三角帆蚌贝壳珍珠层颜色遗传规律的初步研究

为了探明三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)贝壳珍珠层颜色的遗传规律,为珍珠层颜色的选择育种提供理论指导,利用三角帆蚌紫色和白色选育品系进行自交和正反杂交,建立了白色♂×白色♀、白色♂×紫色♀、紫色♂×白色♀和紫色♂×紫色♀4个交配组合,统计分析了每个交配组合子代的珍珠层颜色分离情况.结果显示,白色自交组合的子代贝壳珍珠层颜色全部表现为白色,没有发生颜色分离;杂交组合的子代珍珠层颜色出现两种情况,一是全部表现为紫色,二是颜色发生分离,且紫色和白色个体比例符合1∶1的比例关系;紫色自交组合的子代珍珠层颜色也出现两种情况,一是全部表现为紫色,二是颜色分离出紫色和白色,且比例符合3∶1的比例关系.结果表明,三角帆蚌贝壳珍珠层颜色受遗传基因控制,可以稳定遗传,属质量性状.珍珠层紫色性状对白色性状为显性,两种颜色性状均不存在母性遗传.白色个体为隐性纯合体,选育纯化较为容易,而紫色个体既有显性纯合体又有杂合体,选育纯化相对较困难.     

贝壳珍珠层不同取向弹性模量的研究

研究天然生物材料的组织结构特征与其性能之间的关系对于材料的仿生有重要意义．在自制的激光测试设备上用三点弯曲法对贝壳珍珠层不同取向的弹性模量进行了研究,报道了不同取向和加载方式条件下弹性模量的变化规律。结果表明,在平行和倾斜于生长纹路方向上弹性模量的平均值分别为60．3GPa和56．7GPa,而垂直于纹路方向的为48GPa,呈现出各向异性。弹性模量的各向异性主要来自于珍珠层微观组织结构和贝壳生长纹结构的特点．     

珍珠及珍珠层的化学成分比较研究

本文对不同产地及不同等级的淡水养殖褶纹冠蚌、三角帆蚌珍珠以及珍珠层中的氨基酸和微量元素进行了对比分析,结果表明,珍珠的来源不同,其氨基酸的种类及含量不同,各种微量元素的含量也有差异。研究表明,珍珠的等级与化学成分含量无相关性。     

翡翠贻贝外套膜转录组及贝壳珍珠质层和肌棱柱层蛋白质组分析

贝类贝壳在生物材料学及仿生学研究中占据着重要地位。贝壳基质蛋白质是贝壳中的主要有机质成分,对贝壳的形成以及贝壳的力学性能至关重要。翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)贝壳主要由肌棱柱层和珍珠质层两种微观结构组成,其结构层次较简单,是研究贝壳基质蛋白质及其与贝壳形成关系的极好材料。为深入研究翡翠贻贝贝壳基质蛋白质的分子组成以及分布特点,首先采用扫描电子显微镜,观察翡翠贻贝贝壳内表面珍珠质层和肌棱柱层的微观结构;采用刮取法获得贝壳内表面珍珠质层和肌棱柱层的粉末;对不同层次的贝壳粉末,利用酸溶法去除碳酸钙成分,所获得的有机质组分通过离心将其分为酸可溶性组分和酸不溶性组分。采用Illumina深度测序技术对翡翠贻贝外套膜组织进行大规模测序和序列组装,在此基础上,采用LC-MS/MS质谱技术结合外套膜转录组数据库搜索,对翡翠贻贝肌棱柱层和珍珠质层贝壳基质蛋白质开展组学分析。扫描电镜观察结果表明,翡翠贻贝贝壳有两种不同形貌结构的层次,其中珍珠质层为片状堆叠结构,而肌棱柱层为柱状结构。翡翠贻贝外套膜转录组测序共计获得 69 859 条Unigene。蛋白质组学鉴定结果表明,翡翠贻贝贝壳中总计鉴定到蛋白质54种,其中38种为肌棱柱层所特有蛋白质,3种珍珠质层特有蛋白质,另有13种在珍珠质层和肌棱柱层均被鉴定到。肌棱柱层特有蛋白质的分子多样性明显强于珍珠质层。上述研究为进一步探讨贝壳不同微观层次的形成机制,以及贝壳基质蛋白质对贝壳不同结构层次的调控作用机制奠定了基础。     

珍珠粉,珍珠层粉药用价值的比较

经研究表明:淡水珍珠层粉镇静作用强,抗胃溃疡作用较好。淡水珍珠粉抗皮肤溃疡作用强,海水珍珠层粉明目作用较强。     

三角帆蚌贝壳珍珠层颜色遗传规律初步研究

为了探明三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)贝壳珍珠层颜色的遗传规律,为珍珠层颜色的选择育种提供理论指导,利用三角帆蚌紫色和白色选育品系进行自交和正反杂交,建立了白色♂×白色♀、白色♂×紫色♀、紫色♂×白色♀和紫色♂×紫色♀4个交配组合,统计分析了每个交配组合子代的珍珠层颜色分离情况。结果显示,白色自交组合的子代贝壳珍珠层颜色全部表现为白色,没有发生颜色分离;杂交组合的子代珍珠层颜色出现两种情况,一是全部表现为紫色,二是颜色发生分离,且紫色和白色个体比例符合1︰1的比例关系;紫色自交组合的子代珍珠层颜色也出现两种情况,一是全部表现为紫色,二是颜色分离出紫色和白色,且比例符合3︰1的比例关系。结果表明,三角帆蚌贝壳珍珠层颜色受遗传基因控制,可以稳定遗传,属质量性状。珍珠层紫色性状对白色性状为显性,两种颜色性状均不存在母性遗传。白色个体为隐性纯合体,选育纯化较为容易,而紫色个体既有显性纯合体又有杂合体,选育纯化相对较困难。     

组织小片对三角帆蚌外套膜无核珍珠颜色成因的影响

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畸形珍珠和污珠产生的原因分析

珍珠质量表现在“圆”、“光”、“大”、“彩”上,也就是说,珍珠形状要圆,颗粒要大,其全身呈闪烁珠光且具宜人的色彩。但是一般生产上会产生污珠、无光泽的珠以及大量不规则的畸形珍珠,造成大量废珠和质量低劣的珍珠。     

骨形成蛋白2/珍珠层粉/壳聚糖支架制备及生物性能研究

目的:制备骨形成蛋白2/珍珠层粉/壳聚糖复合多孔支架,观察支架生物性能。方法:采用冷冻干燥法制备骨形成蛋白2/珍珠层粉/壳聚糖多孔支架。用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察支架表面形貌及孔径大小,用比重瓶法检测支架孔隙率,热重分析探讨支架的热稳定性,用微力试验机进行压缩性能测试,并将支架与兔骨髓间充质干细胞共培养检测细胞黏附性能,将支架埋置大鼠皮下观察其炎症反应。结果与结论:制备的骨形成蛋白2/珍珠层粉/壳聚糖支架孔径大小为100~300μm,孔隙率为91.64%,压缩应力达3.37MPa,与细胞共培养贴附较好,有良好的组织相容性,提示该支架可做为组织工程支架材料应用于临床上骨组织缺损的修复。     

Identification of genes associated with shell color in the black-lipped pearl oyster,Pinctada margaritifera

Background

Color polymorphism in the nacre of pteriomorphian bivalves is of great interest for the pearl culture industry. The nacreous layer of the Polynesian black-lipped pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera exhibits a large array of color variation among individuals including reflections of blue, green, yellow and pink in all possible gradients. Although the heritability of nacre color variation patterns has been demonstrated by experimental crossing, little is known about the genes involved in these patterns. In this study, we identify a set of genes differentially expressed among extreme color phenotypes of P. margaritifera using a suppressive and subtractive hybridization (SSH) method comparing black phenotypes with full and half albino individuals.

Results

Out of the 358 and 346 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) obtained by conducting two SSH libraries respectively, the expression patterns of 37 genes were tested with a real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) approach by pooling five individuals of each phenotype. The expression of 11 genes was subsequently estimated for each individual in order to detect inter-individual variation. Our results suggest that the color of the nacre is partially under the influence of genes involved in the biomineralization of the calcitic layer. A few genes involved in the formation of the aragonite tablets of the nacre layer and in the biosynthesis chain of melanin also showed differential expression patterns. Finally, high variability in gene expression levels were observed within the black phenotypes.

Conclusions

Our results revealed that three main genetic processes were involved in color polymorphisms: the biomineralization of the nacreous and calcitic layers and the synthesis of pigments such as melanin, suggesting that color polymorphism takes place at different levels in the shell structure. The high variability of gene expression found within black phenotypes suggests that the present work should serve as a basis for future studies exploring more thoroughly the expression patterns of candidate genes within black phenotypes with different dominant iridescent colors.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1776-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Dynamics of sheet nacre formation in bivalves

Formation of nacre (mother-of-pearl) is a biomineralization process of fundamental scientific as well as industrial importance. However, the dynamics of the formation process is still not understood. Here, we use scanning electron microscopy and high spatial resolution ion microprobe depth-profiling to image the full three-dimensional distribution of organic materials around individual tablets in the top-most layer of forming nacre in bivalves. Nacre formation proceeds by lateral, symmetric growth of individual tablets mediated by a growth-ring rich in organics, in which aragonite crystallizes from amorphous precursors. The pivotal role in nacre formation played by the growth-ring structure documented in this study adds further complexity to a highly dynamical biomineralization process.     

不同pH值对三角帆蚌珍珠质分泌的影响

运用多种组织化学方法和透射电镜技术,研究了５种ｐＨ水环境（ｐＨ５、６、７、８、９）对三角帆砷外套膜珍珠质分泌的影响机制,结果表明,在中性水环境中,贝体能积极地从外界水环境中吸收钙,并能旺盛地合成和分泌贝壳珍珠层及珍珠有机基质前体物质,持续的酸性水环境导致贝体的钙严重丢失,并引起珍珠质分泌细胞对有机基质前体物质的合成和分泌能力减弱,持续的碱性水环境虽能导致贝体对钙的积累,但珍珠质分泌细胞合成和分泌珍     

水体Ca2+对三角帆蚌珍珠质沉积的影响

为研究不同水体Ca2+浓度(10-80 mg/L)下三角帆蚌生长和珍珠质沉积量和晶体结构的变化, 采用鱼蚌混养的养殖模式养殖10周。结果表明, 1龄幼蚌生长的适宜Ca2+浓度为40 mg/L, 2龄未植片三角帆蚌生长的适宜Ca2+浓度为40-70 mg/L, 2龄植片三角帆蚌珍珠沉积的适宜Ca2+浓度为40 mg/L。拉曼光谱分析和珍珠层小片的扫描电镜观察结果表明, 适宜Ca2+浓度影响三角帆蚌珍珠质沉积可能是通过促进外套膜组织有机基质分泌从而调节CaCO3晶体形成和生长实现的。研究结果提示, 在三角帆蚌生长快速季节, 养殖水体中添加一定的钙源如生石灰等将有利于蚌体和珍珠的生长。同时研究结果也为加快珍珠培育, 提高珍珠品质提供理论依据和实践操纵手段。     

Mineral bridges in nacre

We confirm with high-resolution techniques the existence of mineral bridges between superposed nacre tablets. In the towered nacre of both gastropods and the cephalopod Nautilus there are large bridges aligned along the tower axes, corresponding to gaps (150–200 nm) in the interlamellar membranes. Gaps are produced by the interaction of the nascent tablets with a surface membrane that covers the nacre compartment. In the terraced nacre of bivalves bridges associated with elongated gaps in the interlamellar membrane (>100 nm) have mainly been found at or close to the edges of superposed parental tablets. To explain this placement, we hypothesize that the interlamellar membrane breaks due to differences in osmotic pressure across it when the interlamellar space below becomes reduced at an advanced stage of calcification. In no cases are the minor connections between superimposed tablets (<60 nm), earlier reported to be mineral bridges, found to be such.