seedlings emerging during germination experiments were recorded Total seed bank densities varied between 2230 and 15,630 seeds m⁻² The seed bank size was positively correlated with the yearly seed influx, which constituted from 400 to 2720 seeds m⁻² Juncus effusus dominated the seed banks with generally 2000 to 3300 seeds m⁻², to exceptionally 10820 seeds m⁻² Seeds of Rubus idaeus, Betula pubescens and Carex spp were also abundant in the soil Similar numbers of species were present in the seed banks and vegetation, but only 7-48% were species in common Anemochorous species were more frequent in soil than above-ground, while zoochorous species were rare in soil but abundant in the vegetation A measure of the occurrence of seeds in relation to soil depth was designed Seeds of species with short-term survival in soil (e g Anemone nemorosa, Epilobium angustifolium, Oxalis acetosella and Stellaria holostea) were confined to the top soil, while many well known long-term survivors (e g Carex piluhfera, Poa annua, Rubus idaeus and Stellaria media) were found predominantly deep in the soil The horizontal distribution of seeds of herbaceous species forming short-term seed banks was largely random, while seeds of herbs capable of long-term survival in soil were significantly aggregated Except for one old and species-poor site, the dormant flora indicated generally high levels of disturbance in the past     

Seed transfer among bird-dispersed trees and its consequences for post-dispersal seed fate

We investigated seed transfer, i.e. the seed movement away from a source canopy to areas beneath heterospecific canopies, among the ornithochorous tree species Taxus baccata, Ilex aquifolium and Crataegus monogyna in temperate secondary forests in NW Spain, by analysing the composition of multispecific seed rain beneath the canopy of each species, at four sites and for 2 years. To evaluate the consequences on seed fate, we estimated predation by rodents in manipulated seed rains, representing variable levels of relative proportion and total density for combinations of a preferred species paired with a less-preferred species. Seed rain under Taxus canopies was dominated by Taxus seeds, which occurred in low proportion under heterospecific canopies. Ilex seeds dominated the areas under Ilex but accounted for 20–40% of seeds under heterospecific trees. Crataegus seeds were not dominant in any of the microhabitats. The probability of being deposited beneath a heterospecific canopy was much higher for Ilex and Crataegus than for Taxus. The effects of seed rain composition on post-dispersal seed predation were species-specific. Taxus seeds experienced lower predation when occurring in a background of seeds dominated by heterospecific, Ilex or Crataegus, seeds. Crataegus seeds escaped predation more successfully in high-density patches, independently of seed clump composition. Predation on Ilex seeds was independent to both the density and the composition of seed clump. Seed transfer among heterospecific tree species may contribute to shape the template of propagule abundances from which forest will develop, by generating seed combinations favourable to escape from predation.     

长白山阔叶红松林5种主要树种水分利用效率与叶片养分特征

以长白山阔叶红松林中5种优势树种(红松、水曲柳、色木槭、蒙古栎、紫椴)为研究对象,利用稳定碳同位素技术分析了植物的水分利用效率(WUE),测定了叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)3种营养元素的含量用以分析植物对养分的利用特征,并综合分析了植物WUE与叶片养分含量之间的关系.结果 表明:冠层不同位置微气象因子的差异导致WU...     

高CO2浓度对长白山阔叶红松林主要树种的影响

组成长白山阔叶红松林的主要树种红松、云杉、落叶松、大青杨、白桦、椴树、水曲柳和色木的幼树,盆栽于模拟自然光照和人工调节CO₂浓度为700μl·L^-1、400μl·L^-1的气室内两个生长季,以生长在400μl·L^-1下的幼树为对照组,在各自生长条件下测定,高CO₂浓度下生长的红松、云杉、落叶松、大青杨、白桦、椴树、水曲柳和色木的高生长比对照组的幼树提高10%～40%.高CO₂浓度的幼树与对照CO₂下的幼树相比各树种蒸腾速率升降不一,但水分利用效率均有不同程度的提高,不同树种的可溶性糖和叶绿素含量对高CO₂浓度反应不一,反映出幼树对高CO₂浓度适应的复杂性.长期高CO₂浓度环境下生长的阔叶树对CO₂变化反应较针叶树敏感,供试树种均发生光合驯化现象.     

极小种群野生植物梓叶槭的种实表型变异特征

表型变异是植物遗传变异与环境异质性相互作用的结果, 是植物适应和进化的具体表现。为揭示极小种群植物梓叶槭(Acer catalpifolium)的种实表型在其适应环境过程中的变异特征, 明确梓叶槭优质种源地, 为该物种的保护提供基础数据, 本研究以天然分布的5个小种群的11个种实性状为研究对象, 采用巢式方差、变异系数、表型分化系数等多种指标, 探讨了其种群间和种群内的表型变异。结果表明: 梓叶槭种实表型性状在种群间和种群内均存在着显著的差异, 种群内的变异(63.11%)大于种群间的变异(23.61%), 种群间平均分化系数为27.23%, 分化程度在槭树科植物中相对较大。种子厚度的平均变异系数最高(40.64%), 其次是果柄长。翅果千粒重的平均变异系数最小(1.57%), 是最稳定的种实性状。都江堰种群的表型多样性最丰富, 平武种群的则最低; 气象因子对梓叶槭种实表型性状的影响不显著。就种实表型性状而言, 虽然雷波种群的翅果最大, 平武种群的种子最大, 同时两者均具有最大的种子厚度和质量均一度。故平武和雷波种群均可作为梓叶槭优质种质资源的候选地。     

Fruit and seed ecology of wild robusta coffee (Coffea canephora Froehner) in Kibale National Park, Uganda

Coffee fruit production, frugivorous activities and seed longevity were investigated during two seasons. The average densities of fruiting coffee trees during the first sampling period ranged from four to seven per 25 m² and during the second sampling period, four fruiting trees per 25 m² were estimated. Fruiting coffee trees were significantly less than the non-fruiting trees ( P < 0.05, t -test). Periods of maximum coffee fruit fall coincided with those of lowest rainfall. Coffee fruit yield per tree from ground collections was 7–40 m⁻² in 1992 and 16–38 m⁻² in 1993/1994. Split coffee berries ranged between 71.7% and 83.6% of all fruits collected from the forest floor in the 1993/94 sampling period. Coffee seeds collected from the forest floor were mostly undamaged. Black and white colobus and redtail monkeys were observed to feed on ripe coffee fruits but did not crush the seeds. Coffee seed viability declined rapidly during storage. Seeds left on the forest floor survived longest, those stored under laboratory conditions lost viability fastest, and those in cold storage showed intermediate longevity.     

西双版纳望天树林种子雨9年动态

种子雨是森林生态系统过程的重要组成部分。虽然国内外已有部分关于种子雨的研究, 但多数集中在温带和亚热带地区, 热带地区种子雨的长期监测研究仍显不足。为全面了解热带森林种子雨输入的数量动态和物种组成的长期规律, 本文对我国西双版纳望天树(Parashorea chinensis)林群落水平上9年(2008年5月至2017年4月)的种子雨输入进行了研究。9年共收集到木本植物的种子226种8,993,224粒, 其中大型种子(I-1型) 77种9,779粒; 中型种子(I-2型) 61种24,237粒; 小型种子(I-3型) 72种83,399粒; 粒状微小种子(II-1型) 13种1,215,235粒; 粒状极小种子(II-2型) 1种7,244,667粒; 细丝状种子(II-3型) 2种415,907粒。种子雨输入量排名前10位的优势种贡献了70%以上的种子数量。各类型种子的种子雨输入量均具有年际波动, 呈“大小年”的交替变化, 间隔期为1-2年, 物种组成也呈现一定的年际差异。持续9年的监测中, 每类型种子至少观察到了1次大年结实事件。     

Seed rain of fleshy and dry propagules in different habitats in the temperate rainforests of Chiloé Island,Chile

In temperate rainforests on Chiloé Island in southern Chile (42°S), most canopy trees bear fleshy, avian‐dispersed propagules, whereas emergent tree species have dry, wind‐borne propagules. In the present study, the following hypothesis was tested: regardless of species, fleshy propagules are deposited in greater numbers in canopy gaps and in forest margins and hence have a more heterogeneous seed shadow than wind‐dispersed propagules. To test this hypothesis, the seed rains of these two types of propagules were compared in the following forest habitats: (i) tree‐fall gaps (edges and centre); (ii) forest margins with adjacent pastures; and (iii) under closed canopy (forest interior). Seed collectors (30‐cm diameter) were placed in two (15 and 100 ha) remnant forest patches (n = 60–100 seed collectors per patch) distributed in the four habitats. Seeds were retrieved monthly from each collector during two reproductive seasons (1996, 1997). In both years, the seed rain was numerically dominated by two species with dry propagules (Laureliopsis philippiana and Nothofagus nitida) and three species with fleshy fruits (Drimys winteri, Amomyrtus luma, and Amomyrtus meli). The seed shadows of the two species with dry, wind‐dispersed seeds differed markedly. Seeds of L. philippiana were deposited predominantly in canopy openings, whereas N. nitida seeds fell almost entirely in the forest interior. The fleshy‐fruited species, Drimys and Amomyrtus spp., had similar seed deposition patterns in the various habitats studied, but the between‐year differences in seed rain were greater in Drimys winteri than in Amomyrtus spp. Although no more than 10% of fleshy‐fruited propagules reached the margins of the patch, approximately 7% of these were carried there by birds. Every year, canopy gaps (pooling data from edges and centres) concentrated approximately 60% of the total seed rain of both propagule types in both forest patches. Forest margins received less than 20% of the total seed rain, which was largely dominated by fleshy‐fruited species. Seed shadows were a species‐specific attribute rather than a trait associated with propagule type and dispersal mode.