杨树天牛防治技术研究

危害杨树的天牛种类很多,由于各地自然、地理差异不同,发生的天牛种类不同。其中危害主干类的有光肩星天牛、黄斑星天牛、云斑天牛、桑天牛、青杨虎天牛等。危害枝梢的有青杨天牛、锈斑楔天牛等。本文针对危害主干类天牛,其它天牛种类可参照执行。     

青杨天牛(Saperda populnea L.)的初步研究

杨树是河南平原地区和西部山地造林的重要速生树种。近几年来由于青杨天牛的危害,已成为植树造林的严重威胁。根据1962年在郑州地区的调查,幼树被害株率达90％以上;枝梢被害率达8.4％左右。 青杨天牛分布于河南的郑州、开封、灵宝、洛阳、南阳、信阳、确山及北京等地。寄主发现有美杨(Populuspyramitalis Borkh)、毛白杨(P.tomentosa Carr.)、小叶     

青杨脊虎天牛幼虫空间分布格局

20 0 3年 4～ 6月 ,在黑龙江省大庆市红旗林场对青杨脊虎天牛XylotechusrusticusL .幼虫空间分布格局进行了调查研究 ,结果表明该天牛幼虫在杨树人工林内呈负二项分布 ;采用 6种不同聚集指标测定结果均表明为聚集分布。对青杨脊虎天牛幼虫在树干高度上垂直分布研究表明 ,该天牛幼虫在树干上危害部位主要集中在 1～ 4m范围内 ;对该幼虫垂直分布与树干高度进行曲线拟合 ,符合立方曲线 ,曲线方程为y =0 0 68+0 41 7x -0 1 3 6x2 +0 0 1 1x3 ,由相关系数方值R2 =0 83 6验证     

红腹柄天牛危害对甜槠可溶性糖含量的影响

通过对不同受害程度的甜槠韧皮部和木质部中可溶性糖含量的测定,分析了其与红腹柄天牛危害之间的关系。结果表明：在天牛取食活动的季节,不同受害程度甜槠的韧皮部和木质部可溶性糖含量不同,韧皮部的反应比木质部更加强烈;受害初期的植株,可溶性糖含量与未受害相比显著减少,这是植物受害后的一种应激反应,重度受害的植株,可溶性糖含量有所回升。     

杨树受机械损伤与光肩星天牛危害的防御性反应

杨树是我国“三北”地区防护林建设的主栽树种,自20世纪70年代以来长期受到光肩星天牛的严重危害。北抗杨对光肩星天牛有一定的抗性,但产生抗性的生化机制尚不清楚。本研究采用试剂盒法与高效液相色谱法以未受害、机械损伤、虫害北抗杨为研究材料,对其树皮和木质部中的次生代谢产物和防御酶含量进行检测,以探索其抗性机制。结果表明,北抗杨受到机械损伤和光肩星天牛危害后其反应不同:1)次生代谢产物,北抗杨受到机械损伤后,树皮中的水杨苷和白杨甙含量显著上升,槲皮苷含量降低;而受光肩星天牛危害后,树皮中的水杨苷和槲皮苷含量显著上升,白杨甙含量无显著变化。机械损伤的北抗杨木质部总酚含量高于虫害与未受害木质部,后两者间无显著差异;光肩星天牛危害的北抗杨木质部白杨甙和亚麻木酚素含量高于机械损伤木质部与未受害木质部。遭受机械损伤与虫害后北抗杨木质部的总酚苷含量显著高于未受害木质部。2)防御酶活性分析表明,与未受害北抗杨树皮相比,受到机械损伤与虫害后的树皮苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性显著升高,但两者间无差异;受到机械损伤与虫害后的树皮超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性高于未受害树皮,且机械损伤树皮高于虫害树皮;北抗杨受机械损伤与虫害后木质部中的过氧化物酶(POD)活性高于未受害木质部,但两者间无差异。3)与未受害北抗杨相比,北抗杨受机械损伤、虫害后部分次生代谢物和防御酶都有不同程度的增加,推测这些物质可能与北抗杨抗逆性反应有关。     

氮肥对2个杨树品种碳氮代谢的影响

研究以‘丹红’杨(美洲黑杨)和‘通辽1号’杨(小叶杨)为材料,在田间进行施氮肥和不施氮肥处理,分析2个杨树品种的生长性状、碳氮相关代谢物和发育木质部转录组的变化特征,探讨不同杨树品种氮肥利用的生理机制,为杨树的氮高效利用遗传育种奠定基础。结果表明:(1)‘丹红’杨和‘通辽1号’杨的总生物量在施氮处理后分别比不施氮处理提高了1.69倍和1.10倍;‘丹红’杨的总生物量在施氮肥和不施氮肥条件下分别是‘通辽1号’杨的13倍和10倍。(2)施氮处理显著抑制‘丹红’杨和‘通辽1号’杨树皮和木质部中总氮和多种水解氨基酸的含量,但是没有明显影响木质部的总碳、纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量。(3)施氮处理显著影响了2个杨树品种发育木质部碳固定、糖代谢、氨基酸合成等碳氮代谢途径的基因的高表达,从而促进了植株生物量的积累。研究发现,施氮处理可以显著促进杨树发育木质部碳氮代谢途径相关基因的高表达,从而促进了杨树生物量的积累和生长;‘丹红’杨的木材产量在不同的氮素环境下都远远高于‘通辽1号’杨,更加适合人工林的大面积推广和种植。     

利用管氏肿腿蜂防治青杨天牛的效果调查

青杨天牛是我县杨树的主要枝干害虫,我县从2008年开始,在国营榆树台机械林场、国营靠山机械林场杨树人工林内采取释放管氏肿腿蜂防治青杨天牛,经过三年的防治,青杨天牛的有虫株率和虫口密度都明显下降,在我县防治效果能达到40.81%,寄生率达到36.48%。     

杨树韧皮部次生代谢产物的提取与分析

通过不同化学方法提取并分析了不同品系杨树韧皮部10种次生代谢产物的含量及含量差别,研究了不同制样方法对单宁、酚类及酚酸产物含量提取结果的影响。研究结果表明：银中杨样品中苯酚及邻苯二酚的含量最高,欧洲黑杨最低;制样温度影响单宁的提取率,75℃下处理的样品最有利于单宁、酚类及酚酸类物质的提取;此外,分析实验结果还表明杨树韧皮部样品中没有生物碱存在或含量极低,超出检测范围。     

青杨脊虎天牛触角主要感器的超微结构及其分布

利用扫描电镜观察青杨脊虎天牛Xylotrechusrusticus L.触角感器的类型和分布。结果表明,在青杨脊虎天牛触角上共有7类16种常见的感器类型:4种锥形感器、1种凹槽钉形感器、5种刺形感器、1种芽形感器、1种剑形感器、1种齿形感器、1种钩形感器、3种指形感器。根据这些感器的分布、形态特征结合已有的文献描述,分析各感器可能具有的功能。     

美洲黑杨材性相关候选基因PdCYTOB的功能鉴定

利用RT-PCR技术研究了美洲黑杨（Populus deltoides）材性相关候选基因细胞分裂素结合蛋白（cytokininbin ding protein）基因PdCYTOB的表达谱,结果显示,在未成熟木质部、未成熟韧皮部和韧皮部中PdCYTOB基因具有较高水平的表达量。对导入反义PdCYTOB的山新杨（Populus davidiana×P.bolleana）植株进行Southern杂交和RT-PCR检测,证实反义PdCYTOB基因已整合到杨树基因组中并表达。对大田转基因株系及对照植株进行表型观察、组织切片和微纤丝角的测定,结果表明,转反义PdCYTOB基因植株的高度明显增加,木质部、韧皮部变宽,微纤丝角明显变小,初步表明转基因杨树在造纸性能上有所改良。这些研究结果对于阐明PdCYTOB在美洲黑杨木材形成中的分子作用机制具有重要的理论意义。     

Ascorbic acid and development of xylem and phloem cells in the pine trunk

Changes in the levels of ascorbic acid (AA), its oxidized form, dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), and uronic acids as initial precursors for the AA synthesis were studied as related to the degree of xylem and phloem cell development in the course of early and late wood formation in the trunks of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The cells of mature and conducting phloem, cambial zone, differently developed cells in the zones of cell enlargement and maturation were obtained by successive scraping tissue layers from trunk segments of 20–25-year-old trees; tissue identification was checked anatomically and histochemically. The contents of compounds tested were calculated per dry weight and per cell basis. We found great differences in the contents of AA and DHA and also in their ratio in dependence of the wood type developing in the pine trunks during growth period and on the stage of differentiation of xylem and phloem cells. Changes in the AA content during xylem cell differentiation were accompanied by changes in the content of uronic acids. The amounts of AA, DHA, and uronic acids were the highest at the stage of early lignification and reduced with tracheid maturation. The AA to DHA ratio changed differently in the course of early and late xylem lignification. It reduced from the start of lignification to the formation of early mature xylem and, in contrast, increased in mature late wood; this indicates a difference in the level of redox processes in these tissues.     

MRI of long-distance water transport: a comparison of the phloem and xylem flow characteristics and dynamics in poplar, castor bean, tomato and tobacco

We used dedicated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment and methods to study phloem and xylem transport in large potted plants. Quantitative flow profiles were obtained on a per-pixel basis, giving parameter maps of velocity, flow-conducting area and volume flow (flux). The diurnal xylem and phloem flow dynamics in poplar, castor bean, tomato and tobacco were compared. In poplar, clear diurnal differences in phloem flow profile were found, but phloem flux remained constant. In tomato, only small diurnal differences in flow profile were observed. In castor bean and tobacco, phloem flow remained unchanged. In all plants, xylem flow profiles showed large diurnal variation. Decreases in xylem flux were accompanied by a decrease in velocity and flow-conducting area. The diurnal changes in flow-conducting area of phloem and xylem could not be explained by pressure-dependent elastic changes in conduit diameter. The phloem to xylem flux ratio reflects what fraction of xylem water is used for phloem transport (Münch's counterflow). This ratio was large at night for poplar (0.19), castor bean (0.37) and tobacco (0.55), but low in tomato (0.04). The differences in phloem flow velocity between the four species, as well as within a diurnal cycle, were remarkably small (0.25-0.40 mm s(-1)). We hypothesize that upper and lower bounds for phloem flow velocity may exist: when phloem flow velocity is too high, parietal organelles may be stripped away from sieve tube walls; when sap flow is too slow or is highly variable, phloem-borne signalling could become unpredictable.     

粒肩天牛危害对杨树单宁含量的影响

粒肩天牛是福建省杨树的一种新蛀干性害虫,经对杨树受害与未受害、不同危害期、不同品系、不同危害部位单宁含量测定。结果表明：受害植株与健康植株间单宁含量差异显著;不同危害期单宁含量差异极显著,在天牛危害末期和越冬期,受害植株单宁的含量比健康植株增加;不同杨树品种单宁含量变化不同,意大利杨健康植株和受害植株的单宁含量均比欧关杨高;受害植株中远离蛀孔与蛀孔周边的单宁含量未表现出显著差异。杨树受害引起单宁含量的变化,可能是杨树受到危害后的一种应激反应的表现,具有诱导抗虫性,即通过增加单宁的含量来抵御害虫的取食。     

Seasonal development of phloem in Siberian larch stems

The seasonal development of phloem in the stems of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ldb.) was studied over two seasons on 50–60-year-old trees growing in a natural stand in the Siberian forest-steppe zone. Trees at the age of 20–25 years were used to study metabolites in differentiating and mature phloem elements, cambial zone, and radially growing xylem cells in the periods of early and late wood formation. The development of the current-year phloem in the stems of 50–60-year-old trees started, depending on climatic conditions, in the second-third decades of May, 10–20 days before the xylem formation, and ended together with the shoot growth cessation in late July. Monitoring of the seasonal activity of cambium producing phloem sieve cells and the duration of their differentiation compared to the xylem derivatives in the cambium demonstrated that the top production of phloem and xylem cells could coincide or not coincide during the season, while their differentiation activity was always in antiphase. Sieve cells in the early phloem are separated from those in the late phloem by a layer of tannin-containing cells, which are formed in the period when late xylem formation starts. The starch content in the structural elements of phloem depends on the state of annual xylem layer development. The content of low molecular weight carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, and phenols in phloem cells, cambial zone, and xylem derivatives of the cambium depends on the cell type and developmental stage as well as on the type of forming wood (early or late) differing by the cell wall parameters and, hence, by the requirement for assimilates. Significant differences in the dynamics of substances per dry weight and cell were observed during cell development.     

Seasonal development of phloem in scots pine stems

The formation of phloem was studied for two years in stems of 50 to 60 year old trees of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in nature. The development of phloem of the current year begins 10 to 20 days before the xylem formation and is completed with the termination of shoot growth in the end of June. Observations over the seasonal activity of cambium producing sieve cells of phloem and duration of their differentiation as compared to the xylem derivatives of cambium have shown that the maxima of formation of phloem and xylem cells could coincide or not coincide by season, while the activities of their differentiation were always in antiphase. The sieve cells of early phloem were separated from those of late phloem by a layer of tannin-containing cells, which are formed simultaneously with the formation of late xylem cells by the cambium. Seasonal dynamics of accumulation of starch grain in structural elements of the phloem is related to the xylem development. The content of metabolites in differentiating and mature phloem elements, in the cambium zone, and in the xylem cells growing in the radial direction depended on cell specificity, stage of their development, and type of forming wood, early or late, which differ in the cell wall parameters and, hence, requirement of assimilates. Significant differences were described between the content of low molecular weigh carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, and phenol compounds using two methods of calculation: per dry weight and per cell.     

向小黑杨转化蜘蛛杀虫毒素基因（英文）

近年来,危害小黑杨Populus simonii×Ｐ.nigra的害虫发生严重,给林业生产造成很大损失。为了提高小黑杨的抗虫能力,避免使用杀虫剂带来的污染,用农杆菌介导法将澳大利亚漏斗蛛Atrax robustus的毒蛋白基因和苏云金芽孢杆菌CryⅠA（b）基因C末端的融合基因BGT转化入小黑杨。PCR 和Southern印记分析转基因植株,结果表明,BGT杀虫基因已经整合在小黑杨基因组上。活性实验表明,取食转基因杨树6天和9天后,舞毒蛾Lymantria dispar 2龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别是37.0%和92.6%。方差分析表明取食转基因和对照杨树的舞毒蛾幼虫体重差异显著。这些结果显示转基因杨树上的舞毒蛾的发育速率受到影响。     

小黑杨花药培养植株转化胆碱氧化酶基因提高耐盐性

以小黑杨(Populus simonii ×P. nigra)花药培养植株无菌苗叶片为外植体, 通过根癌农杆菌(Agrob acteriumtumefaciens)介导法将胆碱氧化酶基因(codA)导入小黑杨中, 共获得4株转化株系, PCR扩增和Southern杂交检测结果全部 呈阳性, 表明codA基因已整合到小黑杨花药培养植株基因组中。荧光定量RT-PCR检测证明, codA基因在小黑杨花药培养植株中获得表达。耐盐实验结果显示, 各转基因株系在0.6%的NaCl浓度下能够生长, 而非转基因对照小黑杨受盐害严重, 说明codA基因的导入提高了转基因植株的耐盐性。     

Seasonal development of phloem in Scots pine stems

The formation of phloem was studied for two years in stems of 50 to 60 year old trees of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in nature. The development of phloem of the current year begins 10 to 20 days before the xylem formation and is completed with the termination of shoot growth in the end of June. Observations over the seasonal activity of cambium producing sieve-like cells of phloem and duration of their differentiation as compared to the xylem derivatives of cambium have shown that the maxima of formation of phloem and xylem cells could coincide or not coincide by season, while the activities of their differentiation were always at antiphase. The sieve-like cells of early phloem were separated from those of late phloem by a layer of tannin-containing cells, which are formed simultaneously with the formation of late xylem cells by the cambium. Seasonal dynamics of accumulation of starch grain in structural elements of the phloem is related to the xylem development. The content of metabolites in differentiating and mature phloem elements, in the cambium zone, and in the xylem cells growing in the radial direction depended on cell specificity, stage of their development, and type of forming wood, early or late, which differ in the cell wall parameters and, hence, requirement of assimilates. Significant differences were described between the content of low molecular weigh carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, and phenol compounds using two methods of calculation: per dry weight and per cell.