PBL教学法在老年医学科住院医师培训教学中的应用

目的:通过对比研究PBL(Problem-Based Learning)教学方法及LBL教学方法的特点,探索和总结PBL教学方法的特点,在老年医学科第一阶段住院医师规范化培训中的应用体会和效果评价。方法:将入老年医学科进行临床轮转的第一阶段住院医师30名,随机分为观察组(N=15)和对照组(N=15)。观察组采用PBL模式进行教学培训,对照组采用传统教学法(LBL),通过临床技能及理论知识考评、问卷形式评价及自我评价等方式来评估教学效果。结果:PBL教学组无论是笔试成绩还是问诊成绩均优于LBL组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);PBL教学组的课堂满意度明显优于LBL组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组培训医师对学习过程中的自我评价显示,PBL组培训医师对4个自我测评项目的结果显示均明显高于LBL组,具有显著性统计学差异(P0.01或0.05)。结论:PBL教学法有助于提高老年医学科住院医师的临床水平,有利于住院医师规范化培训的体系建设。     

PBL与LBL教学法在内科学查房教学中的临床对比研究

目的:比较以问题为基础(PBL)和以授课为基础(LBL)的教学法在内科学查房教学中的应用效果。方法:选取2014年6月-2015年6月内科78名本科实习生参与研究,将学生随机分成PBL教学组(n=39名)和LBL教学组(n=39名),经过为期一年的学习后通过综合考试及问卷调查评价教学效果。结果:PBL组学生的理论考试成绩总分及病例分析题得分显著高于LBL组学生,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);PBL教学组学生在提高学生文献检索的能力、自学能力、解决问题的能力、提高学习效率、锻炼人际沟通能力、培养团队合作精神、有利于理解记忆知识、接受该教学方法的占比明显高于与LBL教学组学生,具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:与LBL教学法相比,PBL教学法在教学查房中具有较好的教学效果,在提高学生的文献检索能力、自学能力、解决问题的能力、人际沟通能力、团队合作等综合素质有优势。     

PBL 与LBL 教学法在胸外科临床教学中的对比研究

目的:对比研究以问题为中心教学法(PBL)与基于课堂的学习(LBL)即传统教学法在胸外科临床教学中教学的效果.方法:随机抽取临床专业学生100名,随机分为LBL教学组及LBL教学组各50人.在学习结束时,采用闭卷考试的形式进行成绩考核;同时采用不记名问卷调查,进行两种教学效果和教学模式的评价.结果:共纳入99例学生,分析显示PBL教学法与LBL教学法对医学生相关知识的掌握有影响.PBL教学法的教学模式在理论成绩与实践考核等方面优于传统教学法.结论:采用PBL教学法有助于提高学生的自主临床思维、提高学生的学习积极性,最终可以有效提高学习效果.     

CBL-PBL整合教学法在颈椎病临床见习教学中的应用

目的评价基于临床案例为基础的教学模式(CBL)-基于以问题为基础教学模式(PBL)整合教学法对颈椎病临床见习教学效果,为临床教学提供参考。方法本研究共纳入100名在我科参加临床见习的2013级本科实习生,随机分为实验组和对照组各50名,实验组及对照组分别采用CBL-PBL整合教学法和传统LBL教学法进行课堂讲授。考核并比较两组理论知识、病例分析能力、临床技能操作能力的成绩,自拟调查问卷评价并比较两组的临床见习兴趣、医患沟通、自主学习规划、查阅文献、临床思维能力以及临床教学效果。结果 CBL-PBL整合教学组在理论知识、技能操作考核等方面的成绩均高于传统LBL教学组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);CBL-PBL整合教学组的临床见习生在临床实习兴致、医患沟通能力、自主学习规划能力、查阅文献能力等方面及对教学方法的评价调查均高于传统的LBL教学组,两组间的差异具有显著的统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用CBL-PBL整合教学法有助于提升学生的见习积极性,能提高颈椎病临床见习教学质量,是培养复合型医学人才的重要措施,CBL-PBL整合教学法值得在医学教育中进一步推广。     

PBL与LBL教学法在八年制学生本科教学阶段胸外科的教学效果对比研究

目的:对比研究以问题为中心教学法(PBL)与基于课堂的学习法(LBL)在八年制学生本科教学阶段胸外科教学中的效果。方法:选取八年制临床专业学生40名,随机分为PBL教学组及LBL教学组各20人。在学习结束时,采用闭卷考试的形式进行成绩考核;同时采用不记名问卷调查,进行两种教学效果和教学模式的评价。结果:共纳入40例学生,分析显示PBL教学法与LBL教学法对八年制学生胸外科相关知识的掌握有影响。PBL教学法在理论成绩与实践考核等方面优于传统教学法。结论:采用PBL教学法有助于提高学生的学习兴趣、自主解决问题能力、创新能力、求知欲、团队协作能力、人文关怀意识、费用意识以及病人教育能力,最终可以有效提高学习效果。     

PBL和LBL相结合的双轨教学法在胸外科临床教学中的效果评估

目的：PBL和LBL相结合的双轨教学法较LBL教学法在胸外科临床教学中的不同效果。方法：随机抽取我校临床专业学生160名,随机分为实验组（LBL＋LBL法）及对照组（LBL法）,实验组用LBL讲授完核心知识后采用PBL教学,对照班则全部采用LBL教学,每组各80人。采用期末考试成绩和问卷调查相结合的形式,进行教学效果的评估。在学习结束时,采用闭卷考试的形式进行成绩考核;同时采用不记名问卷调查,进行两种教学效果和教学模式的评价。结果：PBL教学法有利于胸外科医学生,临床教学中的知识掌握。实验组学生在病例分析、基本技能及总成绩等部分成绩明显高于对照组,有统计学意义（表2,t=9．1301,7．9672,11．8624,P〈0．05）;两组学生在理论知识考试部分成绩水平持平,无统计学差异（表2,t=-1．3660,P〉0．05）。并且无论对于教学效果和教学模式,实验组对PBL教学法的评价也明显优于LBL教学法（表3,x2=-6．1365,P〈0．05;表4,x2=-29．2650,P〈0．01）。PBL和LBL相结合的双轨教学法在教学模式在理论成绩与实践考核等方面优于LBL教学法。结论：胸外科临床教学中PBL和LBL相结合的双轨教学法有助于提高学生的自主临床思维、提高学生的学习积极性,最终可以有效提高学习效果。     

CBL联合PBL教学方法在创伤外科学教学中的初步探究

目的:研究以案例为中心教学法(CBL)联合以问题为中心教学法(PBL)的教学方法与传统的基于课堂的教学法(LBL)在临床医学五年制本科生创伤外科学教学中的应用效果。方法:随机选取我校临床医学五年制四年级的学员80人,随机分为CBL联合PBL教学组及LBL教学组各40人。在课程结束以后,采用记名试卷考核联合不记名问卷调查的方式,进行教学方法、教学模式、教学内容掌握程度评价。结果:实验组学员理论考核成绩优于对照组学员,有统计学差异。CBL联合PBL教学法支持率高于传统LBL教学法,并且在激发学员兴趣,提高学员学习兴趣,合作能力方面均优于对照组。结论:CBL联合PBL教学法可以在创伤外科学中实施,能取得较好的教学效果。     

PBL教学法与批判性思维在医学本科生胸外科临床教学中的应用研究

目的:对比研究以问题为中心教学法(PBL)与基于课堂的学习法(LBL),观察批判性思维在医学本科生胸外科临床教学中的作用。方法:随机选取我院本科临床专业学生160名,随机分为PBL教学组及LBL教学组各80人。在学习结束时,采用不记名问卷调查,进行批判性思维能力和教学效果、教学模式的评价。结果:结果显示PBL教学法在批判性思维培养方面优于LBL教学法,且教学效果及教学模式也更受支持。结论:采用PBL教学法有助于提高学生的批判性思维,可有效提高学习效果。     

结合PBL 与LBL 教学法在医学教育中的应用

目的:系统分析以问题为中心教学法(PBL)与基于课堂的学习(LBL)即传统教学法相结合在医学教育中的教学效果。方法:检索中国生物医学文献数据库、维普中文科技期刊全文数据库和中国期刊全文数据库,采用系统评价与Meta分析的方法,综合比较PBL与LBL相结合的教学法的教学效果。结果:共纳入12篇文献,分析显示两种教学法相结合的教学模式与传统教学模式对医学生相关知识的掌握有影响。两种教学法相结合的教学模式在理论成绩与实践考核等方面优于传统教学法。结论:Meta分析显示PBL与LBL相结合的模式的教学效果优于传统教学法。但是由于纳入分析的研究质量均较低,结果还需要高质量研究来进一步证实。     

PBL结合LBL教学法在老年医学教学中的应用

目的:通过研究PBL结合LBL教学法在老年医学教学中的应用,观察与传统的LBL教学方法比较,PBL结合LBL教学法对学生考核成绩提高的作用,并探讨PBL结合LBL教学法加强对学生自主学习、综合实践、团队协作等各方面能力的提升。方法:选择2014年9月-2015年5月第三军医大学临床医学系2013级学生145名,随机分为实验组(PBL结合LBL教学法,75名)和对照组(传统的LBL教学法,70名)作为研究对象,通过考核与问卷调查评估结果。结果:以冠心病相关知识作为考核内容,与对照组比较,实验组考核成绩高于对照组(91.50±4.36 vs.83.24±4.12,P0.01);对实验组学生75名发放调查问卷,87%以上学生认为该教学法对提高自身学习能力、激发学习兴趣、增强表达能力等方面有较大帮助。结论:PBL结合LBL的教学法有助于提高老年医学教学效果。     

Mathematical properties of neuronal TD-rules and differential Hebbian learning: a comparison

A confusingly wide variety of temporally asymmetric learning rules exists related to reinforcement learning and/or to spike-timing dependent plasticity, many of which look exceedingly similar, while displaying strongly different behavior. These rules often find their use in control tasks, for example in robotics and for this rigorous convergence and numerical stability is required. The goal of this article is to review these rules and compare them to provide a better overview over their different properties. Two main classes will be discussed: temporal difference (TD) rules and correlation based (differential hebbian) rules and some transition cases. In general we will focus on neuronal implementations with changeable synaptic weights and a time-continuous representation of activity. In a machine learning (non-neuronal) context, for TD-learning a solid mathematical theory has existed since several years. This can partly be transfered to a neuronal framework, too. On the other hand, only now a more complete theory has also emerged for differential Hebb rules. In general rules differ by their convergence conditions and their numerical stability, which can lead to very undesirable behavior, when wanting to apply them. For TD, convergence can be enforced with a certain output condition assuring that the δ-error drops on average to zero (output control). Correlation based rules, on the other hand, converge when one input drops to zero (input control). Temporally asymmetric learning rules treat situations where incoming stimuli follow each other in time. Thus, it is necessary to remember the first stimulus to be able to relate it to the later occurring second one. To this end different types of so-called eligibility traces are being used by these two different types of rules. This aspect leads again to different properties of TD and differential Hebbian learning as discussed here. Thus, this paper, while also presenting several novel mathematical results, is mainly meant to provide a road map through the different neuronally emulated temporal asymmetrical learning rules and their behavior to provide some guidance for possible applications.     

Learning set formation in a group of Guinea baboons (Papio papio): Importance of the behavioral variable measured

A recent report of one-trial learning in a group of saddle-back tamarins (Saguinus fuscicollis) conflicted with views of learning set formation based on traditional techniques employing isolated subjects. An experiment is reported in which a group of Guinea baboons (Papio papio) was given a series of discrimination and habit reversal tasks. Both one-trial learning and learning set formation occurred. Analysis of spatial behavior revealed that the group learned in a single trial to discriminate stocked from unstocked zones. Improvement in successes (reinforced “digging”) was progressive but not rapid, indicating learning set formation. It appears that outcomes depend on the behavioral variables chosen.     

Selectivity in social and asocial learning: investigating the prevalence,effect and development of young children's learning preferences

Culture evolution requires both modification and faithful replication of behaviour, thus it is essential to understand how individuals choose between social and asocial learning. In a quasi-experimental design, 3- and 5-year-olds (176), and adults (52) were presented individually with two novel artificial fruits, and told of the apparatus'' relative difficulty (easy versus hard). Participants were asked if they wanted to attempt the task themselves or watch an experimenter attempt it first; and then had their preference either met or violated. A significant proportion of children and adults (74%) chose to learn socially. For children, this request was efficient, as observing a demonstration made them significantly quicker at the task than learning asocially. However, for 5-year-olds, children who selected asocial learning were also found to be highly efficient at the task, showing that by 5 years children are selective in choosing a learning strategy that is effective for them. Adults further evidenced this trend, and also showed selectivity based on task difficulty. This is the first study to examine the rates, performance outcomes and developmental trajectory of preferences in asocial and social learning, ultimately informing our understanding of innovation.     

Temporal learning of predation risk by embryonic amphibians

For prey species that rely on learning to recognize their predators, natural selection should favour individuals able to learn as early as possible. The earliest point at which individuals can gather information about the identity of their potential predators is during the embryonic stage. Indeed, recent experiments have demonstrated that amphibians can learn to recognize predators prior to hatching. Here, we conditioned woodfrog embryos to recognize predatory salamander cues either in the morning or in the evening, and subsequently exposed the two-week-old tadpoles to salamander cues either in the morning or in the evening, and recorded the intensity of their antipredator behaviour. The data indicate that amphibians learn to recognize potential predators while still in the egg, and also learn the temporal component of this information, which they use later in life, to adjust the intensity of their antipredator responses throughout the day.     

Investigating the molecular mechanisms of learning and memory using Caenorhabditis elegans

Learning is an essential biological process for survival since it facilitates behavioural plasticity in response to environmental changes. This process is mediated by a wide variety of genes, mostly expressed in the nervous system. Many studies have extensively explored the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying learning and memory. This review will focus on the advances gained through the study of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans provides an excellent system to study learning because of its genetic tractability, in addition to its invariant, compact nervous system (~300 neurons) that is well-characterised at the structural level. Importantly, despite its compact nature, the nematode nervous system possesses a high level of conservation with mammalian systems. These features allow the study of genes within specific sensory-, inter- and motor neurons, facilitating the interrogation of signalling pathways that mediate learning via defined neural circuits. This review will detail how learning and memory can be studied in C. elegans through behavioural paradigms that target distinct sensory modalities. We will also summarise recent studies describing mechanisms through which key molecular and cellular pathways are proposed to affect associative and non-associative forms of learning.

     

Recruiting machine learning methods for molecular simulations of proteins

Abstract

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are critical to understanding the movements of proteins in time. Yet, MD simulations are limited due to the availability of high-resolution protein structures, accuracy of the underlying force-field, computational expense, and difficulty in analysing big data-sets. Machine learning algorithms are now routinely used to circumvent many of these limitations and computational biophysicists are continuously making progress in developing novel applications. Here, we discuss some of these methods, varying from traditional dimensionality reduction approaches to more recent abstractions such as transfer learning and reinforcement learning, and how they have been used to deal with the challenges in MD. We conclude with the prospective issues in the application of machine learning methods in MD, to increase accuracy and efficiency of protein dynamics studies in general.     

Learning multiple routes in homing pigeons

The aerial lifestyle of central-place foraging birds allows wide-ranging movements, raising fundamental questions about their remarkable navigation and memory systems. For example, we know that pigeons (Columba livia), long-standing models for avian navigation, rely on individually distinct routes when homing from familiar sites. But it remains unknown how they cope with the task of learning several routes in parallel. Here, we examined how learning multiple routes influences homing in pigeons. We subjected groups of pigeons to different training protocols, defined by the sequence in which they were repeatedly released from three different sites, either sequentially, in rotation or randomly. We observed that pigeons from all groups successfully developed and applied memories of the different release sites (RSs), irrespective of the training protocol, and that learning several routes in parallel did not impair their capacity to quickly improve their homing efficiency over multiple releases. Our data also indicated that they coped with increasing RS uncertainty by adjusting both their initial behaviour upon release and subsequent homing efficiency. The results of our study broaden our understanding of avian route following and open new possibilities for studying learning and memory in free-flying animals.     

转变学习方式,在探究活动中体会成功的乐趣

学生的学习方式一般有接受和发现两种,传统的学习方式过分突出和强调接受与掌握,冷落和忽视发现与探究,从而导致了对学生认识过程的极端处理,摧残了学生的学习兴趣和热情,而以培养创新精神和实践能力为主要目的的探究式学习方式则在培养学生多方面能力的同时给予他们以成功的乐趣。     

Prosimian learning capacities

A survey of the literature on learning by prosimian primates contradicts a traditional view that they are untrainable. They learn simple operants such as bar pressing readily, work well for the usual rewards, and respond in predictable fashion on schedules of partial reinforcement. Two-dimensional visual discriminations involving pattern and brightness also are learned, as are three-dimensional object discriminations. In the area of complex learning, they not only acquire a variety of difficult tasks, but they also reach a final level of performance that is at or near the level of anthropoids. In each of the following areas, at least one experiment is described in which a prosimian species did as well as one or more anthropoid species: object discrimination learning set, discrimination reversal, delayed response, instrumentation, oddity, and relational problems. The anthropoids to which they are most apt to compare favorably are New World monkeys, a group which they resemble physically, especially with respect to degree of manipulativeness, cortical development, and visual acuity.