α-硫辛酸联合胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛细胞功能的影响

目的:比较应用α-硫辛酸抗氧化应激治疗联合胰岛素强化降糖对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的影响。方法:将104例初诊2型糖尿病患者随机分为联合组、单药组两组,分别给予α-硫辛酸联合胰岛素强化治疗及单独胰岛素强化治疗12周,比较两组患者治疗前后口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)、C肽释放试验各时间点血浆葡萄糖、C肽及胰岛功能相关指标的变化。结果:联合组OGTT试验1小时血糖(1 h PG)、2小时血糖(2 h PG)、3小时血糖(3 h PG)较单药组明显下降,空腹C肽(FCP)、0.5小时C肽(0.5 h CP)、2小时C肽(2 h CP)水平较单药组明显升高,胰岛β细胞功能指数[HOMA-β(CP)]、糖负荷0.5 h时净增C肽与净增血糖比值(△CP30/△Glu30)、C肽曲线下面积(AUCC)与血糖曲线下面积(AUCG)比值(AUCG/AUCC)较单药组明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:α-硫辛酸联合胰岛素强化治疗较单独胰岛素强化治疗能够更好的恢复胰岛β细胞功能。     

alpha- 硫辛酸联合胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2 型糖尿病患者胰岛细胞功能的影响

目的：比较应用alpha- 硫辛酸抗氧化应激治疗联合胰岛素强化降糖对初诊2 型糖尿病患者胰岛beta细胞功能的影响。方法：将 104 例初诊2 型糖尿病患者随机分为联合组、单药组两组,分别给予alpha- 硫辛酸联合胰岛素强化治疗及单独胰岛素强化治疗12 周,比较两组患者治疗前后口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）、C 肽释放试验各时间点血浆葡萄糖、C 肽及胰岛功能相关指标的变化。 结果：联合组OGTT 试验1 小时血糖（1 h PG）、2 小时血糖（2 h PG）、3 小时血糖（3 h PG）较单药组明显下降,空腹C 肽（FCP）、0.5 小时C 肽（0.5 h CP）、2 小时C 肽（2 h CP）水平较单药组明显升高,胰岛茁细胞功能指数[HOMA-beta（CP）]、糖负荷0.5 h时净增C 肽与净增血糖比值（△CP30/△Glu30）、C 肽曲线下面积(AUCC)与血糖曲线下面积(AUCG)比值（AUCG/AUCC）较单药组明显升 高,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：alpha- 硫辛酸联合胰岛素强化治疗较单独胰岛素强化治疗能够更好的恢复胰岛茁细胞功能。     

大剂量胰岛素联合西格列汀对老年2 型糖尿病患者的疗效

目的:研究大剂量胰岛素联合西格列汀对老年2型糖尿病患者的疗效。方法:选择2012年1月~2015年12月在我院进行诊治的老年2型糖尿病患者82例,随机分为两组,观察组采用大剂量胰岛素联合西格列汀治疗,对照组采用大剂量胰岛素治疗,两组均治疗3个月。比较两组治疗前后的甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白和高密度脂蛋白水平,餐后2 h血糖、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白,胰岛素抵抗指数、胰岛素分泌指数、每日胰岛素总量和低血糖发生次数。结果:对照组治疗前后的血脂水平无明显差异(P0.05),观察组治疗后的甘油三酯、总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白明显降低(P0.05),高密度脂蛋白明显升高(P0.05);治疗后,两组的餐后2 h血糖、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白均明显降低(P0.05),且观察组降低更为明显(P0.05);对照组治疗前后的胰岛素抵抗指数、胰岛素分泌指数和每日胰岛素总量均无明显差异(P0.05),观察组治疗后的胰岛素抵抗指数和每日胰岛素总量均明显降低(P0.05),胰岛素分泌指数明显升高(P0.05);两组治疗前后低血糖发生次数和身体质量指数均无明显差异(P0.05)。结论:大剂量胰岛素联合西格列汀能有效控制老年2型糖尿病患者的血糖水平,改善胰岛β细胞功能,减少胰岛素用量,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

老年2 型糖尿病患者血清中25- 羟维生素D水平 与胰岛beta细胞功能的关系

目的：探讨老年2 型糖尿病患者血清中25- 羟维生素D水平与其胰岛素beta细胞功能的相关性,为老年2 型糖尿病的预防和 治疗提供理论基础。方法：选取2013 年6 月至2014 年6 月在我院接受治疗的老年2 型糖尿病患者300 例作为研究对象,另选取 同期在我院参加体检的健康志愿者300 例作为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法测定和比较两组研究对象血清中25-羟维生素D 的 含量,采用稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛素敏感指数(IAI)、胰岛beta细胞的功能指数(HBCI)以及空腹胰岛beta细胞的功 能指数(FBCI)评估老年2 型糖尿病患者的胰岛beta细胞功能,并分析老年2 型糖尿病患者血清中25- 羟维生素D 水平与上述参数 的相关性。结果：老年2 型糖尿病患者血清中25-羟维生素D水平为(10.2± 0.9)ng/mL,显著低于正常对照人群(P<0.05);老年2 型 糖尿病患者血清中25- 羟维生素D 水平与HOMA-IR 呈显著正相关(r=0.438,P=0.019),与IAI 呈显著负相关(r=-0.392,P=0.023), 与HBCI和FBCI无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论：老年2 型糖尿病患者血清中的25- 羟维生素D 水平较低,与其胰岛素beta细胞功能 障碍有关,补充25-羟维生素D 可能有助于老年2 型糖尿病的治疗和预防。     

短期速效胰岛素联合长效胰岛素强化治疗对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛功能及氧化应激的影响

目的：探讨短期速效胰岛素联合长效胰岛素强化治疗方案对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛功能及氧化应激的影响。方法：选择30例初诊2型糖尿病患者,在一般治疗的基础上,应用短期速效胰岛素联合长效胰岛素强化治疗方案进行治疗,检测并比较患者治疗前后一般血清指标包括空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2小时血糖（2h PPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、血清C肽（FCP）,胰岛细胞功能指标包括胰岛素曲线下面积（AUG）、β细胞功能稳态模型评估（HOMA-B）、I30/G30、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、胰岛素及C肽水平,以及氧化应激指标包括丙二醛（MDA）及超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）。结果：（1）与治疗前相比,患者治疗后FPG、2h PPG、HbA1c、AUG、HomaB、HomaIR及I30/G30水平均显著改善,差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）;患者口服糖耐量试验0h、1h及2h胰岛素水平及C肽水平均显著回升,差异有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。（2）治疗后,患者MDA水平显著降低,SOD水平显著升高,其差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：短期速效胰岛素联合长效胰岛素强化治疗方案可以明显改善初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛功能,降低患者体内的氧化应激水平。     

加味黄连解毒汤联合利拉鲁肽对初发2型糖尿病肥胖患者糖脂代谢、炎症反应及胰岛功能的影响

摘要 目的：探讨加味黄连解毒汤联合利拉鲁肽对初发2型糖尿病肥胖患者糖脂代谢、炎症反应及胰岛功能的影响。方法：选取2016年1月至2018年5月复旦大学附属华山医院北院收治的104例初发2型糖尿病肥胖患者,按照随机数字表法将患者分为对照组（n=52）和研究组（n=52）。对照组给予利拉鲁肽治疗,研究组给予加味黄连解毒汤联合利拉鲁肽治疗,两组均治疗3个月。比较两组治疗前、治疗3个月后体质量指数（BMI）、血糖指标[空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2小时血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）]、血脂指标[总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）]、炎症指标[C反应蛋白（CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）]及胰岛功能指标[胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、胰岛β细胞功能指数（HOMA-β）],并记录两组治疗过程中不良反应发生情况。结果：治疗3个月后,两组的BMI、FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、HOMA-IR及血清TG、TC、LDL-C、CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平均低于治疗前,HOMA-β及血清HDL-C水平均高于治疗前,且研究组BMI、FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、HOMA-IR及血清TG、TC、LDL-C、CRP、IL-6、TNF-α水平均较对照组降低,血清HDL-C水平及HOMA-β较对照组升高（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率比较无差异（P>0.05）。结论：加味黄连解毒汤联合利拉鲁肽治疗初发2型糖尿病肥胖患者安全有效,能够减轻患者体重,改善血糖、血脂水平以及胰岛功能,减轻炎症反应。     

辛伐他汀对Ⅱ型糖尿病合并肾病葡萄糖代谢的研究

目的:探讨辛伐他汀治疗对Ⅱ型糖尿病(T2DM)合并肾病患者糖代谢水平的影响.方法:选取新乡医学院第一附属医院60名T2DM合并肾病患者行辛伐他汀治疗3个月.比较治疗前后空腹血糖(FBG)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、脂联素(ANP)、C肽、HOMA-IR、胰岛素/葡萄糖比率(IGR)、胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)、空腹胰岛素水平(FINS)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、糖基化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平等变化,以评价辛伐他汀对T2DM病合并肾病患者的治疗效果.结果:在辛伐他汀治疗3个月后的葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)中,对比治疗前,各时点血糖水平均显著下降(P＜0.05),而C肽与胰岛素在0 min和30 min时显著下降(P＜0.05).在辛伐他汀治疗后,HO-MA-IR、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、ISI、FINS、胰岛素AUC、血糖曲线下面积(AUC)、CRP、HbA1c、FBG与治疗前相比均显著下降(P＜0.05),尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)也明显下降(P＜0.01),但是APN(P＜0.01)以及C肽AUC(P ＜0.05)均显著上升,而校正胰岛素反应(CIR)及IGR无显著变化(P＞0.05).结论:辛伐他汀治疗可以改善胰岛素抵抗,提高患者对胰岛素的敏感性,并显著降低血糖,从而改善T2DM合并肾病患者的糖代谢.     

利拉鲁肽治疗2型糖尿病的临床研究进展

利拉鲁肽是一种新型胰高糖素样肽-1 GLP-1类似物,能迅速、高效、持久地降低血糖及糖化血红蛋白,具有改善胰岛β细胞功能、调节收缩压、保护心血管、降低血脂、减轻体重、延迟胃排空、增加饱腹感等作用。此外,利拉鲁肽具有葡萄糖依赖的促胰岛素分泌作用,仅在机体血糖水平高时刺激胰岛素的释放,但当患者体内血糖浓度恢复至正常时,GLP-1分泌促胰岛素的作用便消退,因而发生低血糖事件的几率较低,能有效地改善糖尿病患者的病情,已成为目前2型糖尿病治疗领域的研究热点。本文主要就利拉鲁肽治疗2型糖尿病的临床研究进展进行综述。     

饮食疗法对妊娠期糖尿病孕妇血脂代谢动态变化的研究

目的:探讨脂代谢紊乱在妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)中的作用,为妊娠期糖尿病的预防及指导临床干预提供理论依据。方法:观察妊娠期糖尿病患者和糖耐量正常孕妇血脂水平及胰岛素抵抗程度差异,分析妊娠期糖尿病患者饮食治疗前后的血脂及炎症标志物的动态变化,于孕12W、24W及36W分别抽取两组孕妇空腹静脉血,测定糖、脂代谢指标及炎症标志物水平,计算血浆致动脉粥样硬化指数(atherogenic index of the plasma,AIP);应用稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)及胰岛分泌功能指数(HBCI),评价胰岛素抵抗指数(IR)程度及胰岛功能。结果:(1)GDM组的C肽、FINS、HOMA-IR明显高于糖耐量正常组(normal glucose tolerance,NGT)组(p0.05),GDM组HBCI指数低于NGT组(p0.05)。(2)干预组与对照组比较,12W时,TC、TG、HDL、LDL差异均无统计学意义(p0.05);24W及32W差异均有统计学意义(p0.05),均较对照组高。(3)对GDM组中TC、TG、HDL、LDL、AIP、hs-CRP、N及WBC值进行分析,TG、TC、LDL、AIP、hs-CRP、N及WBC值24W较36W及12W高(p0.05);HDL水平24W较36W及12W低(p0.05)。(4)NGT组中TG、TC、LDL、AIP、hs-CRP、N及WBC值36W较24W及12W高(p0.05);HDL水平36W较24W及12W高(p0.05)。结论:GDM孕妇存在着明显的胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞分泌功能受损。GDM孕妇合并较正常妊娠更为严重的炎症反应,血脂水平明显升高,饮食治疗后对改善IR有益,提示在妊娠期糖尿病患者中,通过适当的饮食治疗进而对血糖及血脂的调整可以显著减少母儿并发症。     

疏肝化瘀通络法对初诊2型糖尿病患者血糖及胰岛β细胞功能的影响

目的:观察中医疏肝化瘀通络法治疗初诊2型糖尿病患者的胰岛β细胞及胰岛素抵抗的影响.方法:将60例符合入选标准的新诊断的2型糖尿病患者,随机分组2组(治疗组与对照组),2组在饮食控制和运动治疗方案的基础上,对照组给予口服二甲双胍片;治疗组在口服二甲双胍的基础上加服以疏肝化瘀通络法组方的中药方剂,两组治疗疗程均为12周.观察治疗前后患者血糖、糖化血红蛋白、胰岛素敏感性及胰岛β细胞功能的影响并记录低血糖及其它不良反应.结果:与治疗前相比,二甲双胍+疏肝化瘀通络方治疗后患者空腹、餐后2 h血糖均下降(P＜0.05);HbA1C下降(P＜0.05);体重指数(BMI)下降(P＜0.05);胰岛素敏感性增加;未观察到低血糖或其它不良反应.结论:疏肝化瘀通络法对初诊2型糖尿病患者有良好的临床疗效.可望为2型糖尿病的中西治疗提供新方法,值得进一步深入研究.     

Anti-Insulin Immune Responses Are Detectable in Dogs with Spontaneous Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus occurs spontaneously in dogs. Although canine diabetes shares many features with human type-1 diabetes, there are differences that have cast doubt on the immunologic origin of the canine disease. In this study, we examined whether peripheral immune responses directed against islet antigens were present in dogs with diabetes. Routine diagnostics were used to confirm diabetic status, and serum samples from dogs with (N = 15) and without (N = 15) diabetes were analyzed for the presence of antibodies against islet antigens (insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, insulinoma-associated protein tyrosine phosphatase, and islet beta-cell zinc cation efflux transporter) using standard radioassays. Interferon-γ production from peripheral blood T cells stimulated by porcine insulin and by human insulin was tested using Elispot assays. Anti-insulin antibodies were detectable in a subset of diabetic dogs receiving insulin therapy. Pre-activated T cells and incipient insulin-reactive T cells in response to porcine or human insulin were identified in non-diabetic dogs and in dogs with diabetes. The data show that humoral and cellular anti-insulin immune responses are detectable in dogs with diabetes. This in turn provides support for the potential to ethically use dogs with diabetes to study the therapeutic potential of antigen-specific tolerance.     

Miglitol (BAY m 1099) Treatment of Diabetic Hypothalamic-Dietary Obese Rats Improves Islet Response to Glucose

AXEN, KATHLEEN V., XUE LI, AND ANTHONY SCLAFANI. Miglitol (BAY m 1099) treatment of diabetic hypothalamic-dietary obese rats improves islet response to glucose. Obes Res. 1999;7:83–89. Objective : The well-absorbed α-glucosidase inhibitor, miglitol (BAY m 1099), was included in the diets of hypothalamic-dietary obese diabetic rats to investigate its ability to improve glycemia and thereby reverse glucotoxic effects on islet secretory response. Research Methods and Procedures : Female rats received bilateral electrolytic lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus and were fed high-fat, sucrosesupplemented diets until hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia were observed after 3 hours of food deprivation (nonfed). Diabetic animals were assigned to miglitol-treated (40 mg/17 g of diet) or untreated groups for 3 weeks; pancreatic islets were isolated for incubation experiments. Results : No differences in food intake, body weights, or nonfed plasma glucose or insulin levels were seen between treated and untreated diabetic rats. Islets isolated from untreated diabetic rats showed elevated basal insulin release and no insulin secretory response to an elevation in glucose concentration. In contrast, islets obtained from miglitol-treated rats showed more normal basal release and a significant insulin secretory response to glucose. Incubation of islets, obtained from normal control rats or untreated diabetic rats, in media containing miglitol at levels estimated to exist in plasma of treated rats had no effect on islet insulin secretory responses to glucose. Discussion : Islet secretory response was improved despite continued hyperglycemia and severe insulin resistance. Miglitol treatment may improve islet sensitivity to glucose either through effects on islet metabolism requiring prolonged exposure or by improvement in postmeal glycemia, despite persistent hyperglycemia.     

Arginine stimulated insulin and glucagon release from islets transplanted into the liver of diabetic rats

We investigated the ability of intraportal transplanted islets to release insulin and glucagon after stimulation with arginine. Furthermore, the islet volume and hormone content of the recipient pancreas were analyzed. Three months after syngeneic portal islet transplantation the liver of STZ-diabetic rats was perfused in vitro in the presence of different arginine concentrations. Transplanted islets preserve their functional integrity for at least three months indicated by a stimulus adequate insulin release and contribute substantially to the observed amelioration of the diabetic state. The islet and B-cell volume as well as the insulin and glucagon content of the recipient pancreas are still markedly decreased three months after islet transplantation when compared with healthy controls.     

Biphasic release of insulin from islets of Langerhans after their transplantation into the liver of rats

The ability of transplanted islets to release insulin after stimulation with glucose was analysed. Three months after islet transplantation into the liver of diabetic rats the liver was perfused in vitro with different glucose-containing perfusion fluids. Transplanted islets preserve their functional integrity for at least three months and contribute substantially to the observed amelioration of the diabetic state. They are able to release insulin after stimulation with 16 mM glucose with a typical biphasic secretion profile. Insulin containing islets were identified by light microscopy in the tissue of the liver.     

Clinical parameters (body mass index and age) are the best predictors for the need of insulin therapy during the first 18 months of diabetes mellitus in young adult patients.

To address the question whether there are simple clinical predictors of need for insulin in the first 18 months of treatment of diabetes presenting in young adult subjects, a prospective study of 24 patients with diabetes mellitus (age: 18-40 years) was designed. At diagnosis of diabetes, age, sex, body mass index (BMI), glycemia, ketonuria, C-peptide, insulin autoantibodies, islet cell antibodies and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies were recorded before starting any treatment. At the end of the follow-up (18 +/- 4 months), they were divided into two groups according to their need for insulin therapy: group 1 (n=15; 62%), who needed insulin therapy, and group 2 (n=9; 38%), who did not. Each marker was related to actual need for therapy necessity. Multivariate analysis showed that BMI and age were the variables with greatest predictive value regarding need for insulin. These data reveal that the need for insulin therapy in young adult diabetic patients may be supported by the clinical criteria of age and BMI, which are both easily and quickly determined.     

Sustained normoglycemia and remission phase in newly diagnosed type I diabetic subjects. Comparison between continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and conventional therapy during a one year follow-up

After onset of type I diabetes 7 diabetics were randomized to subcutaneous insulin pump treatment (CSII) (age 12 to 29 years, mean: 21 years) and 7 diabetics to conventional insulin treatment (CI) (age 14 to 28 years, mean: 21 years). HbA1, glycosylated serum proteins and mean blood glucose (MBG) as parameters of metabolic control were determined monthly. After 2 months both groups showed HbA1 values in the normal range. Mean MBG values were (mean +/- SD) 116 +/- 7 mg/dl for CSII and 118 +/- 14 mg/dl for CI. Residual insulin secretion was determined monthly by fasting C-peptide. After 14 days, 5, 7, 8 months fasting C-peptide values were significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in CI. After one year fasting C-peptide was comparable in both groups (CSII and CI mean: 0.06 nmol/l). The administered insulin dose was comparable in both groups with a 55% reduction of insulin dose after 5 months in CSII (0.35 +/- 0.15 U/kg/24 h) and in CI after 7 months (0.31 +/- 0.28 U/kg/24 h). After 12 months of insulin therapy about 60% of the initial insulin dose was injected in both groups. 1 patient on CSII (12 years) and 2 patients on CI (15, 28 years) showed a complete remission (for 3-9 months) with no exogenous insulin and normal HbA1 values. 50% of the patients had episodes where they did need less than 0.2 U/kg/24 h insulin to maintain optimal diabetic control (3 CSII, 4 CI). During the first year of insulin treatment in type I diabetes with CSII as well as with CI a comparable near normalisation of diabetic control could be achieved.     

Myocardial Infarction and Carbohydrate Metabolism Relating to Diabetes Mellitus

Fifteen non-obese males with acute myocardial infarction and no diabetic history were evaluated for diabetes. During infarction, results of oral glucose tolerance tests were “diabetic” or “probably diabetic” in 10 of the 15 patients (67 percent). The plasma immuno-reactive insulin response in 12 patients (80 percent) was of a pattern observed in patients with maturity-onset diabetes. Six months after infarction, follow-up glucose tolerance tests in 12 surviving patients were diabetic or probably diabetic in three cases (25 percent). In seven of twelve patients (58 percent) had delay in the peaking of the plasma insulin response to an oral glucose tolerance test, a phenomenon that is observed in patients with maturity-onset diabetes.Glucose tolerance tests were abnormal in one of fourteen control subjects (7 percent). There was a delayed plasma insulin response to an oral glucose test in two of fourteen controls (14 percent).Patients with myocardial infarction have an increased incidence of diabetes mellitus.