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1.
实验探讨了建鲤和异育银鲫摄食低质和高质饲料时氮和能量的收支情况。低质饲料以豆粕为主要蛋白源,饲料蛋白含量为33.91%,高质饲料以鱼粉为主要蛋白源,饲料蛋白含量为45.59%。55d的生长结果显示,氮收支和能量收支受到饲料质量和鱼类种类的显影响:摄食低质饲料时,建鲤的生长氮和生长能比例显低于异育银鲫,排泄氮、排泄能和代谢能比例显高于异育银鲫;摄食高质饲料时,两种鱼的氮收支和能量收支无显差异;建鲤的氮收支和能量收支受饲料质量的显影响,摄食低质饲料时,其生长氮和生长能比例均显低于摄食高质饲料时,而排泄氮、粪能和代谢能比例均显高于摄食高质饲料时;异育银鲫的氮收支、生长能和代谢能比例不受饲料质量的显影响。结果表明,在低质饲料条件下,建鲤利用氮和能量的能力弱于异育银鲫,在高质饲料条件下,两种鱼没有显差异。与异育银鲫相比,建鲤利用氮和能量的能力受饲料质量的影响更为显。  相似文献   

2.
不同温度对中国对虾生长及能量收支的影响   总被引:14,自引:3,他引:11  
研究了18~34℃6个不同恒温下中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)的生长、饵料转化率及能量收支。结果表明,中国对虾的体重及能量特定生长率分别变动在1.22%~3.27%和1.33%~1.45%之间,在18~31℃温度范围内随温度升高而升高,34℃下则显著下降.对虾的摄食量及对饵料的消化率总体上随温度升高而升高,但在34℃下则有所降低;饵料重量转化率和能量转化率分别在28.99%~53.09%和15.70%~7.24%之间,总体上随温度升高而有所下降.根据拟合的多项式方程推算得到的中国对虾的最佳生长温度为29.7℃,生长能和呼吸能的变化主导着中国对虾的能量收支模式,随温度升高生长能占摄食能的比例逐渐降低,而呼吸能比例则逐渐升高。本研究表明,对虾在适宜温度下获得的较高生长率主要归因于较高的摄食量和食物消化率。  相似文献   

3.
皱纹盘鲍的个体能量收支   总被引:14,自引:2,他引:12  
对皱纹盘鲍的呼吸、摄食、生长及能量收支等实验研究表明,鲍的耗氧率与壳长、体重、温度及昼夜变化有关,耗氧率与壳长、体重均呈幂函数关系,一天中16~4时(夜间)耗氧率高于4~16时(白天)且在18~20时达峰值.同温度下鲍日摄食率与体重呈幂指数关系,日(相对)摄食率随温度升高而增加,而日相对摄食率、日相对生长率均随壳长、体重增加呈下降趋势.鲍在14~20℃内对海带的总转化效率为53%.鲍软体部、海带及鲍粪便干品的比能值分别为19.2、8.57和7.23kJ·g-1.14~20℃皱纹盘鲍摄入能量的34.6~48.6%为粪能,22.0~38.2%的能量用于自身代谢,5.6~28.2%用于贝体软体部的生长.  相似文献   

4.
对皱纹盘鲍的呼吸、摄食、生长及能量收支等实验研究表明, 鲍的耗氧率与壳长、体重、温度及昼夜变化有关, 耗氧率与壳长、体重均呈幂函数关系, 一天中16~4时(夜间)耗氧率高于4~16时(白天)且在18~20时达峰值.同温度下鲍日摄食率与体重呈幂指数关系, 日(相对)摄食率随温度升高而增加, 而日相对摄食率、日相对生长率均随壳长、体重增加呈下降趋势.鲍在14~20℃内对海带的总转化效率为53%.鲍软体部、海带及鲍粪便干品的比能值分别为19.2、8.57和7.23kJ·g-1.14~20℃皱纹盘鲍摄入能量的34.6~48.6%为粪能, 22.0~38.2%的能量用于自身代谢, 5.6~28.2%用于贝体软体部的生长.  相似文献   

5.
利用全能量收支同步测定呼吸仪系统测定了三种不同蛋白源(鱼粉、豆粕、土豆蛋白)饲料对银鲫生长及能量收支各组分的影响。对照饲料全部以鱼粉为蛋白源,另两种饲料中30%的蛋白质分别来自豆粕和土豆蛋白。试验结果表明,银鲫对三种蛋白源的饲料的摄食率,食物转化效率均有显差异,以鱼粉组最高,豆粕其次,土豆蛋白最低。能量收支各组分也均有显差异,能量收支式如下:鱼粉88.1C=13.77F 2.95U 24.1G 41.8R 豆粕 102.3C=17.1F 2.8U 16.4G 55.4R土豆蛋白105.5C=14.9F 1.3U 14.4G 67.4R式中C、F、U、G、R分别代表摄食能、排粪能、排泄能、生长能、代谢能。  相似文献   

6.
温度对台湾红罗非鱼能量收支的影响   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
于1996年7-8月在盐度为14的条件下,测定了台湾红罗非鱼(体重25.334-26.225g)在水温为22、28和34℃时的能量收支,结果表明,温度对台湾红罗非鱼的特定生长率,转化效率和最大摄食率均有显著影响,28℃时上述各值均达到最大,分别为1.79,60.01%和2.59%B.W.d^-1;对吸收率无显著影响,对于物质的吸收率的平均值为64.58%、温度对食物能分配于能量支出各部分的比例有显  相似文献   

7.
袁秀堂  杨红生  王丽丽  周毅  张涛  刘鹰 《生态学报》2007,27(8):3155-3161
夏眠是刺参最重要的生理特征;水温升高是其夏眠的主要诱发因子,而夏眠的临界温度与刺参体重密切相关。为揭示刺参夏眠对其能量利用对策的影响,测定了2种体重规格(134.0±13.5)g和(73.6±2.2)g刺参在10、15、20、25 ℃和30 ℃ 5个温度梯度下的能量收支。结果表明,温度和体重及其交互作用对刺参能量的摄入均有显著影响;而温度是影响其摄食能分配的主要因素。研究发现,刺参在非夏眠期、夏眠临界期和完全夏眠期的能量利用对策有所不同:在非夏眠期,刺参摄食能支出的最大组分是粪便能,占摄食能的比例超过50%,其次为呼吸耗能,占19.8%~39.4%,而生长能和排泄能占的比例较小,分别为5.7%~10.7%和2.9%~3.7%;在夏眠临界温度下,呼吸和排泄耗能占摄食能的比例均显著增大(分别为88.3%和13.6%),而生长能所占比例降为负值(-55.3%),刺参表现为负生长;而在夏眠期,刺参的摄食能和排粪能为零,为维持其基本生理活动,不得不动用以往贮存于体内的能量,消耗于呼吸和排泄等生理过程,供维持生命之用。总之,从能量生物学的角度看,夏眠的主要生态学意义在于刺参长时间处于相对高温环境,进而导致摄食受阻条件下的一种能量节约方式。  相似文献   

8.
黑线仓鼠繁殖输出与基础代谢率的关系   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
赵志军 《兽类学报》2011,31(1):69-78
为了解黑线仓鼠繁殖输出与基础代谢率(BMR)的关系,阐明最大持续能量收支(SusMR)的限制水平,揭示哺乳期能量收支对策,本文测定了哺乳期黑线仓鼠的体重、摄食量、BMR和身体组成,以及哺乳期的胎仔数、胎仔重和泌乳能量支出(MEO).结果显示,黑线仓鼠哺乳期体重降低了15.0±0.8%,摄食量显著增加,哺乳高峰期平均摄食...  相似文献   

9.
石油钻井噪声与振动对鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)能量收支的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
孙耀  陈民山  陈聚法  赵俊  宋云利 《生态学报》2008,28(8):3527-3534
应用现场模拟实验方法测定了石油钻井噪声与振动对鲤鱼能量收支的影响.结果表明,该污染对鲤鱼摄食、生长、代谢和排泄等各能量收支组分均有显著影响,但其影响程度和趋势却不尽相同.鲤鱼摄食、生长和生长转换效率均随噪声与振动强度增大呈减小趋势;其中摄食较为敏感,但生长的受影响程度却显著大于摄食.与摄食和生长的变化趋势不同,在受到显著影响范围内,排泄能和代谢能随噪声与振动强度增大呈U型变化趋势;其敏感程度与摄食相同,受影响程度也显著低于生长.钻井噪声与振动对鲤鱼影响可分两个阶段;第一阶段为,鲤鱼能量摄入量降低导致各能量支出水平不同程度的下降;第二阶段为,噪声与振动进一步增强,除使摄食量继续减小外,同时造成体内代谢量和排泄量的增大,这两种影响的协同作用使鲤鱼生长大幅度降低.通过所建立的不同钻井噪声与振动强度下鲤鱼的能量收支模型,可以看出,鲤鱼生长大幅度降低总是与代谢量和排泄量增大相对应.  相似文献   

10.
袁秀堂  杨红生  王丽丽  周毅  张涛  刘鹰 《生态学报》2007,27(8):3155-3161
夏眠是刺参最重要的生理特征;水温升高是其夏眠的主要诱发因子,而夏眠的临界温度与刺参体重密切相关。为揭示刺参夏眠对其能量利用对策的影响,测定了2种体重规格(134.0±13.5)g和(73.6±2.2)g刺参在10、15、20、25℃和30℃5个温度梯度下的能量收支。结果表明,温度和体重及其交互作用对刺参能量的摄入均有显著影响;而温度是影响其摄食能分配的主要因素。研究发现,刺参在非夏眠期、夏眠临界期和完全夏眠期的能量利用对策有所不同:在非夏眠期,刺参摄食能支出的最大组分是粪便能,占摄食能的比例超过50%,其次为呼吸耗能,占19.8%~39.4%,而生长能和排泄能占的比例较小,分别为5.7%~10.7%和2.9%~3.7%;在夏眠临界温度下,呼吸和排泄耗能占摄食能的比例均显著增大(分别为88.3%和13.6%),而生长能所占比例降为负值(-55.3%),刺参表现为负生长;而在夏眠期,刺参的摄食能和排粪能为零,为维持其基本生理活动,不得不动用以往贮存于体内的能量,消耗于呼吸和排泄等生理过程,供维持生命之用。总之,从能量生物学的角度看,夏眠的主要生态学意义在于刺参长时间处于相对高温环境,进而导致摄食受阻条件下的一种能量节约方式。  相似文献   

11.
Ecological energetics provides a unifying focus for ecologicalstudies. Heat energy budget analysis is used to predict thebody temperatures of animals and their microclimatic requirements.Climate space diagrams, transient energybalance models and operativeenvironmental temperature models predict daily and seasonalactivity patterns, predator—prey interactions and energyrequirements of vertebrate ectotherms. Food energy budget (resourceallocation) models are used toinvestigate the life history processesof fish, amphibians and reptiles. Heat energy budgets and foodenergy budgets interact through their effects on body temperatureand metabolism. Coupled heat, food and mass balance equationscan serve as aunified energy budget model and are useful indetermining limits on the energy available to an animal forgrowth and reproduction. Bioenergetic models have been successfullyapplied to some reptiles and fish. Complete energy budgets arenow needed for other ectothermic vertebrates.  相似文献   

12.
The combination of two physically-based models of solar radiationcloud attenuation and a steady state surface energy budget made possible the systematic examination of the causal effects of varying solar altitudes, selected cloud types and amounts, and air temperatures on the resultant energy budget components extant in two contrasting (grassy and barren) landscapes. The grassy landscape reacted more conservatively to the forcing by changing solar angles, cloud, and air temperature regimes. The results are considered as universal and they are assumed to encompass many possible extremes encountered in the continuum formed by real world landscapes.  相似文献   

13.
The dynamics of a microbial community consisting of a eucaryotic ciliateTetrahymena pyriformis and procaryoticEscherichia coli in a batch culture is explored by employing an individual-based approach. In this portion of the article, Part I, population models are presented. Because both models are individual-based, models of individual organisms are developed prior to construction of the population models. The individual models use an energy budget method in which growth depends on energy gain from feeding and energy sinks such as maintenance and reproduction. These models are not limited by simplifying assumptions about constant yield, constant energy sinks and Monod growth kinetics as are traditional models of microbal organisms. Population models are generated from individual models by creating distinct individual types and assigning to each type the number of real individuals they represent. A population is a compilation of individual types that vary in a phase of cell cycle and physiological parameters such as filtering rate for ciliates and maximum anabolic rate for bacteria. An advantage of the developed models is that they realistically describe the growth of the individual cells feeding on resource which varies in density and composition. Part II, the core of the project, integrates models into a dynamic microbial community and provides model analysis based upon available data.  相似文献   

14.
Temperature and diet quality are two of the most important factors affecting the dynamic regulation of animal energy budgets. Because hummingbirds are very sensitive to energy stress, we used Green-backed Firecrowns (Sephanoides sephaniodes) to test the dynamics of their energy budget under different energetic challenges in chronic conditions (20 days). Experimental groups were: HQ-TNZ (high quality diet and thermoneutrality), HQ-LT (high quality diet and low temperature), LQ-TNZ (low quality diet and thermoneutrality), and LQ-LT (low quality diet and low temperature). Analysis of behavioral, morphological, and physiological variables revealed that thermal and dietary factors affect time and energy budgets independently. Hummingbirds increased energy intake during the first day of acclimation at LT, but after second day, the LQ-LT group did not maintain their energy intake and began to loose body mass. Moreover, diet quality affected digestive organs. The intestine, gizzard, liver and kidneys all increased in size when food quality was lowest, probably to obtain more food per feeding event and to more efficiently process the ingested food. Exposure to low ambient temperatures affected the most metabolically productive organs such as the heart, lungs, and muscular mass. Lower temperature increased basal and daily energy expenditure, and changed the time budget. Sephanoides sephaniodes spent more time perching when their energy balance was close to be negative. We suggest that energy budget regulation in hummingbirds does not reside exclusively in the energy output nor in the energy-input but in both pathways.  相似文献   

15.
A mechanistic model of an energy budget in fish embryos and yolk-sac larvae was developed using data for five freshwater fish species: rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss , nase Chondrostoma nasus , carp Cyprinus carpio , tench Tinca tinca and African catfish Clarias gariepinus , based on the existing models for adult and juvenile fishes. The model simulates changes in the components of the budget under various conditions. Besides the effects of body mass and temperature on consumption and metabolic rate, the dependence of ration size on amount of available yolk and initial egg size was implemented in the model. The model parameters were found through optimization. A sensitivity analysis of the model was conducted by varying its parameters and observing changes in the output. A comparative analysis showed that the values generated by the model closely approximated independent empirical observations. Simulations of energy budgets demonstrated that the overall pattern of energy partitioning was the same for different species, irrespective of egg size and temperature preferences. Most energy was allocated to body growth. Clarias gariepinus showed the fastest growth and had the highest yolk conversion efficiency.  相似文献   

16.
The ascidian Styela clava is widely distributed in northern China and is thought to be important in the functioning of estuarine systems. This ascidian may experience highly variable physiological conditions, and its physiological responses to these are of interest considering its ecological role. This study presents data on the physiological parameters in relation to body size and temperature (12-28 degrees C) of S. clava. Respiration, excretion, feces, ingestion and absorption energy were positive related to size and its mass exponents (b-values) varied from 0.2930 to 0.7488. Respiration energy increased with increasing, but critical values were found at 20 degrees C for energy of ingestion and absorption, while 24 degrees C for energy in feces and excretion. At the range of 16-24 degrees C, the scope for growth, gross and net growth efficiencies of ascidians increased with increasing temperature. The energy budget equations of different sized ascidians were obtained at different temperatures. Excretion energy shared a minimal fraction in ingestion energy (1.30-2.47%), the ratios of feces energy and respiration energy to ingestion energy were 46.53-64.27% and 10.26-80.75%, respectively. The physiological data obtained in the present study indicated that S. clava could adjust its energy budget according to the environment and its physiological conditions to meet their nutritional and energetic demands. In the range of experimental temperature (12-28 degrees C), 16-20 degrees C was suitable for the rearing of S. clava to achieve optimum development, while deficient metabolic adjustment induced a negative scope for growth of S. clava at 28 degrees C.  相似文献   

17.
From 1928 to 1991 the following oligochaete energy budget quantitative values: biomass (B), production (P), respiration (R), assimilation (A), ration (C) changed 8 to 12 times. With increasing depth the ratios of energy budget decreased: P/B ratio from 3.4 to 0.1, R/B ratio from 4.5 to 0.5, net production efficiency from 43 to 18%. A relationship was revealed between oligochaete biomass and the primary production (PP) of the lake. There is a delay in the response in oligochaete biomass to primary production. In Lake Sevan the delay is 2 years in the littoral, 4 years in the sublittoral and 11 years in the profundal zone. The closest correlation was revealed between oligochaete energy budget quantitative values and the values of primary production of the preceding 10 years, which enables a prediction of the quantitative indices of the community of Oligochaeta. The values of energy budget ratios depend on temperature and oxygen regimes but not on the trophic status of the reservoir and were comparatively stable during the observed period.  相似文献   

18.
The ascidian Styela clava is widely distributed in northern China and is thought to be important in the functioning of estuarine systems. This ascidian may experience highly variable physiological conditions, and its physiological responses to these are of interest considering its ecological role. This study presents data on the physiological parameters in relation to body size and temperature (12-28 degrees C) of S. clava. Respiration, excretion, feces, ingestion and absorption energy were positive related to size and its mass exponents (b-values) varied from 0.2930 to 0.7488. Respiration energy increased with increasing, but critical values were found at 20 degrees C for energy of ingestion and absorption, while 24 degrees C for energy in feces and excretion. At the range of 16-24 degrees C, the scope for growth, gross and net growth efficiencies of ascidians increased with increasing temperature. The energy budget equations of different sized ascidians were obtained at different temperatures. Excretion energy shared a minimal fraction in ingestion energy (1.30-2.47%), the ratios of feces energy and respiration energy to ingestion energy were 46.53-64.27% and 10.26-80.75%, respectively. The physiological data obtained in the present study indicated that S. clava could adjust its energy budget according to the environment and its physiological conditions to meet their nutritional and energetic demands. In the range of experimental temperature (12-28 degrees C), 16-20 degrees C was suitable for the rearing of S. clava to achieve optimum development, while deficient metabolic adjustment induced a negative scope for growth of S. clava at 28 degrees C.  相似文献   

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