南极嗜冷假单胞菌7197 S- 腺苷同型半胱氨酸水解酶 ( SAHH) 基因的克隆与序列分析

从南极普利兹湾深海沉积物中筛选到一株耐冷菌株7197,其16S rDNA序列分析表明该菌株属于假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）。作者通过设计引物,从该菌的全基因组DNA中克隆到编码S-腺苷-L-高半胱氨酸（SAHH）的完整ORF,全长为1424bp。使用DNAMAN（5,1）软件对全长ORF为1424bp的SAHH基因进行分析,SAHH基因编码一个由474AA残基组成、分子量预计为52523Da的SAHH蛋白质,与Psychrobacter sp．273—4的SAHH有96．84％的相似性;与Acinetobacter sp．ADP1的SAHH有79％的相似性;与Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5的SAHH有75％的相似性。     

红花花青素合成酶基因的克隆及表达分析

根据红花转录物测序结果中得到的中间序列,采用R11-PCR和RACE方法从红花花瓣中克隆到1个4嬲基因的全长cDNA,该基因全长序列1226bp,具有完整的开放阅读框（ORF）,共1050bp,编码349个氨基酸。生物信息学软件分析显示,该基因编码的蛋白理论分子量约为82．27kDa,等电点为5．09,序列里含有典型的加尾信号序列AATAA和Poly（A）。保守结构域预测表明,该基因编码的蛋白具有典型的ANS蛋白功能结构域,其保守结构域中含有铁离子及2．0-酮戊二酸结合位点。结合其他物种的臌因构建系统树表日月,红花ANS蛋基因与其他物种氨基酸具有一定的同源性,其中与芍药的亲缘关系最近。应用实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,ANS基因在红花的初花期和盛花期的表达量最高。     

PRRSV全长感染性cDNA克隆的构建：非结构蛋白和结构蛋白之间编码区的分离

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus，PRRSV）是近两年来流行于我国大部分省份的“猪高热综合征”的主要病原体．该病毒在繁殖过程中具有遗传多变性和高频率的抗原突变．如何设计有效的疫苗来防治持续多变的流行变异株是研究者所关注的焦点．本研究中我们构建了Ⅱ型PRRSV弱毒株的感染性cDNA克隆，并对编码结构蛋白的ORF1和编码结构蛋白的ORF2之间插入几个酶切位点．通过RT-PCR和DNA测序以及分子克隆方法，获得了细胞致弱株（APRRS）的全长cDNA克隆．APRRSV基因组RNA为15521个核苷酸（不包括poly（A）尾）．与PRRSV Nsp株和疫苗株的相似性均为99．7％．根据测序结果，利用基因组上的酶切位点将全长PRRSV cDNA克隆到pBlueScript载体中，在病毒5＇末端引入T7启动子序列．为了区分重组病毒和亲本病毒，在ORF5编码区引入Mlu I酶切位点．将最初构建的全长cDNA和带有Mlu I酶切位点的cDNA分别体外转录成RNA后转染MA-104，均能够观察到典型的细胞病变（cytopathic effect，CPE）．拯救的重组病毒与亲本病毒有着相同的病毒学特性．通过突变PCR的方法将编码非结构蛋白基因ORF1和编码结构蛋白基因ORF2-7之间的编码区分离，从而构建了克隆pCSA．pCSA体外转录产物具有感染性，而且拯救的病毒与亲本病毒具有相同的病毒学特性．本研究为构建嵌合病毒作为疫苗候选株以此对遗传多变的PRRSV毒株提供有效的交叉保护提供了宝贵的工具，同时也为建立PRRSV为基因表达载体来构建针对其他重要的猪源疾病重组疫苗搭建了一个很好的平台．     

嗜热菌Thermus sp.YBJ-1的分离和淀粉酶基因的克隆

从西藏热泉水样分离得到一株嗜热菌(YBJ-1),其16S rDNA(1511bp)序列与栖热菌(Thermus scotoductus ITI-252T)的同源性为98％。通过PCR技术将Thermus sp．YBJ-1的淀粉酶基因(amyT)全长开放阅读框克隆到T载体。分析表明,amyT的ORF全长为1767bp,编码588个氨基酸。推导的氨基酸序列与嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌的阿尔法环糊精酶(Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha-eyclodextrinase)和栖热菌Thermus sp．IM6501的麦芽糖淀粉酶(Thermus sp．IM6501 mahogenic amylase)分别有99％和96％的同源性,与嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌的新普鲁兰酶(neopullulanase)的同源性为81％。     

二色补血草硫氧还蛋白(Trx)的克隆和表达分析

从二色补血草cDNA文库中分离出1个硫氧还蛋白基因全长cDNA序列。基因全长1138bp，其中，5’非翻译（UTR）区128bp，3＇非翻译区212bp，开放阅读框（ORF）全长798bp，编码265个氨基酸，编码蛋白的分子量为28．58kDa，理论等电点（pI）为9．68。BlastP分析表明二色补血草Trx与拟南芥Trx序列同源性为52％，与葡萄7h序列同源性为76％，从11个物种的氨基酸多序列比对可以看出Trx氨基酸序列保守性较高。实时定量RT-PCR方法检测低温、NaCl和PEG胁迫不同时间后的基因在二色补血草中表达模式的结果表明，NaCl能诱导Trx基因在二色补血草叶中表达，胁迫24h后达到高峰，而聚乙二醇和低温处理则抑制Trx在二色补血草根和叶的表达。     

川金丝猴胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)基因的克隆及序列分析

本实验从金丝猴肝脏细胞RNA中反转录得到cDNA,利用设计的引物M1和M2扩增IGF-Ⅰ基因,并将其克隆到pGEM-T载体上。经筛选、酶切、PCR鉴定、序列分析,证明该片段为金丝猴IGF-Ⅰ基因的cDNA克隆。该片段由521个核苷酸组成,其中包括一个完整的开读框（ORF）,编码一个由153个氨基酸组成的多肽。与GenBank中人、猪、鼠、马、牛、兔、山羊等哺乳动物的IGF-Ⅰ序列比较,其编码成熟肽序列的同源性从93．8％（马）到88．6％（鼠）,开放框序列的同源性从94．4％（人）到88．5％（鼠）。     

嗜热菌Thermus sp. YBJ-1的分离和淀粉酶基因的克隆

从西藏热泉水样分离得到一株嗜热菌（YBJ-1）,其16S Rdna（1511bp）序列与栖热菌（Thermus scotoductus ITI252T）的同源性为98%。 通过PCR技术将Thermus sp. YBJ-1的淀粉酶基因(amyT)全长开放阅读框克隆到T载体。分析表明, amyT的ORF全长为1767bp,编码588个氨基酸。推导的氨基酸序列与嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌的阿尔法环糊精酶（Bacillus stearothermophilus alpha cyclodextrinase） 和栖热菌Thermus sp.IM6501的麦芽糖淀粉酶（Thermus sp.IM6501 maltogenic amylase）分别有99%和96%的同源性,与嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌的新普鲁兰酶（neopullulanas）的同源性为81%。     

苎麻抗坏血酸过氧化物酶基因的克隆和表达分析

本研究根据苎麻转录组测序结果中的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）的基因片段,利用RT-PCR结合RACE方法从苎麻（Boehmeria nivea L.）中克隆到一个APX基因的全长cDNA,命名为BnAPX1。BnAPX1 cDNA全长1 201 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为870 bp,推测其编码一个含289个氨基酸序列的多肽。生物信息学分析表明,BnAPX1属于植物过氧化物酶超家族成员,与其他物种过氧化物酶体APX相似性较高,C端具1个跨膜区。荧光定量PCR结果表明,BnAPX1在苎麻的根、茎中段、茎尖、茎皮、幼叶各部位均有表达,其中幼叶表达量最高,且该基因BnAPX1受重金属镉诱导上调表达,可能在重金属镉胁迫防御中起重要作用。     

亚心型扁藻叶绿体psbA基因的克隆及序列分析

psbA基因是叶绿体基因组中一个重要的光调控基因,编码光和系统Ⅱ反应中心的D1蛋白。根据叶绿体基因组序列高度保守的特性,利用菜茵衣藻（Chlamydomonasreinhardtii）psbA基因的保守序列（基因登录号：HQ667991．1）设计引物,采用PCR步移的方法从亚心型扁藻（Platymonassubcordiformis）基因组DNA中克隆到psbA基因全长（基因登录号：KF528742）。序列分析表明,亚心型扁藻psbA基因全长1939bp,编码区长度为1062bp,推导编码353个氨基酸,包括4个赖氨酸残基。有效密码子数显示脚删基因具有明显的密码子偏好性,并且偏好使用以A／T结尾的密码子。相对同义密码子使用度表明25个密码子在编码使用时具有偏好性,其中20个密码子以A／T碱基结尾,占到80％。其终止密码子使用了TAG。     

二色补血草OEE2基因的克隆和表达

从二色补血草中分离出一条含有完整开放读码框（ORF）序列的OEE2基因。该基因全长994bp,其中5’非翻译区27bp,3’非翻译区160bp,ORF全长807bp,共编码264个氨基酸,编码蛋白的分子量为28．2kDa,理论上的等电点为7．66。BlastP分析表叽二色补血草OEE2与马铃薯OEE2序列同源性最高,与喇叭水仙OEE2序列同源性最低,从9个物种的氨基酸多序列比对中可以看出,OEE2的氨基酸序列保守性较高。实时定量RT．PCR方法检测该基因对低温、NaCl和聚乙二醇（PEG）胁迫的基因表达模式的结果表明,PEG和低温能诱导OEE2基因在二色补血草叶中表达,这两种处理的OEE2基因表达量于胁迫48h后都达到高峰,而在NaCl胁迫下OEE2在二色补血草根和叶中表达都受抑制。     

An amino acid substitution in the pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha gene, affecting mitochondrial import of the precursor protein.

A mutation in the mitochondrial targeting sequence was characterized in a male patient with X chromosome-linked pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha deficiency. The mutation was a base substitution of G by C at nucleotide 134 in the mitochondrial targeting sequence of the PDHA1 gene, resulting in an arginine-to-proline substitution at codon 10 (R10P). Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in cultured skin fibroblasts was 28% of the control value, and immunoblot analysis revealed a decreased level of pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha immunoreactivity. Chimeric constructs in which the normal and mutant pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha targeting sequences were attached to the mitochondrial matrix protein ornithine transcarbamylase were synthesized in a cell free translation system, and mitochondrial import of normal and mutant proteins was compared in vitro. The results show that ornithine transcarbamylase targeted by the mutant pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha sequence was translocated into the mitochondrial matrix at a reduced rate, suggesting that defective import is responsible for the reduced pyruvate dehydrogenase level in mitochondria. The mutation was also present in an affected brother and the mildly affected mother. The clinical presentations of this X chromosome-linked disorder in affected family members are discussed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an amino acid substitution in a mitochondrial targeting sequence resulting in a human genetic disease.     

Characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants lacking the E1 alpha subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated by disruption of the PDA1 gene. To this end, the PDA1 gene encoding the E1 alpha subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was replaced by the dominant Tn5ble marker. Disruption of the PDA1 gene abolished production of the E1 alpha subunit and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. Two additional phenotypes were observed in the Pdh-mutants: (a) a reduced growth rate in glucose medium which was partially complemented by the amino acid leucine; (b) an increase in formation of petites which lack mitochondrial DNA [rho0], during growth on glucose. Both phenotypes were shown to be a result of inactivation of the PDA1 gene. Explanations for these phenotypes are discussed.     

The amino acid sequence encompassing the active-site histidine residue of lipoamide dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli labelled with a bifunctional arsenoxide

Pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (PD complex) in the presence of pyruvate, thiamine pyrophosphate, coenzyme A, and Mg2+ (or NADH) was irreversibly inhibited with the radiolabelled bifunctional aresenoxide p-[(bromoacetyl)amino]phenyl arsenoxide (BrCH2 14CONHPhAsO). The initial reaction of the reagent was with a reduced lipoyl group of the lipoamide acetyltransferase component to form a dithioarsinite complex. Following the normal catalytic reactions, the anchored reagent was delivered into the active site of the lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) component where an irreversible alkylation ensued via the bromoacetamidyl moiety. Treatment with 2,3-dithiopropanol (to break dithioarsinite bonds) caused the radiolabelled reagent to reside with E3. E3 was isolated from the inhibited PD complex and CNBr cleavage of the inhibited enzyme yielded a single radiolabelled peptide that was purified on a cyanopropyl silica column using high performance liquid chromatography. The radiolabelled amino acid was identified (after acid hydrolysis) as N3-[14C]carboxymethyl histidine in agreement with earlier studies. The radiolabel was located in residue 14 of the peptide for which the sequence was determined as GCDAEDIALTIHAHPTL-EIVGLAAEVFEG. This sequence agrees with the amino acid sequence determined from the gene sequence of E3. The histidine alkylated in the E3 component of the PD complex by BrCH2 14CONHPhAsO is residue-444 and further establishes its active site role.     

Cloning and sequence analysis of the genes encoding the alpha and beta subunits of the E1 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Bacillus stearothermophilus

A 4175-bp EcoRI fragment of DNA that encodes the alpha and beta chains of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) component (E1) of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Bacillus stearothermophilus has been cloned in Escherichia coli. Its nucleotide sequence was determined. Open reading frames (pdhA, pdhB) corresponding to the E1 alpha subunit (368 amino acids, Mr 41,312, without the initiating methionine residue) and E1 beta subunit (324 amino acids, Mr 35,306, without the initiating methionine residue) were identified and confirmed with the aid of amino acid sequences determined directly from the purified polypeptide chains. The E1 beta gene begins just 3 bp downstream from the E1 alpha stop codon. It is followed, after a longer gap of 73 bp, by the start of another but incomplete open reading frame that, on the basis of its known amino acid sequence, encodes the dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase (E2) component of the complex. All three genes are preceded by potential ribosome-binding sites and the gene cluster is located immediately downstream from a region of DNA showing numerous possible promoter sequences. The E1 alpha and E1 beta subunits of the B. stearothermophilus pyruvate dehydrogenase complex exhibit substantial sequence similarity with the E1 alpha and E1 beta subunits of pyruvate and branched-chain 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase complexes from mammalian mitochondria and Pseudomonas putida. In particular, the E1 alpha chain contains the highly conserved sequence motif that has been found in all enzymes utilizing thiamin diphosphate as cofactor.     

Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the E1 alpha subunit of human liver branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase

A 1552-bp cDNA for the E1 alpha subunit of branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) was isolated from a human liver cDNA library. The cDNA contained a 1134-bp open reading frame that encoded 378 amino acid (aa) residues of the enzyme and 418 bp of 3'-untranslated sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence of the human protein shows 96% identity with that of the rat enzyme subunit. Those 117-aa residues surrounding the phosphorylation sites are completely conserved between man and rat. BCKDH E1 alpha showed considerable amino acid sequence similarity with pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha, particularly in the region of the two principal phosphorylation sites of these proteins. Northern blots of human liver and skin fibroblasts demonstrated a single 1.8-kb mRNA band, with a higher level of E1 alpha mRNA in liver than in normal fibroblasts. Fibroblasts from a patient with thiamine-responsive maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) contained an mRNA of the same size and abundance as that of normal fibroblasts. Genomic DNA from normal and MSUD fibroblasts gave the same restriction maps on Southern blots, and the gene was approximately 10-kb in size.     

Isolation and characterization of a complementary DNA clone coding for the E1 beta subunit of the bovine branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex: complete amino acid sequence of the precursor protein and its proteolytic processing

A 1.7-kb cDNA clone encoding the entire precursor of the E1 beta subunit of the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) complex was isolated from a bovine liver cDNA library by screening with a mixture of synthetic oligonucleotide probes corresponding to the C-terminal five-residue sequence of the mature E1 beta subunit. A partial amino acid sequence was determined by Edman degradation of the intact subunit and the peptides generated by cleavage at the lysyl bonds. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the isolated cDNA clone contained the 5'-untranslated sequence of 186 nucleotides, the translated sequence of 1176 nucleotides, and the 3'-untranslated sequence of 306 nucleotides with a poly(A) tail. A type AATAAA polyadenylation signal was located 17 nucleotides upstream of the start of a poly(A) tail. Comparison of the amino acid sequence predicted from the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA insert of the clone with the partial amino acid sequence of the mature BCKDH E1 beta subunit showed that the cDNA insert encodes for a 342 amino acid subunit with Mr 37,745 and that the subunit is synthesized as the precursor with a leader sequence of 50 amino acids and processed at the N-terminus. Northern blot analysis using the cDNA insert as a probe showed the presence of a 1.8-1.9-kb mRNA in bovine liver, suggesting that the insert covers nearly a full length of mRNA. Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequence of bovine BCKDH E1 beta with that of the human pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex E1 beta subunit revealed a high degree of sequence homology throughout the two enzymes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Molecular cloning and sequence determination of the lpd gene encoding lipoamide dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas fluorescens

The lpd gene encoding lipoamide dehydrogenase (dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase; EC 1.8.1.4) was isolated from a library of Pseudomonas fluorescens DNA cloned in Escherichia coli TG2 by use of serum raised against lipoamide dehydrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii. Large amounts (up to 15% of total cellular protein) of the P. fluorescens lipoamide dehydrogenase were produced by the E. coli clone harbouring plasmid pCJB94 with the lipoamide dehydrogenase gene. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by a three-step procedure. The gene was subcloned from plasmid pCJB94 and the complete nucleotide sequence of the subcloned fragment (3610 bp) was determined. The derived amino acid sequence of P. fluorescens lipoamide dehydrogenase showed 84% and 42% homology when compared to the amino acid sequences of lipoamide dehydrogenase from A. vinelandii and E. coli, respectively. The lpd gene of P. fluorescens is clustered in the genome with genes for the other components of the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.     

Molecular characterization of a cryptic plasmid from the psychrotrophic antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. 643A

We report the identification and nucleotide sequence analysis of pKW1, a plasmid of the psychrotrophic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. 643A isolated from the stomach of Antarctic krill Euphasia superba. pKW1 consists of 4583 bp, has a G+C content of 43% and seven putative open reading frames (ORFs). The deduced amino acid sequence from ORF-1 shared significant similarity with the plasmid replicase protein of Psychrobacter cryohalolentis, strain K5. The DNA region immediately downstream of the ORF-1 showed some homology with the Rep-binding sequence of the theta-replicating ColE2-type plasmids. The ORF-3 amino acid sequence revealed amino acid sequence homology with the mobilization protein of Psychrobacter sp. PRwf-1 and Moraxella catarrhalis, with identities of 28% and 25%, respectively. The ORF-4 showed 46% amino acid sequence homology with the putative relaxase/mobilization nuclease MobA of Hafnia alvei and 44% homology with the putative mobilization protein A of Pasterulla multocida. The copy number of pKW1 in Pseudoalteromonas sp. 643A was estimated of 15 copies per chromosome.     

Cloning, expression, and sequence analysis of the Bacillus methanolicus C1 methanol dehydrogenase gene.

The gene (mdh) coding for methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) of thermotolerant, methylotroph Bacillus methanolicus C1 has been cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence of the mdh gene exhibited similarity to those of five other alcohol dehydrogenase (type III) enzymes, which are distinct from the long-chain zinc-containing (type I) or short-chain zinc-lacking (type II) enzymes. Highly efficient expression of the mdh gene in Escherichia coli was probably driven from its own promoter sequence. After purification of MDH from E. coli, the kinetic and biochemical properties of the enzyme were investigated. The physiological effect of MDH synthesis in E. coli and the role of conserved sequence patterns in type III alcohol dehydrogenases have been analyzed and are discussed.