Interactive biosorption by microalgal biomass as a tool for fluoride removal

Maximum biosorption of Ca²⁺ was at 50 mg Ca²⁺ l^–1 with both Anabaena fertilissima (2.8 mg Ca²⁺ g^–1 dry wt) and Chlorococcum humicola (4.4 mg g^–1). Such Ca²⁺-treated biomasses, accumulated, respectively, 7 mg F g^–1 DW from an aqueous solution of 10 mg F l^–1 and 4.5 mg F g^–1 DW from 15 mg F l^–1. Data for both Ca²⁺ and F^– biosorption fitted the Langmuir adsorption isotherm indicating monolayer adsorption at a constant energy.     

Zur Ökologie des Bostrychietum

Zusammenfassung Die Bostrychia-Caloglossa-Assoziation wächst vorwiegend auf Mangroven oder krautiggen Halophyten. Innerhalb des Bostrychietum wachasen die kleineren Assozienten auf den grossen. Zwischen Mangroven und Bostrychietum können Balaniden als zoologisches Substrat zwischengeschaltet sein. Auf der Bostrychia-Caloglossa-Assoziation siedeln nicht nur obligat Diatomeen und fakultativ Infusorien — suktorien — sondern Muschellarven setzen sich z.B. auf Bostrychia arbuscula zur ontogenetischen Ausbildung fest. Caloglossa — bevorzugt ältere Thalli — wird von Schnecken abgeweidet (von Ratnasabapathy in Südneuseeland beobachtet) und regeneriert anschliessend. Analog bilden hochkant stehende verrottete Blätter flutender Caloglossa ogasawaraensis — Räschen in strömendem Wasser marginale Adventivspro\serien, die zu neuen Horsten werden. Rheo-Wirkung kann sich bei Caloglossa — ausser generell langgestreckten Formen — auswirkwen in Torsion, Blatt-randwellung, Polykladie und zangenartigem Zusammenneigen ihrer Gabelspitzen (C. leprieurii). Bei Bostrychia — ausser Auflockerung der Versweeigungssysteme — in Ausbildung nurmehr latenter Hapteren (Flagellifulcratae) oder von langstieligen Puschelhapteren (Ramifulcratae), deren breite Terminalzone beim Fassen eines Halms als Saugscheibe fungiert. Die an rheo-Standorten zurücktretende Catenella ist nurmehr in toto langgestreckt fluitans entwickelt.F. libera von Murrayella periclados von recht tiefen Horizonten wie submerse Mangrovewurzeln wirkt gegenüber f. genuina etiolieer und ist als gigas-Form ausgebildet. Als Modus sekundären Wachstums kann — die ekortikate — Murrayella Hyphenrinde ausbilden, wie die unberindete subantarktische Bostrychia tenuis, während bei Bostrychia moritziana durch Längenwachstum die Zweigabgänge sekundär in die oberen Ecken der Rhachis-Perizentralen verschoben werden. Auch in sehr alten Bostrychia tenella-Rhachides von Ghana weisen gesprengte Zentralzellen auf sekundäres Längenwachstum und breite Querstreifen-Strukter überalterter Bostrychia scorpioides von Sierra Leone auf Dehnung des zentralen Sipho und hiermit in Zusammenhang stehendes sekundäres Dickenwachstum.Das für das schattige obere Litoral charakteristische Bostrychietum vergrünt bei Lichtexponierung. Die — berindeten — Bostrychien werden nun schwammartig und/oder krümmen ihre Spro\systeme dorsiventral beiderseits zur Rhachis und bodenwärts, hierdurch die Fruktifikationsorgane schützend.Am euryoxybionen Standort — Mangrove — bildt Caloglossa zur Schlammkompensierung Stämmchen aus (C. leprieurii var. hookeri). Ramifulkrate Bostrychien stelzen mittels ihre positiv geotroischen Hapterenzweige auf den stark verschalammten Borken der Mangroven, über die die grösseren Catenellen — durch den gleichen Hapterenmondus — gleichsam zu schweben scheinen.Für den west-venezolanischen Lago Maracaibo (s.1.) wurde erstmalig-für die Felsfazies — Bostrychia binderi , Bostrychia tenella , Caloglossa leprieurii und Catenella opuntia festgestellt, ferner Bostrychia radicans von Brückenbalken (lignikol).Antheridien für Mangrove-Catenellen bei C. impudica für die Monate Januar, April, Juli, bei C. nipae für Süd-Mai, Süd-Juni und August. Erstmalig Antheridien für Catenella subumbellata für Süd-Dezember (Moçambique).Herbarisierte neuseeländische — berindete — Bostrychia scorpioides drei Wochen unter cellotape erholte sich nach Abpräparieren und Überführen in Wasser vollkommen (Poikilohydrie).     

Attempts to produce solasodine in callus and suspension cultures of Solanum mauritianum Scop.

Callus cultures of Solanum mauritianum Scop. were initiated from green berry explants on a hormone-free Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium excluding glycine, and containing 0.1 g L^–1 myo-inositol and 3% sucrose. Such cultures contained 10.08±0.59 g g^–1 DW of solasodine, which is equivalent to that in the leaves of mature S. mauritianum plants, but far less than that extracted from the green berries (185 g g^–1 DW). In vitro solasodine productivity could be increased by reducing the strength of the medium by half, substituting 3% glucose for 3% sucrose as carbon source, or by the addition of certain combinations of BA and NAA. Phosphate limitation and alterations in the carbon: nitrogen ratio were not able to increase solasodine productivity. Suspension cultures of S. mauritianum were initiated and maintained in a Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium with the RT vitamins of Khanna and Staba (1968), 0.1 g L^–1 myo-inositol, 3% sucrose and 1 mg L^–1 2,4-D. No solasodine was detectable in these cultures, or slight modifications thereof.Abbreviations BA benzyladenine - NAA naphthaleneacetic acid - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - MS Murashige and Skoog's (1962) medium     

Seasonal changes in sediment phosphorus forms in relation to sedimentation and benthic bacterial biomass in Lake Erken

Surficial sediment and sedimenting material were sampled during spring and summer 1991 in Lake Erken. Sediment was analyzed for redox potential, P concentrations and bacterial biomass. Sedimentation and chlorophyll a concentrations of sedimenting matter were determined. Additionally, different phosphorus forms in surficial sediment were quantified using sequential fractionation. The resulting dataset was used to study the effects of sedimentation events following phytoplankton blooms and benthic bacterial biomass on the size of the various phosphorus pools in the sediment.Sedimentation of spring diatoms caused a rapid increase in the NH₄Cl- and NaOH-extractable P (NH₄Cl–P and NaOH–rP) in the sediment. During sedimentation, NaOH–rP and NH₄Cl–P increased within 3 days from 422 ± 17 g g^–1 DW to 537 ± 8.0 g g^–1 DW and from 113 ± 13 g g^–1 DW to 186 ± 26 g g^–1 DW, respectively. The NaOH–nrP (non-reactive P) fraction made up about 17% of Tot-P in sediment samples, whereas NaOH–rP and HCl–P made up 25% each. All P forms showed considerable seasonal variation. Significant relationships were found between bacterial biomass and the NaOH–nrP and NH₄Cl–P fractions in the sediment, respectively. Also regressions of NaOH–nrP and NH₄Cl–P versus the chlorophyll a concentration of sedimenting matter were highly significant. These regressions lend support to the conjecture that NaOH–nrP is a conservative measure of bacterial poly-P.     

Solasodine production in transformed organ cultures (roots and shoots) of Solanum eleagnifolium Cav.

Summary Transformed organ cultures of Solanum eleagnifolium Cav. (roots and shoots) were obtained by infection with different Agrobacterium species (A. rhizogenes and A. tumefaciens). The growth index and the solasodine productivity of both kinds of cultures were determinated for several clones. Transformed roots (clone 5) shows a Growth Index of 39.07 and a solasodine yield of 1.90 ± 0.08 mg g^-1DW . Solasodine content in clone 5 of transformed roots (1.9 ± 0.08 mg g^-1 DW) is similar to those obtained by hormonal manipulation (1.00 – 1.68 mg g^-1DW) but higher than those found in shoots and leaves of the wild-grown plant (0.3–0.4 mg g^-1DW).     

Production of ajmalicine and ajmaline in hairy root cultures of Rauvolfia micrantha Hook f., a rare and endemic medicinal plant

Hairy roots of Rauvolfia micrantha were induced from hypocotyl explants of 2–3 weeks old aseptic seedlings using Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC 15834. Hairy roots grown in half-strength Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium with 0.2 mg indole 3-butyric acid l^–1 and 0.1 mg -naphthaleneacetic acid l^–1 produced more ajmaline (0.01 mg g^–1 dry wt) and ajmalicine (0.006 mg g^–1 dry wt) than roots grown in auxin-free medium. Ajmaline (0.003 mg g^–1 dry wt) and ajmalicine (0.0007 mg g^–1 dry wt) were also produced in normal root cultures. This is the first report of production of ajmaline and ajmalicine in hairy root cultures of Rauvolfia micrantha.     

Comparison of photobioreactors for cultivation of Undaria pinnatifida gametophytes

Undaria pinnatifida gametophytes were grown in 2.5 l bubble column and airlift reactor at 25 °C and light intensity of 40 mol m^–2 s^–1 for 6 days. With aeration at 1 l min^–1, the airlift reactor yielded higher growth rate (0.12 mg DW ml^–1 d^–1) than a bubble column (0.08 mg DW ml^–1 d^–1). The advantages were related to the more homogeneous fluid dynamic characteristics of the airlift reactor.     

Establishment of Physalis minima hairy roots culture for the production of physalins

This report describes the technique used to induce the hairy roots in Physalis minima (Linn.). Different types of explants obtained from in vitro germinated seedlings were aseptically co-cultivated with A. rhizogenesstrain LBA9402 in different media. Root growth and production of physalins were investigated in various basal media grown under dark and light conditions, and compared to that of normal root cultures. Transformed hairy root cultures grew rapidly and reach stationary phase after 15 days on a B5 medium. HPLC analysis of extracts of hairy root cultures showed that the maximum content of physalin B and F was 1.82 and 4.15 mg g^–1 DW, respectively, when grown under dark conditions. Normal root cultures produced higher physalin B (1.60–1.62 mg g^–1 DW) and F (3.30–3.75 mg g^–1 DW) under the same culture conditions. Physalin F synthesis in light-grown root cultures was reduced significantly.     

Culture ofGelidium sesquipedale (Clem.) Born.et Thur. in a chemostat system. Biomass production and metabolic responses affected by N flow

Gelidium sesquipedale is the most important raw material used for extraction of agar in Spain. Based on chemostats, a system of culture for macroalgae with a continuous flow of culture medium has been developed. A stressed morphotype from the South of Spain was cultured, and the effects of different rates of NO ₃ ^– flow on growth and internal constituents were investigated in the laboratory. Cultivation was successful after optimizing factors affecting growth, such as irradiance level, renewal rate and water movement. Mass production was dependent on N supply. With a flow of 35 mol NO₃ ^– g^–1 DW d^–1, optimal values of growth (2.1% d^–1) and biomass yield were obtained. In these conditions, biomass yield resembled the values observed in natural populations (about 500 g DW m^–2 y^–1). When the flow of N was reduced to 15 mol NO ₃ ^– g^–1 DW d^–1, growth rate and biomass yield were reduced three-fold, and were null when N was supplied as 7 mol NO ₃ ^– g^–1 DW d^–1. C:N ratio was an index of the physiological status of the tissue, remaining low when N was sufficient and raised to critical values when N supply was limited. Phycobiliproteins, kept at a constant irradiance level, were affected by N supply, acting as an internal nitrogen reserve, unlike chlorophylla. An effective phycobiliprotein synthesis took place when the flow of N was sufficient. Agar yield, on dry weight basis, was similar as a function of N flow, whereas agar yield of the culture was higher when N was sufficient as a result of growth not being limited by N.This system of culture, commonly used in microalgal studies, may have an important use in macroalgae as a system to obtain biomass of high quality as well as a good tool for physiological studies in conditions of continuous and controlled flow of nutrients.     

Anthraquinones production,hydrogen peroxide level and antioxidant vitamins in Morinda elliptica cell suspension cultures from intermediary and production medium strategies

The effects of medium strategies [maintenance (M), intermediary (G), and production (P) medium] on cell growth, anthraquinone (AQ) production, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) level, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant vitamins in Morinda elliptica cell suspension cultures were investigated. These were compared with third-stage leaf and 1-month-old callus culture. With P medium strategy, cell growth at 49 g l^–1, intracellular AQ content at 42 mg g^–1 DW, and H₂O₂ level at 9 mol g^–1 FW medium were the highest as compared to the others. However, the extent of lipid peroxidation at 40.4 nmol g^–1 FW and total carotenoids at 13.3 mg g^–1 FW for cultures in P medium were comparable to that in the leaf, which had registered sevenfold lower AQ and 2.2-fold lower H₂O₂ levels. Vitamin C content at 30–120 g g^–1 FW in all culture systems was almost half the leaf content. On the other hand, vitamin E content was around 400–500 g g^–1 FW in 7-day-old cultures from all medium strategies and reduced to 50–150 g g^–1 FW on day 14 and 21; as compared to 60 g g^–1 FW in callus and 200 g g^–1 FW in the leaf. This study suggests that medium strategies and cell growth phase in cell culture could influence the competition between primary and secondary metabolism, oxidative stresses and antioxidative measures. When compared with the leaf metabolism, these activities are dynamic depending on the types and availability of antioxidants.Abbreviations AQ Anthraquinone - DW Dry cell weight - FW Fresh cell weight - G Intermediary medium - M Maintenance medium - MDA Malondialdehyde - P Production medium - ROS Reactive oxygen species - TBA Thiobarbituric acid - t_d Doubling time     

Growth and nutrition of small Betula pendula plants at different relative addition rates of iron

Summary Small birch plants (Betula pendula Roth.) were cultivated in a hydroponic spray solution where the relative addition rate of iron (R_Fe; g g^–1 day^–1), was the growth-controlling variable. All other elements were added in free access. An additional treatment was performed where all nutrients, including iron, were in free access (FA). The plants showed deficiency symptoms at steady-state growth and severe limitation of iron, R_Fe 0.05 and 0.10 day^–1. There were few symptoms at R_Fe of 0.15 or above. Plant relative growth rate (R_G; g g^–1 day^–1), equalled the relative rate of increase in iron supply, R_Fe. Internal iron concentration of the plants ranged from 40 to 70 g g^–1 dry weight (DW) over the range for which iron supply was limiting growth. At FA, the internal concentration was approximately 200 g g^–1 DW without further increase in R_G, demonstrating that iron may be taken up in excess without affecting growth. Internal concentrations of macronutrients were stable at the different R_Fe, except for Ca and Mg in shoots which were higher at low iron supply. Uptake rates of iron, calculated per root growth rate (mol g^–1 root DW), were approximately twice as high at R_Fe 0.20 as at 0.05 day^–1. The effect of iron limitation on dry matter allocation to leaves was small, with increases in the root fraction being largely at the expense of the stem. Leaf area ratio was constant regardless of R_Fe and the specific leaf area tended to increase with increasing iron limitation. Net assimilation rate decreased by a factor of 6 from free access to severe iron limitation, largely accounting for the differences in plant R_G.     

Quantification of the contribution of surface outgrowth to biocatalysis in sol-gels: oxytetracycline production by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptomyces rimosus</Emphasis>

A technique was developed for differentiating the activity of microbes solely within sol gels by using the contribution of biomass outgrowth. Streptomyces rimosus was immobilised in colloidal silica gels and biomass growth, oxytetracycline synthesis, pH and carbohydrate consumption were compared for UV surface-sterilised gels, untreated gels, and liquid cultures. Absolute and biomass specific oxytetracycline yields were higher for non-sterile gels than for liquid culture. Biomass solely within colloidal silica gels (1.7 mg ml^–1), and gels obtained from colloidal silica modified by addition of larger silica particles (1.2 mg ml^–1) yielded 27 and 21 g ml^–1 oxytetracycline compared with 97 and 104 g ml^–1 for unsterilised gels (3.6 and 5.2 mg ml^–1 biomass) displaying outgrowth. It was therefore apparent that biomass and antibiotic production within the gels was limited and that optimisation requires gel modification.     

Increased taxane accumulation in callus cultures of Taxus cuspidata and Taxus × media by some elicitors and precursors

In Taxus cuspidata callus, vanadyl sulfate (10 mg l^–1) induced a high (146 g g^–1 dry wt) production of 10-deacetylbaccatin III in comparison to 7 g g^–1 dry wt of the control. The content of paclitaxel in this species increased from 16 g g^–1 to 74 g g^–1 dry wt when 20 mg phenylalanine l^–1 was used. In T. media, p-aminobenzoic acid induced the highest content of 10-deacetylbaccatin III (481 g g^–1 dry wt) versus 181 g g^–1 in the control. Paclitaxel increased from 89 to 139 g g^–1 dry wt after adding chitosan (20 mg l^–1) to the cultures.     

Manipulating anthocyanin composition in Vitis vinifera suspension cultures by elicitation with jasmonic acid and light irradiation

Jasmonic acid altered the accumulation of major anthocyanins in Vitis vinifera cell culture. Peonidin 3-glucoside content at day three was increased from 0.3 to 1.7 mg g^–1 dry cell wt while other major anthocyanins were increased by smaller increments. By day 14, the content of methylated and acylated anthocyanins (peonidin 3-p-coumaroylglucoside and malvidin 3-p-coumaroylglucoside) was 6.3 mg g^–1 DCW, in response to treatment with jasmonic acid, and comprising 45% (w/w) of total anthocyanins. In comparison, the untreated control culture contained 1.2 mg g^–1 DCW which made up 32% (w/w) of total anthocyanins. Light further enhanced anthocyanin accumulation induced by jasmonic acid elicitation. The content of peonidin 3-glucoside at day 3 was 6.6 mg g^–1 DCW, 22-fold higher than control cultures while the content in response to light irradiation alone was 0.6 mg g^–1 DCW. When a highly pigmented cell line was elicited with jasmonic acid total anthocyanins increased from 9.2 to 20.7 mg g^–1 DCW, but there was no change in the anthocyanin composition.     

Phenol degradation by a psychrotrophic strain of Pseudomonas putida

Summary Cell growth and phenol degradation kinetics were studied at 10°C for a psychrotrophic bacterium, Pseudomonas putida Q5. The batch studies were conducted for initial phenol concentrations, S_o, ranging from 14 to 1000 mg/1. The experimental data for 14<=S_o<=200 mg/1 were fitted by non-linear regression to the integrated Haldane substrate inhibition growth rate model. The values of the kinetic parameters were found to be: _m=0.119 h^–1, K _S=5.27 mg/1 and K _I=377 mg/1. The yield factor of dry biomass from substrate consumed was Y=0.55. Compared to mesophilic pseudomonads previously studied, the psychrotrophic strain grows on and degrades phenol at rates that are ca. 65–80% lower. However, use of the psychrotrophic microorganism may still be economically advantageous for waste-water treatment processes installed in cold climatic regions, and in cases where influent waste-water temperatures exhibit seasonal variation in the range 10–30°C.Nomenclature K _S saturation constant (mg/l) - K _I substrate inhibition constant (mg/l) - specific growth rate (h^–1) - _m maximum specific growth rate without substrate inhibition (h^–1) - _max maximum achievable specific growth rate with substrate inhibition (h^–1) - S substrate (phenol) concentration (mg/l) - S_o initial substrate concentration (mg/l) - S_max substrate concentration corresponding to _max (mg/l) - t time (h) - X cell concentration, dry basis (mg DW/l) - X_f final cell concentration, dry basis (mg DW/l) - X_o initial cell concentration, dry basis (mg DW/l) - Y yield factor (mg DW cell produced/mg substrate consumed)     

Enhanced colchicine production in root cultures of Gloriosa superba by direct and indirect precursors of the biosynthetic pathway

Excised root cultures of Gloriosa superba reached 7.5 g dry wt l^–1 and accumulated 240±40 g colchicine g^–1 cell dry wt after 4 weeks growth. While all precursors (except trans-cinnamic acid) enhanced colchicine content of root cultures without adversely affecting root growth, treatment with p-coumaric acid + tyramine (each at 20 mg l^–1) increased colchicine content to 1.9 mg g^–1 cell dry wt.     

Effect of dilution rate on the release of pertussis toxin and lipopolysaccharide ofBordetella pertussis

Summary The kinetics ofBordetella pertussis growth was studied in a glutamate-limited continuous culture. Growth kinetics corresponded to Monod's model. The saturation constant and maximum specific growth rate were estimated as well as the energetic parameters, theoretical yield of cells and maintenance coefficient. Release of pertussis toxin (PT) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were growth-associated. In addition, they showed a linear relationship between them. Growth rate affected neither outer membrane proteins nor the cell-bound LPS pattern.Nomenclature X cell concentration (g L^–1) - specific growth rate (h^–1) - _m maximum specific growth rate (h^–1) - D dilution rate (h^–1) - S concentration of growth rate-limiting nutrient (glutamate) (mmol L^–1 or g L^–1) - Ks substrate saturation constant (mol L^–1) - m_s maintenance coefficient (g g^–1 h^–1) - Y_x/s theoretical yield of cells from glutamate (g g^–1) - Y_x/s yield of cells from glutamate (g g^–1) - Y_PT/s yield of soluble PT from glutamate (mg g^–1) - Y_KDO/s yield of cell-free KDO from glutamate (g g^–1) - Y_PT/x specific yield of soluble PT (mg g^–1) - Y_KDO/x specific yield of cell-free KDO (g g^–1) - q_PT specific soluble PT production rate (mg g^–1 h^–1) - q_KDO specific cell-free KDO production rate (g g^–1 h^–1)     

Screening yeast cells for absorption of selenium oxyanions

Certain yeast cells on solid nutrient medium produced colonies surrounded by a light zone of selenite absorption. This screening procedure resulted in the selection of 22 strains out of 200 isolates with different Se⁴⁺-absorbing capacity ranging from 16 to 98.8 g Se⁴⁺ g^–1 l^–1 h^–1. The highest rate of Se⁴⁺ elimination from the Na₂SeO₃ solution was observed with an oval shaped, cream pigmented fermentative yeast, tentatively called Candida sp. strain MS4. This strain was isolated from wastewater and found to accumulate selenium oxyanions. Se⁴⁺ uptake involved both inactive and active phenomena. The amounts of selenium (initial concentration 2 mg Se⁴⁺ l^–1) removed from aqueous solution by inactive and active phenomena were 667 g Se⁴⁺ g^–1 l^–1, and 1580 g Se⁴⁺ g^–1 l^–1, respectively. The strain also removed selenate inactively (135 g Se⁶⁺ g^–1 l^–1).     

Induction of astaxanthin formation by reactive oxygen species in mixotrophic culture of Chlorococcum sp.

The induction of astaxanthin formation by reactive oxygen species in mixotrophic culture of Chlorococcum sp. was investigated. H₂O₂ (0.1 mM) enhanced the total astaxanthin formation from 5.8 to 6.5 mg g^–1 cell dry wt. Fe²⁺ (0.5 mM) added to the medium with H₂O₂ (0.1 mM) further promoted astaxanthin formation to 7.1 mg g^–1 cell dry wt. Similarly, Fe²⁺ (0.5 mM) together with methyl viologen (0.01 mM) promoted astaxanthin formation to 6.3 mg g^–1 cell dry wt. In contrast, an addition of KI (1 mM), a specific scavenger for hydroxyl radicals (OH), together with H₂O₂ (0.1 mM) and Fe²⁺ (0.5 mM), to the medium decreased astaxanthin formation to 1.8 mg g^–1 cell dry wt. KI (1 mM) also inhibited the enhancement of carotenogenesis by superoxide anion radicals (O₂ ^–), with a decrease of astaxanthin formation to 1.7 mg g^–1 cell dry wt. This suggested that O₂ ^– might be transformed to OH before promoting carotenogenesis in Chlorococcum sp.     

Accumulation of Cd2+ and Pb2+ in the suspension cultures of Agave amaniensis and Costus speciosus and the determination of the culture's growth and phytosteroid content

Cell suspension cultures of Agave amaniensis and Costus speciosus were grown in media containing Cd^{2 +} up to 25 and 20 mg l^–1, respectively, and Pb²⁺ up to 40 mg l^–1. The cultures hyper-accumulated Cd²⁺ up to 900 and 530 g g^–1 and Pb²⁺ up to 1390 and 1170 g g^–1 dry wt. in their respective biomasses. Increasing Pb²⁺ up to 30 mg l^–1 increased the biomass production and total sitosterol content of Costus speciosus by up to 1.7- and 1.3-fold, respectively.