武陵山区蛇足石杉遗传多样性的AFLP分析

采用AFLP分子标记对武陵山区蛇足石杉(Huperzia serrata)4个居群进行遗传多样性的研究,结果表明:(1)7对引物组合共扩增出条带615条,其中549条为多态性条带;在物种水平上,多态性条带百分率PPB=89.27%,有效等位基因数Ne=1.257,Nei’s基因多样度指数H=0.178,Shannon多样性信息指数Isp=0.298;在居群水平上,PPB=71.42%,Ne=1.235,H=0.154,Shannon多样性信息指数Ipop=0.251;遗传多样性在居群间有明显的差别,其中坪坝营(PBY)居群最高(PPB=81.95%),而铁峰山(TFS)居群最低(PPB=64.55%)。(2)居群间的遗传分化较低,基于Nei’s基因多样性分析结果显示,居群间遗传分化系数GST=0.159;Shannon’s居群分化系数[(Isp-Ipop)/Isp]为0.16;WINAMOVA分析显示,武陵山区蛇足石杉的遗传变异主要存在于居群内,居群内的遗传变异分量为65.057,占总变异的75.77%,而居群间的遗传变异分量为20.804,占总变异的24.23%;居群内存在极显著的遗传分化(ΦST=0.242,P0.001)。(3)由遗传分化系数(GST)估计,武陵山区蛇足石杉居群间的基因流Nm=2.647,表明蛇足石杉属于异交种。(4)两两居群间的Nei’s遗传一致度(IN)范围为0.031 0~0.969 4;Mantel检测结果显示,居群间的遗传距离与地理距离之间不存在显著的正相关关系(r=0.269,P=0.887)。研究认为,遗传多样性与遗传结构主要决定于居群历史,较少干扰而稳定的居群偏向克隆生殖,遗传多样性较低,而新建居群的遗传多样性则较高;克隆生长、生态位选择、异交,以及有效的孢子风媒传播等可能是其维持较高遗传多样性水平的因素,而过度采挖等人类活动和生境片断化是导致蛇足石杉濒危的主要因素。     

濒危植物连香树居群的遗传多样性和遗传分化研究

利用ISSR分子标记技术对濒危植物连香树10个居群的遗传多样性和遗传变异进行了分析,结果表明:连香树物种水平遗传多样性较高,多态位点百分率(PPB)达到69.59%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)和Shannon信息指数(I)分别为0.231 3和0.351 4;而在居群水平上,多态位点百分率(PPB)为30.61%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)和Shannon信息指数(I)分别为0.115 6和0.173 3。遗传变异分析表明,居群间遗传分化程度高,遗传分化系数(GST)为0.500 3,居群间基因流Nm为0.527 3。Mantel检测,居群间的遗传距离和地理距离之间不存在显著的相关性。生境的片断化使居群间的基因流受阻,可能是导致居群间高遗传分化和居群水平低遗传多样性的主要原因。     

基于RAPD标记的皖南山核桃野生居群遗传多样性分析

应用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)分子标记方法分析了皖南山区4个山核桃(Carya cathayensis)野生居群的遗传多样性及其分化程度。由POPGENE软件分析表明,15条随机引物共检测出139个扩增条带,其中多态性条带87个,多态性位点百分比(PPB)为62.59%,各居群平均多态性位点百分比(PPB)为43.35%。物种水平Shannon信息多样性指数(I)为0.208,Nei基因多样性指数(H)为0.124,多样性水平较低。由于受到地理隔离的影响,居群间的基因流较低(Nm=0.700),遗传分化程度相对较高(Gst=0.417)。     

樟科濒危植物思茅木姜子遗传多样性的ISSR分析

本文采用ISSR标记对中国特有且仅在云南南部狭域分布的樟科濒危植物思茅木姜子(Litseaszemaois)现存8个居群的遗传多样性进行了研究。从96条引物中筛选出了10条,对103个个体进行了扩增,共扩增出77条条带,其中多态性条带为67条。分析结果表明:(1)思茅木姜子的遗传多样性水平很高。在物种水平上,多态位点百分率PPB=87.01%,平均每个位点的有效等位基因数Ne=1.4006,Nei’s基因多样度指数H=0.2466,Shannon多样性信息指数Hsp=0.3826;在居群水平上,PPB=37.99%,Ne=1.2500,H=0.1418,Shannon多样性信息指数Hpop=0.2088。(2)居群间的遗传分化较低。基于Nei’s遗传多样性分析得出的居群间遗传分化系数Gst=0.3700;Shannon’s居群分化系数((Hsp–Hpop)/Hsp)为0.45。AMOVA分析显示:思茅木姜子的遗传变异主要存在于居群内,占总变异的72.99%,居群间的遗传变异占27.01%,表明思茅木姜子属于异交种。(3)两两居群间的Nei’s遗传一致度(I)的范围为0.8233–0.9761。经Mantel检测,居群间的遗传距离和地理距离之间不存在显著的正相关关系(r=0.0925,P=0.6931)。我们推断人类活动的干扰和生境的片断化是导致思茅木姜子濒危现状的主要因素。考虑到目前其遗传多样性水平虽然很高,但各居群个体数量很少,因此应该对思茅木姜子各居群的所有个体实施及时的就地保护;而遗传变异大部分存在于居群内的个体间,所以在迁地保护时应在各居群内大量采样。     

基于ISSR的硬叶兜兰居群遗传多样性研究

利用ISSR标记对7个硬叶兜兰居群160个体扩增,10对引物共扩增出101个条带,其中多态性条带97个,种水平上的多态性条带比率(PPB)达96.02%,香侬指数(I)为0.488 9,Neis基因多样性指数(H)为0.332 4。居群水平的遗传参数,多态性条带比率(PPB)为33.51%,香侬指数(I)为0.194 3,Neis基因多样性指数(H)为0.133 2。总的遗传多样性(H_T)为0.323 9,个体遗传多样性(Hs)达到0.133 2。AMOVA结果揭示居群间遗传分化大,居群间基因流N_m为0.349 2。居群间的Neis遗传距离0.148 1~0.4385。基于UPGMA聚类,在遗传距离为0.327时,7个居群聚为两支,第一支由古林箐和马固、田坝、夹寒箐和杨柳井居群组成,第二支由斗咀和小坝子居群组成,聚类关系反映居群间遗传分化与地理距离无显著相关性。     

金花茶遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记对金花茶的4个自然分布居群的126份样品的遗传多样性水平进行了研究。用12条引物,共检测到105个清晰的扩增位点,其中多态性位点79个,多态位点百分率(PPB)为75．24％。采用POPGENE软件进行分析,结果表明：居群总的Nei’s基因多样性指数为0．2302,Shannon信息多态性指数为0．3502,金花茶总的遗传多样性水平较高。但金花茶居群内的遗传多样性相对较低。基因分化系数为0．5752,遗传变异主要存在于居群间。用NTSYS软件对样品进行UPGMA聚类分析,结果4个居群的样品各自聚在一起,而金花茶两间断分布区区内的居群又各自聚在一起。金花茶4个居群间的遗传距离与地理距离呈显著的正相关(r=0．68261,P=1．0000)。     

采用RAPD标记探讨瓣蕊唐松草(毛茛科唐松草属)的遗传多样性及其地理分布格局

采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)标记对瓣蕊唐松草(Thalictrum petaloideum L.)(毛莨科)11个居群246个体的遗传多样性及居群遗传结构进行了检测.20个随机引物扩增出125个用于分析的条带.结果表明:瓣蕊唐松草在物种水平上具有极高的遗传多样性,多态条带比率(PPB)为96%,Nei的基因多样度(h)为0.3502,Shannon多样性指数(I)为0.519 9;居群间分化比较明显,基因分化系数(GsT)为0.351 1,分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明居群间遗传变异占总遗传变异的38.88%;根据条带频率与平均分类距离和Nei遗传距离分别进行UPGMA聚类,结果基本一致,并且反映出与该种地理分布有一定相关性;长江流域分布的两个居群表现出较高的相似性,并与北方分布的各居群构成独立的两支,显示出这两个居群的特殊性,从而对该物种独特分布区成因是由于冰退回迁造成的观点提供了一定的支持.     

宝兴百合与匍茎百合遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用5条ISSR引物对宝兴百合(Lilium duchartrei)9个居群和匍茎百合(Lilium lankongense)13个居群的遗传多样性进行了初步检测。结果表明:(1)宝兴百合在物种水平上多态位百分率(PPB)为97.26%,Nei’s基因多样度(H)为0.309 8,Shannon’s多样性信息指数(Hsp)为0.469 4;匍茎百合在物种水平上多态位百分率(PPB)为100%,Nei’s基因多样度(H)为0.3390,Shannon’s多样性信息指数(Hsp)为0.503 0,均略高于宝兴百合。(2)宝兴百合与匍茎百合的遗传多样性在居群水平上相对较低;宝兴百合和匍茎百合居群间遗传分化系数(Gst)分别为0.642 5和0.563 7,表明2个物种居群间的遗传分化大于居群内的遗传分化。(3)经Mantel检测,两种居群间的遗传距离与地理距离均不存在显著的相关性(宝兴百合r=0.263 7,P=0.844 0;匍茎百合r=0.104 2,P=0.695 0);宝兴百合与匍茎百合的遗传多样性及遗传分化现状可能是两者的生活史特性、地理隔离等作用的结果。(4)UPGMA聚类结果显示,宝兴百合与匍茎百合在分子水平上出现了明显分化,支持二者是独立的物种。     

西双版纳地区流苏石斛遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术,对西双版纳分布的兰科濒危植物流苏石斛（Dendrobium fimbriatum）5个居群共114个个体的遗传多样性进行了研究。从100条引物中筛选出了12条用于扩增,共检测到117个位点,其中105个为多态位点。分析结果表明,流苏石斛居群水平遗传多样性较低。在物种水平上,流苏石斛多态位点百分率PPB为89．74％,Nei’s基因多样性指数日为0．3227,Shannon’s多样性信息指数见。为0．4779;在居群水平上,各个居群的多态位点百分率PPB差异较大（6．84％～39．32％）,平均值为23．93％,Nei’s基因多样性指数H为0．0871,各个居群的Shannon’s多样性信息指数见平均为0．1290。AMOVA分析的结果显示,流苏石斛的遗传变异大多数存在于居群间,占总遗传变异的74．79％。基于Nei’s遗传多样性分析得出的居群间遗传分化系数Gst=0．7443。各居群间的Nei’s遗传一致度（I）范围为0．5882～0．8331。Mantel检测发现,居群间的遗传距离和地理距离之间无显著的正相关关系（r=0．2419,P=0．2416）。鉴于流苏石斛的遗传多样性现状和居群遗传结构,我们建议对流苏石斛居群所有个体实施及时的就地保护,同时建立迁地保护居群,促进基因交流。     

基于RAPD标记的南苍术居群遗传多样性分析

采用RAPD标记技术对分布于江苏小九华山、小汤山和湖山,安徽金寨和芜湖以及湖北保康和英山的7个南苍术〔Atractylodes lancea(Thunb.)DC.〕野生居群的28个单株基因组总DNA进行PCR扩增,在此基础上分析居群的遗传多样性及遗传分化,并采用聚类分析法对居群的遗传关系进行分析。结果表明:用18条RAPD引物共扩增出193条带,其中多态性条带111条,多态性条带百分率(PPB)为57.51%;平均每条引物扩增出10.72条带,其中多态性条带6.17条。从省级水平看,安徽居群的PPB、有效等位基因数(Ne)、Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)和Shannon信息指数(I)均最低,而湖北居群的Ne、H和I均最高,但江苏居群的PPB最高;从居群水平看,湖北保康居群的PPB、Ne、H和I均最高,而安徽金寨居群均最低。7个居群的基因分化系数和基因流分别为0.206 5和1.921 5,说明7个居群总遗传变异的20.65%存在于居群间、79.35%存在于居群内。7个居群间的遗传距离为0.150 7～0.252 1,其中,安徽金寨和芜湖居群间最小(0.150 7),江苏湖山和安徽芜湖居群间最大(0.252 1)。基于遗传距离的聚类分析结果表明:7个居群可分为2组,湖北保康居群单独成组,其他6个居群聚为另一组;来自同一居群的单株均聚在一起。研究结果提示:南苍术居群间的遗传多样性较低,居群间无明显的遗传分化。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.