IGF系统与雌性哺乳动物生殖

胰岛素样生长因子(insulin-like growth factor,IGF)是一类多肽类生长因子。IGF-I、IGF-II以及各自受体和胰岛素生长因子结合蛋白(IGF-binding proteins, IGFBPs)构成了IGF系统。IGF系统在多个组织器官中均有表达,具有调节动物生殖,细胞增殖和凋亡等方面的功能。本文综述了IGF系统在雌性动物生殖激素分泌、卵泡闭锁、胚胎和胎盘发育等方面的作用,为进一步研究IGF系统对动物生殖的调控提供参考。     

胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白的结构与功能研究概况

胰岛素样生长因子(insulin-like growth factor,IGF)结合蛋白(IGF-binding proteins,IGFBPs)家族包含6个与IGF有高亲和力的蛋白。该蛋白家族能够调节IGF的生物利用度,且具有调控细胞增殖分化的作用。IGFBPs蛋白分子中N端保守区的几个疏水氨基酸位点是该蛋白与IGF具有高亲和力的关键位点。近年来的研究发现,N端结构域的起始与末尾的几个保守的氨基酸位点也与结合有关。而C端不仅含有结合IGF的关键位点,而且还是IGFBPs独立于IGF分子网络作用的主要负责区域。IGFBPs除了在体内调节IGF的生物利用度之外,还具有其独立的作用,诸如细胞凋亡和细胞周期的调控。IGFBPs的细胞表面受体及信号通路等研究已经取得一定成果,但每个成员的具体作用机制还不够精确,因此该蛋白家族更多的作用还有待于进一步的探讨。     

小鼠无代价长寿?

目前对线虫的研究已经发现了上百种蛋白 ,当编码这些蛋白的基因发生突变时 ,线虫的寿命得以延长。说明这些蛋白与哺乳类动物细胞的衰老可能有一定的关系。近年在线虫体内发现的DFA 2蛋白 ,无论在结构上还是功能上均与人类的胰岛素或胰岛素样生长因子 (IGF)受体相似。当其活性降低时 ,线虫的寿命可延长一倍。随后在果蝇体内也发现了类似的受体。然而 ,由于在哺乳类动物体内同时存在胰岛素受体和IGF受体 ,甚至在某些组织还发现了胰岛素IGF I受体 ,且两者的细胞内信号转导途径间又有交叉 ,使对寿命调节机制的研究变得较为复杂。抑制生长…     

胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3

胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白(IGFBPs)是能与胰岛素样生长因子(IGFs)结合的调节蛋白,调节IGFs与其受体(ICFR)的结合能力,影响IGFR下游信号转导通路中信号强度,调控靶细胞的生长和增殖。IGFBP-3的作用方式有IGF依赖性和非IgF依赖性两种。IGFs、成纤维细胞生长因子(FgF)、胰岛素、细胞表面受体,甚至转录调节区都有可能成为IGFBP-3的结合对象并引起增殖抑制;IGFBP—3的水解片段化、糖基化和磷酸化修饰都可能影响它对靶细胞的增殖抑制能力。     

胰岛素样生长因子1的结构与功能研究进展

胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF1)是一种多功能细胞调控因子.它的结构特征为其促生长和物质代谢功能提供依据.集中介绍了IGF1的三维结构、IGF1与相关受体和结合蛋白的结合区以及二硫键在蛋白质折叠中的重要作用.     

胰岛素生长因子2 mRNA结合蛋白3与肿瘤的相关性研究进展

RNA结合蛋白是生物体生命周期中重要的调节物质。作为RNA结合蛋白中的一种，胰岛素生长因子2 mRNA结合蛋白3（insulin growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 3，IGF2BP3）介导癌症细胞的发生、发展及疾病预后和转归，因此对于IGF2BP3致癌作用的发生机制、通路传导作用机制以及基于IGF2BP3分子治疗靶点的探究具有重要意义。通过阐述IGF2BPs家族具有的生物学功能，IGF2BP3在肿瘤和疾病的相关性，以及IGF2BP3在现代临床治疗的应用前景，以期为IGF2BP3基因的进一步研究提供理论依据。     

胰岛素样生长因子受体Ⅰ序列结构的生物信息学分析

胰岛素样生长因子受体Ⅰ的3'UTR长度大于7 kb,结构复杂,有多种mi RNAs的结合位点,参与信号通路中MAPK及PI3K/AKT的调节和多种肿瘤的形成和发展,通过生物信息学分析知道其结构特点,为后续研究提供思路。分析表明儿童神经胶质瘤中IGF1R的3'UTR与mi RNAs结合位点突变率最高。分析IGF1R序列3'UTR的结构,mi RNAs结合位点,氨基酸序列的理化性质,亲疏水性,糖基化和磷酸化位点,二级结构和三级结构建模。IGF1R三级结构与配体IGF1的三级结构模拟分子对接,得到2种蛋白相互作用的氨基酸位置及名称。因此,通过对IGF1R 3'UTR突变,降低与mi RNAs的结合,IGF1R表达上调,同时改变与IGF1的氨基酸结合位点,降低2种蛋白的相互作用,从而抑制IGF1R的作用。     

重要转录因子FoxO3a在斑马鱼性腺中的表达分析

FoxO蛋白作为Forkhead Box家族的重要一员,在动物的生长发育、细胞分化、代谢、免疫和凋亡等方面起重要作用,研究发现FoxO蛋白是哺乳动物卵泡发育的重要调节因子.通过检测雌雄斑马鱼性腺中foxo3a基因的表达情况,初步研究FoxO在鱼类生殖发育中的作用.PCR和蛋白免疫杂交结果都显示foxo3a基因在斑马鱼雌性性腺中的表达量要明显高于雄性.这一结果提示,foxo3a基因在斑马鱼的卵巢发育中可能发挥重要作用.     

动物神经毒肽在受体研究中的应用

动物神经毒肽在受体研究中的应用王建华黄培堂黄翠芳（军事医学科学院生物工程研究所,北京１０００７１）关键词受体动物神经毒肽与受体有关的过程是生命调节过程中的重要环节,受体蛋白的研究鉴定,与具有特异作用和高亲和性结合能力的毒素密切相关。蛇毒、蝎毒、芋螺毒...     

胰岛素样生长因子与哺乳动物的胚胎发育

综述了胰岛素样生长因子(IGFs)在胚胎发育过程中的表达特点和对胚胎发育的作用。许多研究表明,IGFs、IGF受体、IGF结合蛋白(IGFBPs)在不同发育阶段的胚胎中具有不同的表达特点,并具有组织特异性。不论是母体来源的、胎儿自身产生的、还是外源性的IGFs都能促进细胞分化和增殖,对胚胎发育有重要作用。     

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1: an evolutionarily conserved fine tuner of insulin-like growth factor action under catabolic and stressful conditions

The insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) are evolutionarily conserved components of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. The six forms of IGFBPs (IGFBP-1–6) bind the IGF ligands (IGF-1 and -2) with high affinity and regulate the IGFs available to their receptors, therefore providing additional flexibilities in regulating IGF signalling. IGFBP-1, the first identified member of the IGFBP family is highly inducible under a variety of catabolic conditions, such as food deprivation, malnutrition, stress, injury and hypoxia. Recent in vivo studies have indicated that the induced IGFBP-1 serves as a molecular switch by restricting IGF signalling and diverts the limited energy resources away from growth and development towards those metabolic processes essential for survival. This article reviews the recent understandings of the molecular basis of IGFBP-1 regulation and its biological functions, as revealed through research in mammalian and fish models.     

Role of insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in growth control and carcinogenesis

Interest in the role of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis in growth control and carcinogenesis has recently been increased by the finding of elevated serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels in association with three of the most prevalent cancers in the United States: prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, and lung cancer. IGFs serve as endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine stimulators of mitogenesis, survival, and cellular transformation. These actions are mediated through the type 1 IGF-receptor (IGF-1R), a tyrosine kinase that resembles the insulin receptor. The availability of free IGF for interaction with the IGF-1R is modulated by the insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs). IGFBPs, especially IGFBP-3, also have IGF-independent effects on cell growth. IGF-independent growth inhibition by IGFBP-3 is believed to occur through IGFBP-3-specific cell surface association proteins or receptors and involves nuclear translocation. IGFBP-3-mediated apoptosis is controlled by numerous cell cycle regulators in both normal and disease processes. IGFBP activity is also regulated by IGFBP proteases, which affect the relative affinities of IGFBPs, IGFs and IGF-1R. Perturbations in each level of the IGF axis have been implicated in cancer formation and progression in various cell types.     

The interaction of Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs) with Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs): a review

Summary The interactions between insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are important in regulating the availability of IGFs to the type 1 IGF receptor (IGF1R) but there is still a lack of information regarding the mechanism of IGF binding by IGFBPs. While many studies have defined general regions of the IGFBPs that interact with IGFs, only recently have specific IGF binding residues been described. This review will outline the structural evidence describing residues of both the IGFBPs and IGFs involved in the IGFBP·IGF interaction.     

The interaction of Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs) with Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs): a review

The interactions between insulin-like growth factor bindingproteins (IGFBPs) and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)are important in regulating the availability of IGFs to thetype 1 IGF receptor (IGF1R) but there is still a lack ofinformation regarding the mechanism of IGF binding byIGFBPs. While many studies have defined general regions ofthe IGFBPs that interact with IGFs, only recently havespecific IGF binding residues been described. This reviewwill outline the structural evidence describing residues ofboth the IGFBPs and IGFs involved in the IGFBP-IGFinteraction.     

Directionality of heart looping: effects of Pitx2c misexpression on flectin asymmetry and midline structures

The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are well known mitogens, both in vivo and in vitro, while functions in cellular differentiation have also been indicated. Here, we demonstrate a new role for the IGF pathway in regulating head formation in Xenopus embryos. Both IGF-1 and IGF-2, along with their receptor IGF-1R, are expressed early during embryogenesis, and the IGF-1R is present particularly in anterior and dorsal structures. Overexpression of IGF-1 leads to anterior expansion of head neural tissue as well as formation of ectopic eyes and cement gland, while IGF-1 receptor depletion using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides drastically reduces head structures. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IGF signaling exerts this effect by antagonizing the activity of the Wnt signal transduction pathway in the early embryo, at the level of beta-catenin. Thus, the IGF pathway is required for head formation during embryogenesis.     

胰岛素样生长因子IGF系统与鱼类性腺的研究进展

IGFs系统包含3个配体(IGF-1、IGF-2、IGF-3)、2个受体(IGF-1R、IGF-2R)和6个IGF结合蛋白(IGFBP).生殖和生长是生物体最基本的特征,两者既密切相关又相互区别,胰岛素样生长因子(IGFs)是生长轴和生殖轴相交联的关键因子.最近研究表明:鱼类性腺的发育及成熟伴随着细胞分化和组织生长,传统的生长因子IGF-1、IGF-2和最近发现的IGF-3,对鱼类性腺发挥着重要作用.本文重点介绍鱼类特有的配体IGF-3的结构,鱼类IGFs系统的信号通路及其与鱼类性腺的相关性研究进展.     

The Insulin-like Growth Factor System and Its Biological Actions in Fish

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system plays an importantrole in controlling animal development and growth. There arethree components to the IGF system: ligands (IGF-I and IGF-II),receptors (type I and type II IGF receptors) and IGF-bindingproteins (IGFBPs). These members of the IGF system are expresseddifferentially and their expression patterns implicate themin critical developmental events. Even though IGFs have beenproven essential for normal fetal growth through experimentsusing IGF "knock-out" mice, the precise role of each memberof the IGF system is not fully understood. Recent studies suggestthat the IGF system has been highly conserved in teleost fish.This paper provides an overview of what is currently known aboutthe IGF system in teleost fish. Several aspects of the IGF systemare discussed, including the structural and functional aspectsof fish IGFs, the fish IGF receptors and IGFBPs. The biologicalactions of fish IGFs are described in reference to their rolesin growth, development, reproduction and osmoregulation. Finally,some of the unique advantages of using teleost fish as experimentalmodels for defining the developmental role of the IGF systemand the underlying molecular mechanisms are discussed     

Cellular actions of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins.

The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), and the IGFBP proteases are involved in the regulation of somatic growth and cellular proliferation both in vivo and in vitro. IGFs are potent mitogenic agents whose actions are determined by the availability of free IGFs to interact with the IGF receptors. IGFBPs comprise a family of proteins that bind IGFs with high affinity and specificity and thereby regulate IGF-dependent actions. IGFBPs have recently emerged as IGF-independent regulators of cell growth. Various IGFBP association proteins as well as cleavage of IGFBPs by specific proteases modulate levels of free IGFs and IGFBPs. The ubiquity and complexity of the IGF axis promise exciting discoveries and applications for the future.     

Discovery of a gonad-specific IGF subtype in teleost

Distinct from the conventional IGFs (IGF-1 and IGF-2), here we report the identification of a novel IGF (herein called IGF-3) encoded by a separate gene from teleost species. The IGF-3 cDNA sequences were cloned from tilapia and zebrafish, and predicted from the medaka genome and EST databases. Similar to IGF-1 and IGF-2, IGF-3 is also comprised of five domains (B, C, A, D, E) with a similar tertiary protein structure, despite a low sequence homology among them. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the IGF-3 sequences from different teleosts cluster to form a distinctive clade separate from IGF-1 and IGF-2. The expression of this novel IGF-3 is gonad-specific and starts early in fish development. In situ hybridization revealed that IGF-3 is expressed in the somatic cells and later in granulosa cells of the ovary, and in the interstitial cells of the testis. These findings highlight the importance of this novel IGF in teleost gonadal development and reproduction.     

Zebrafish IGF Genes: Gene Duplication,Conservation and Divergence,and Novel Roles in Midline and Notochord Development

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are key regulators of development, growth, and longevity. In most vertebrate species including humans, there is one IGF-1 gene and one IGF-2 gene. Here we report the identification and functional characterization of 4 distinct IGF genes (termed as igf-1a, -1b, -2a, and -2b) in zebrafish. These genes encode 4 structurally distinct and functional IGF peptides. IGF-1a and IGF-2a mRNAs were detected in multiple tissues in adult fish. IGF-1b mRNA was detected only in the gonad and IGF-2b mRNA only in the liver. Functional analysis showed that all 4 IGFs caused similar developmental defects but with different potencies. Many of these embryos had fully or partially duplicated notochords, suggesting that an excess of IGF signaling causes defects in the midline formation and an expansion of the notochord. IGF-2a, the most potent IGF, was analyzed in depth. IGF-2a expression caused defects in the midline formation and expansion of the notochord but it did not alter the anterior neural patterning. These results not only provide new insights into the functional conservation and divergence of the multiple igf genes but also reveal a novel role of IGF signaling in midline formation and notochord development in a vertebrate model.