miR-221对小鼠乳腺上皮细胞增殖和泌乳功能的影响

MicroRNA（miRNA）是一类大约22个核苷酸的非编码RNA.miR-221能通过调控受体表达,引发肿瘤形成、细胞增殖和组织器官发育.本文应用脂质体转染技术,改变miR-221在小鼠乳腺上皮细胞和组织中的表达量.采用HPLC、Western 印迹、电镜技术等观察miR-221对小鼠乳腺上皮细胞和乳腺组织的影响.结果表明,miR-221沉寂后,细胞增殖能力增强（P<0.01）,β酪蛋白表达增加（P>0.05）,生长激素受体(GHR)表达增强（P<0.01）,泌乳期乳腺组织中上皮细胞数量增加（P<0.05）,小鼠泌乳量增加（P<0.05）.结果提示,miR-221可能通过抑制靶蛋白GHR表达,进而抑制乳腺上皮细胞增殖和泌乳.     

葛根素对正常产后小鼠泌乳作用的影响

摘要 目的：探究葛根素对产后正常小鼠泌乳作用的影响及其机制,并初步探究葛根素对产后正常小鼠的安全性。方法：将雌、雄KM小鼠以3:1比例合笼配种,得到孕鼠饲养至分娩。分娩后的小鼠随机分为正常对照组、葛根素低剂量（18 mg?kg^-1）、高剂量组（72 mg?kg^-1）,每组8只。从产后第3 d起,每天灌胃一次,共10 d。观察小鼠每日泌乳量变化,ELISA法检测血清中催乳素（PRL）、孕酮（P4）、雌二醇（E₂）含量,HE染色观察乳腺、肝、肾、子宫、卵巢组织病理学形态,Western Blot法检测乳腺组织中催乳素受体（PRLR）、酪氨酸激酶 2（JAK2）和信号传导与激活因子5a（STAT5a）的表达。结果：与正常对照组相比,从给药的第6天起,葛根素低剂量组的泌乳量显著升高（P＜0.05）;葛根素低、高剂量组均可见乳腺小叶内腺泡明显变大,分泌物明显增多,且低剂量组更为明显;葛根素低、高剂量组血清PRL水平明显升高（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）;葛根素低剂量组PRLR的蛋白表达明显增加（P＜0.01）,而葛根素高剂量组PRLR、JAK2的蛋白表达明显降低（P＜0.01）。葛根素低剂量组PRLR、JAK2、STAT5a的蛋白表达明显高于葛根素高剂量组（P＜0.01或P＜0.05）。结论：葛根素低剂量对产后正常小鼠有一定促进泌乳作用,高剂量时对泌乳作用不明显。葛根素低、高剂量均未对产后正常小鼠的肝、肾、卵巢和子宫产生明显的病理学改变。     

小鼠不同泌乳期乳腺脂肪合成相关基因的mRNA表达

为了研究小鼠不同泌乳期乳脂肪合成相关基因的表达规律,文章采用荧光定量PCR检测了小鼠乳腺中与脂肪合成和分泌相关20个基因的mRNA相对表达丰度和表达差异。结果表明,在乳腺中脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACACA)、硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶(SCD)、黄嘌呤脱氢酶(XDH)、嗜乳脂蛋白(BTN)、脂肪酸分化蛋白(ADFP)基因都具有高mRNA表达丰度(表达丰度>5%),脂肪酸转运体(CD36)、脂肪酸合成酶(FASN)、1-酰基甘油磷酸酰基转移酶(AGPAT6)和甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT)基因具有中等mRNA表达丰度(5%>表达丰度>1%),与妊娠期乳腺基因的mRNA表达相比,在泌乳期这些基因的mRNA表达均有显著上调(P<0.05),并且ACACA、SCD、FASN、AGPAT6和DGAT等脂肪合成酶基因的表达在泌乳中期(12 d)最高,而在泌乳初期(6 d)和泌乳末期(18 d)较低,呈现低-高-低的表达模式。转录因子固醇调节元件结合蛋白(SREBF)基因在泌乳开始时mRNA表达增加,在泌乳中期(12 d)表达有10倍上调,其变化规律与脂肪合成酶基因的表达模式相同,说明SREBF基因在小鼠乳腺脂肪合成酶基因的表达调控中发挥重要调节作用。     

心脏特异表达肾素（原）受体转基因小鼠的建立

目的建立心脏特异表达（p）RR的转基因小鼠,研究（p）RR在心肌病发病过程中的调节作用。方法将（p）RR基因插入到心脏特异表达启动子α-MHC下游,构建转基因表达载体,通过显微注射的方法建立（p）RR转基因小鼠,PCR法鉴定转基因小鼠的基因型;Western blot和免疫组化的方法检测（p）RR在心脏组织中的表达;利用小动物超声仪检测转基因小鼠的心脏结构和功能;双色免疫荧光共聚焦进行（p）RR蛋白在转基因小鼠中的亚细胞定位,Western blot方法检测了钙泵（ATP2A2）、钠-钙交换体1（NCX 1）以及肌钙蛋白T（cTnT）在转基因小鼠心脏组织中表达量的变化情况。结果建立了心脏高表达（p）RR的转基因小鼠品系;内源性和转基因高表达的（p）RR蛋白均定位在细胞内高尔基体和内质网上;心脏特异高表达（p）RR蛋白使小鼠心脏收缩功能增强,主要表现在与同窝阴性对照小鼠相比,转基因小鼠收缩期左室内径（LVID,systolic）降低9%（P〈0.05,n=18）,收缩期容积（LVESV,systolic）减少了23%（P〈0.05,n=18）,射血分数EF（ejection fraction）升高14%（P〈0.01,n=18）,短轴缩短率FS（fraction shortening）升高20%（P〈0.01,n=18）;和心脏收缩功能和钙离子相关的ATP2A2和NCX 1表达均下调,而cTnT表达量上调。结论在心脏中过表达（p）RR能够引起心脏收缩功能明显增强,同时直接或间接调节ATP2A2、NCX 1和cTnT表达。提示（p）RR可能是调节心脏中的钙离子而参与影响心肌功能。     

脂联素siRNA对3T3-L1细胞基础葡萄糖转运的影响

目的：构建携带小鼠脂联素（Acrp30）siRNA腺病毒载体,并检测其对小鼠脂肪细胞Acrp30表达以及对3T3-L1脂肪细胞基础葡萄糖转运的影响。方法：设计并化学合成小鼠脂肪细胞Acrp30 siRNA片断,将其亚克隆入AdEaxy XL腺病毒载体系统,在293细胞内包装扩增为重组腺病毒。用此重组腺病毒感染3T3-L1脂肪细胞,用RT-PCR和ELISA检测其Acrp30 mRNA和蛋白表达。采用2Deoxy-[3H]D—glucose掺入法测定脂肪细胞葡萄糖转运。结果：设计并构建了小鼠Acrp30基因特异性siRNA腺病毒载体,该载体感染脂肪细胞后,能显著抑制Acrp30 mRNA和蛋白表达,影响3T3-L1脂肪细胞基础葡萄糖的转运,与对照组相比,差异有显著性意5C（P〈0．05）。结论：构建的Acrp30基因特异性siRNA腺病毒载体能有效的抑制脂联素在3T3-L1脂肪细胞中的表达,从而影响3T3-L1脂肪细胞基础葡萄糖转运。     

泌乳期奶牛乳腺基因表达谱研究

从青春期到泌乳期以至干乳期,奶牛乳腺经历复杂的生物学功能和代谢水平的变化.通过基因芯片分析奶牛乳腺的基因表达谱,通过泌乳旺盛的泌乳期与不泌乳的青春期和干乳期相比较,共筛选出122个差异表达的基因,其中包括79个泌乳期上调基因和43个泌乳期下调基因.GO分析表明,在泌乳期奶牛乳腺中上调的基因主要与物质转运、生物合成、信号转导、催化活性、免疫防御、细胞凋亡以及促进发育相关.这些数据提示了奶牛乳腺泌乳期所发生的分子事件.     

Heregulin-α及其受体在小鼠乳腺中的表达与作用

为阐明Heregulin-α（HRG-α）及其受体对乳腺发育、泌乳及退化的调控作用及其机制,本实验采用激光扫描共聚焦显微技术,组织培养,毛细管电泳,Western Blot,ELISA等方法对小鼠乳腺发育、泌乳及退化阶段HRG-α及其受体ErbB2和ErbB3的表达、定位及其对乳腺形态发育、β-酪蛋白表达和分泌、Rab3A蛋白表达、HRG-α信号转导途径信号分子的磷酸化状态的影响进行了系统研究．结果表明,HRG-α及其受体ErbB2,ErbB3在妊娠期15d乳腺中表达到达高峰,退化期9d时又出现另一小高峰;HRG-α及其受体ErbB2,ErbB3主要在乳腺脂肪细胞、导管上皮细胞以及围绕导管的基膜中检测到,在青春期、妊娠期和退化期呈特异性表达;ErbB2和ErbB3的表达变化趋势与HRG-α的表达变化趋势相似,呈显著线性正相关．妊娠期,HRG-α能够促进STAT5,p42／p44,p38和PKC的磷酸化以及Rab3A蛋白表达,刺激乳腺上皮细胞的增殖和分化,增加并维持β-酪蛋白的表达和分泌;泌乳期,HRG-α能够促进STAT5,p38的磷酸化并抑制PKC磷酸化和Rab3A蛋白表达,维持泌乳期乳腺形态,促进乳蛋白的分泌而使乳腺上皮细胞内β-酪蛋白的表达量相对减少;退化期,HRG-α能够促进STAT3磷酸化和Rab3A蛋白表达并抑制PKC的磷酸化,启动乳腺上皮细胞退化,抑制β-酪蛋白的分泌导致乳腺上皮细胞内β-酪蛋白表达量相对增加。     

miR-129-5p调节小鼠乳腺上皮细胞内Igf-1的表达

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类大约22个核苷酸的非编码RNA.它能通过调控生长因子表达,引发肿瘤形成、细胞增殖和组织器官发育.本文通过构建miR-129-5p靶基因序列的双荧光素酶报告载体分析了miR-129-5p与靶基因之间的关系,应用脂质体转染技术和实时荧光定量技术观察了miR-129-5p在小鼠乳腺上皮细胞中的表达量及其变化,通过CASY细胞活力仪检测转染后的细胞增殖与活力变化,采用Western 印迹方法检Igf-1的变化.结果表明：miR-129-5p在小鼠乳腺青春期表达最高,成功构建了Igf-1基因 3′UTR荧光素酶报告载体, miR-129-5p抑制其荧光素酶活性（P <0.01）,转染抑制子后miR-129-5p表达降低（P < 0.01）,胰岛素样生长因子（Igf-1)表达增强（P <0.05）,细胞增殖和活力增强（P <0.01）,结果提示：miR-129-5p可能通过抑制靶基因蛋白Igf 1的表达,进而抑制小鼠乳腺上皮细胞增殖和活力.     

棉花脂肪酸脱氢酶FAD2能够实现转基因小鼠n-6脂肪酸的内源性生物合成

脂肪酸脱氢酶FAD2（fatty acid desaturase-2）是一种将油酸（18：1）脱氢生成亚油酸（18：2n-6）的植物脱氢酶.在前期研究fad2转基因小鼠模型的基础上,本文新构建CMV promoter/fad2cDNA/SV40poly A真核表达载体,通过显微注射技术,生产出转基因小鼠.7只妊娠受体合计移植184枚受精卵,出生63只（34.2%）健康的成年小鼠.PCR和Southern blotting结果显示,有10只小鼠整合了外源基因,总的转基因效率是15.9%（10/63）.随后,转基因小鼠与C57BL/6小鼠杂交选育,建立了10个转基因家系.最后,以6周龄的转基因后代同窝雌鼠作为样本（包括转基因阳性和阴性雌鼠）,利用微量气相色谱方法,分析了腿部肌肉组织和肝脏组织的多种n-6脂肪酸的百分含量,结果显示,只有1个（10%）家系的转基因小鼠表达了外源基因,能够有效地改变目标脂肪酸的成分.其中肌肉组织中油酸百分含量（8.580±1.232）与野生型小鼠（10.812±1.244）没有区别（P≥0.05） 但是,亚油酸的含量（15.653±0.557）,明显（P〈0.05）高于野生型小鼠（13.168±0.634）,相对含量提高了19% 同时,下游的花生四烯酸（20：4n-6）的含量（12.850±1.479）也明显（P〈0.01）高于野生型小鼠（6.871±0.665）,相对含量更是提高了87% 转基因肝脏组织的亚油酸（15.962±0.552vs15.200±0.170）和花生四烯酸（12.607±0.623vs11.601±0.492）含量也明显高于野生型小鼠组织（P〈0.05）.本实验表明,植物fad2基因能够有效地促进转基因小鼠自身生物合成n-6脂肪酸.在国际上首次成功地建立了fad2转基因小鼠的表达模型,为相关疾病的研究奠定了基础.     

氨基酸转运载体SLC38A1研究进展

氨基酸转运载体是介导氨基酸跨膜转运的膜蛋白,在医学、营养等生命科学领域有重要的研究意义。氨基酸转运载体SLC38A1选择性、生理性表达于人体正常大脑和胎盘组织,研究表明,SLC38A1在恶性肿瘤中呈过表达,可以促进肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭和迁移。SLC38A1有望成为新的肿瘤靶点之一,本文就SLC38A1在肿瘤中的研究进展作一综述。     

Select nutrients in the ovine uterine lumen. ii. glucose transporters in the uterus and peri-implantation conceptuses

Total glucose in ovine uterine lumenal fluid increases 6-fold between Days 10 and 15 of gestation, but not the estrous cycle; however, mechanisms for glucose transport into the uterine lumen and uptake by conceptuses (embryo/fetus and associated membranes) are not established. This study determined the effects of the estrous cycle, pregnancy, progesterone (P4), and interferon tau (IFNT) on expression of both facilitative (SLC2A1, SLC2A3, and SLC2A4) and sodium-dependent (SLC5A1 and SLC5A11) glucose transporters in ovine uterine endometria from Days 10 to 16 of the estrous cycle and Days 10 to 20 of pregnancy, as well as in conceptuses from Days 10 to 20 of pregnancy. The SLC2A1 and SLC5A1 mRNAs and proteins were most abundant in uterine luminal epithelia and superficial glandular epithelia (LE/sGE), whereas SLC2A4 was present in stromal cells and glandular epithelia (GE). SLC5A11 mRNA was most abundant in endometrial GE, whereas SLC2A3 mRNA was not detectable in endometria. SLC2A1, SLC2A3, SLC2A4, SLC5A1, and SLC5A11 were expressed in the trophectoderm and endoderm of conceptuses. Steady-state levels of SLC2A1, SLC5A1, and SLC5A11 mRNAs, but not SLC2A4 mRNA, were greater in endometria from pregnant than from cyclic ewes. Progesterone increased SLC2A1, SLC5A11, and SLC2A4 mRNAs in the LE/sGE and SLC5A1 in the GE of ovariectomized ewes. Expression of SLC5A1 was inhibited by ZK136,317 (progesterone receptor antagonist), and the combination of ZK136,317 and IFNT further decreased expression in GE. In constrast, P4 induced and IFNT stimulated expression of SLC2A1 and SLC5A11, and these effects were blocked by ZK136,317. Results of this study indicate differential expression of facilitative and sodium-dependent glucose transporters in ovine uteri and conceptuses for transport and uptake of glucose, and that P4 or P4 and IFNT regulate their expression during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy.     

G1对EA.hy926内皮细胞内质网应激的抑制作用

目的观察GPR30受体激动剂G1对高糖诱导的EA.hy926内皮细胞内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)的影响。方法选用EA.hy926内皮细胞为研究对象,分为3组:正常对照组(Con,17.51mmol/L葡萄糖)、高糖组(HG,33.3mmol/L葡萄糖)、高糖+G1组(HG+G1,HG+1umol/L G1),利用流式细胞术检测3组细胞凋亡率,Western blot法检测ERS相关分子Bip、IRE1、PERK及凋亡分子Bax、Bcl-2的表达变化,RT-PCR法检测Bip和CHOP的mRNA表达变化。结果 HG组与Con组比较,细胞凋亡率明显升高(P0.01),Bip、IRE1、PERK及凋亡分子Bax表达上调(P0.01,P0.05或P0.001),Bcl-2的表达下调(P0.01),Bip mRNA、CHOP mRNA表达上调(P0.001及P0.01);HG+G1组与HG组比较,细胞凋亡率明显降低(P0.05),Bip、IRE1、PERK及凋亡分子Bax表达下调(P0.05或P0.01),Bcl-2的表达上调(P0.05),Bip mRNA、CHOP mRNA表达下调(P0.001及P0.01)。结论 GPR30受体激动剂G1可抑制EA.hy926内皮细胞内质网应激。     

Characterization and regulation of the gene expression of amino acid transport system A (SNAT2) in rat mammary gland

Amino acid transport via system A plays an important role during lactation, promoting the uptake of small neutral amino acids, mainly alanine and glutamine. However, the regulation of gene expression of system A [sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT)2] in mammary gland has not been studied. The aim of the present work was to understand the possible mechanisms of regulation of SNAT2 in the rat mammary gland. Incubation of gland explants in amino acid-free medium induced the expression of SNAT2, and this response was repressed by the presence of small neutral amino acids or by actinomycin D but not by large neutral or cationic amino acids. The half-life of SNAT2 mRNA was 67 min, indicating a rapid turnover. In addition, SNAT2 expression in the mammary gland was induced by forskolin and PMA, inducers of PKA and PKC signaling pathways, respectively. Inhibitors of PKA and PKC pathways partially prevented the upregulation of SNAT2 mRNA during adaptive regulation. Interestingly, SNAT2 mRNA was induced during pregnancy and to a lesser extent at peak lactation. beta-Estradiol stimulated the expression of SNAT2 in mammary gland explants; this stimulation was prevented by the estrogen receptor inhibitor ICI-182780. Our findings clearly demonstrated that the SNAT2 gene is regulated by multiple pathways, indicating that the expression of this amino acid transport system is tightly controlled due to its importance for the mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation to prepare the gland for the transport of amino acids during lactation.     

Pattern of expression of the KGF receptor and its ligands KGF and FGF-10 during postnatal mouse mammary gland development

The expression of the KGF receptor (KGFR) and its stromal ligands, KGF and FGF-10, was compared during mouse mammary gland development. KGFR expression in mammary parenchyma is maximal in mature virgin mice, declines during pregnancy and lactation, but rises after weaning. The rise in KGFR mRNA in the virgin animal corresponds to parenchymal growth. The fall in KGFR expression in pregnancy is driven by hormone-induced alveolar differentiation since the level of KGFR mRNA is 5-fold higher in isolated ductal cells compared to alveolar cells. KGF and FGF-10 expression patterns differ during ductal development. FGF-10 is also expressed at about a 15-fold higher molar level than KGF. During pregnancy and lactation, expression of KGF and FGF-10 decreases in intact fat pads but is unchanged in parenchyma-free fat pads. Thus, the decrease in KGF and FGF-10 expression observed in intact glands during pregnancy and lactation is not a direct consequence of the changing hormonal milieu but more likely reflects an increase in the ratio of epithelium to stroma. Differences in the level and pattern of expression of mRNA for KGF, FGF-10, and the KGFR during postnatal development of the mouse mammary gland are a result of morphological development, changes in the ratio of stroma to epithelium, and hormonal regulation of cell differentiation. These changes suggest that the biological roles that these growth factors play are regulated by fluctuations in both growth factor and growth factor receptor expression and that KGF and FGF-10 may have different regulatory functions.     

Prolactin-releasing peptide mRNA expression in mouse medulla remains relatively stable during pregnancy and lactation

We compared levels of prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) mRNA expression in mouse medulla at different stages of pregnancy and lactation. Mouse medulla samples were collected on days 6, 12 and 18 of pregnancy and lactation, respectively (six per group), for mRNA. Expression levels of PrRP mRNA in the medulla were measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a control. PrRP mRNA was highly expressed in mouse medulla oblongata on day 6 of pregnancy (0.53), followed by 0.43 at lactation day 6, and 0.42 at lactation day 12. The expression level of PrRP mRNA on days 12 and 18 of pregnancy and day 18 of lactation shared the same value of 0.36. PrRP mRNA levels during lactation decreased slightly compared with that during pregnancy, but the differences between them were not significant. In summary, PrRP mRNA levels in the medulla oblongata remain relatively stable during pregnancy and lactation. This is evidence that medulla PrRP is not involved in the regulation of prolactin secretion.