美国蓝浆果的引种

１９８８年由美国引入１２个兔眼蓝浆果（ＶａｃｉｎｉｕｍａｓｈｅｉＲｅａｄｅ）品种,在江苏南京和溧水两地试种。１０年来生长结果正常,产量和品质与原产地无显著差异,引种获得成功,证明兔眼蓝浆果能适应本地区自然条件。单株产量平均７．５１ｋｇ,品种间差异显著,最高９．８６ｋｇ,最低１３４ｋｇ。单位投影面积产量３．１０ｋｇ／ｍ２,最高４．０６ｋｇ／ｍ２,最低１．１３ｋｇ／ｍ２。高于或至少不低于原产区产量记录。据此预测,栽植距离适宜时,在本地区亩产量可达１５００～２０００ｋｇ以上。大多数品种果实糖酸比很高,鲜食风味好,氨基酸含量中等,矿质元素Ｚｎ和Ｓｅ含量高。兔眼蓝浆果可在江苏南部丘陵地区发展;此外,还应将试验扩大到南方红黄壤地区;并对本国野生资源开展研究和利用。     

兔眼蓝浆果品种果实养分测定

对南京地区引自美国的１２个兔眼蓝浆果品种果实主要营养成分包括可溶性固形物、糖、酸、水溶性维生素、氨基酸、矿质元素进行了测定,并与原产地进行了比较。大多数品种果实糖分含量高而酸度低,糖酸比高,风味甜而微酸。Ｂ族维生素含量明显高于苹果、柑橘和黑莓。氨基酸含量品种间差异大,Ｄｅｌｉｔｅ、Ｗｏｏｄａｒｄ、Ｃｅｎｔｕｒｉｏｎ和Ｇａｒｄｅｎｂｌｕｅ含量最高。Ｇａｒｄｅｎｂｌｕｅ大部分矿质元素,特别是Ｃａ、Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｋ的含量较高,Ｐｒｅｍｉｅｒ和Ｗｏｏｄａｒｄ的Ｓｅ含量高,Ｃｌｉｍａｘ的Ｚｎ含量高。考虑到品种的适应性,特别是丰产性表现,认为Ｇａｒｄｅｎｂｌｕｅ和Ｔｉｆｂｌｕｅ二品种在南京地区发展前途较大。     

蓝浆果花冠形态特征及其与果实横径相关性的分析

对兔眼蓝浆果（Vaccinium ashei Reade）、北方高丛蓝浆果（V.corymbosum L．）和南方高丛蓝浆果（V.corymbosum hybrids）3个品种群及南方高丛蓝浆果实生系的花冠长度、花冠宽度、花冠长宽比和花冠口径大小等特征进行了测定和比较,并研究了花冠形态特征参数与果实横径的相关性。研究结果表明,蓝浆果不同品种群间和同一品种群内不同品种间的花冠形态特征参数差异较大;依据花冠形态特征参数,可将供试的兔眼蓝浆果和南方高丛蓝浆果各品种及南方高丛蓝浆果各实生系初步划分为4种类型,将供试的北方高丛蓝浆果各品种划分为3种类型。此外,只有南方高丛蓝浆果各品种及其实生系的果实横径与花冠宽度相关性显著（P〈0．05）,相关系数分别为0．639和0．324。     

不同氮浓度对兔眼蓝浆果不同品种幼苗生长和光合生理的影响

为确定兔眼蓝浆果( Vaccinium ashei Reade)不同品种苗期的适宜施氮量,以兔眼蓝浆果早熟品种‘阿拉帕哈’(‘Alapha’)、中熟品种‘园蓝’(‘Gardenblue’)和晚熟品种‘芭尔德温’(‘Baldwin’)的组培苗为实验材料,采用水培法研究了不同氮浓度(0、1、2和4 mmol·L-1)对幼苗生长、根和叶中全氮含量、叶片光合生理特性的影响。结果表明：与对照(0 mmol·L-1氮)相比,经1、2和4 mmol·L-1氮处理后3个兔眼蓝浆果品种的单株茎叶干质量显著增加,根冠比显著降低;但品种‘园蓝’的单株根干质量显著高于对照,另2个品种的单株根干质量与对照无显著差异。随着营养液中氮浓度的提高,3个兔眼蓝浆果品种根的全氮含量及品种‘阿拉帕哈’叶的全氮含量均逐渐增加,且在4 mmol·L-1氮处理下最高;品种‘园蓝’和‘芭尔德温’叶的全氮含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,且均在2 mmol·L-1氮处理下最高;各处理组根和叶的全氮含量均显著高于对照。经1、2和4 mmol·L-1氮处理后,3个兔眼蓝浆果品种叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量以及PSⅡ最大光化学效率( Fv/Fm )均呈先升高后降低的趋势,且均显著高于对照。各处理组中,品种‘园蓝’叶片的净光合速率( Pn)、气孔导度( Gs)、胞间CO2浓度( Ci)和蒸腾速率( Tr)均显著高于对照;品种‘芭尔德温’叶片的Pn值在4 mmol·L-1氮处理下显著低于对照,Gs和Tr值在2 mmol·L-1氮处理下显著高于对照,Ci值与对照无显著差异;与对照相比,品种‘阿拉帕哈’叶片的Pn值在1和4 mmol·L-1氮处理下显著提高,Gs值在1 mmol·L-1氮处理下显著提高,Tr值在1和2 mmol·L-1氮处理下显著提高,而Ci值则在4 mmol·L-1氮处理下显著降低。综合分析结果显示：适度增施氮肥可提高兔眼蓝浆果不同品种幼苗的茎叶生长、改善其光合性能,但对根系生长无明显的促进作用。在营养生长期兔眼蓝浆果不同品种的需氮量存在差异,其中品种‘园蓝’更适宜高氮环境,而施用少量氮肥即可促进品种‘芭尔德温’和‘阿拉帕哈’幼苗地上部分生长。     

蓝浆果栽培产业化中的种质创新研究

在查阅大量文献资料的基础上,对蓝浆果(Vaccinium spp.)从野生到栽培、由家庭式栽培发展为产业化栽培过程中种质的选择、适应与创新的研究成果进行了归纳和综述。简要概述了越桔属(Vaccinium L.)植物的种质资源状况,重点阐述了蓝浆果重要品种的特性及育种目标的发展变化,归纳总结了蓝浆果的育种方法及所取得的成就,展望了中国蓝浆果育种的发展前景,并对蓝浆果育种研究提出了一些建议。认为在蓝浆果品种改良及育种工作中,生态适应性、抗病虫性及大果型优质品种是今后育种研究的重点。     

贵州引种美国兔眼蓝浆果的初步试验

2000年3月从江苏植物研究所引进美国兔眼蓝浆果6个品种在贵州麻江县酸性黄壤上试种,2001年试花结实,2002年全部单株挂果。单果重0.5~2.0g,果实总糖8.9%~9.4%,总酸0.06%~0.19%,钙、钾、磷、铁、锌等矿质元素和维生素A、E、C含量较高,属高钙、高锌果品。各品种均表现出良好的适应性和抗逆性,适宜在贵州低山丘陵酸性黄红壤地区种植。     

兔眼蓝浆果花青素HPLC分析

蓝浆果又名越桔 ,是世界 4种新兴小果树之一。蓝浆果果皮色素鲜艳 ,可作为食品添加剂 ;由于其主要成分花青素有良好的生理活性 ,欧洲把花青素含量≥ 2 4%的色素提取物作为药用。其中欧洲越桔 (ＶａｃｃｉｎｉｕｍｍｙｒｔｉｌｌｕｓＬ .)色素的提取物 (Ｍｙｒｔｏｃｙａｎ)已被意大利、德国等国家的药典收载[1] 。色素作为蓝浆果重要成分 ,除可作为营养指标外 ,还可作为分类特征成分[2 ,3 ] 。不同的种以及不同的品种间 ,不仅花青素含量差异很大 ,而且色素成分的比例也不相同 ,因而可以用不同花青素比例区分染色体倍性不同的蓝浆果[2 ] 。花…     

木质化程度对兔眼蓝浆果不同品种插条扦插生根的影响

在常规扦插条件下,兔眼蓝浆果(Vaccinium ashei Reade)的‘园蓝'('Gardenblue')、‘梯芙蓝'('Tifblue')、‘顶峰'(‘Climax')和‘杰兔'(‘Premier')等4个品种的硬枝插条均不能生根;而春季3月份开始在全光照间歇弥雾条件下扦插6个月后,上述各品种的硬枝插条的生根率分别达到84%、52%、62%和79%. 在全光照间歇弥雾条件下,未木质化的绿枝插条也未能生根;木质化程度不同的绿枝插条均能生根,品种间生根率差异显著,‘园蓝'和‘杰兔' 的生根率显著高于‘梯芙蓝'和‘顶峰';各品种内木质化程度不同的绿枝插条之间的生根率差异显著,木质化程度越低,生根率越高.木质化程度不同的插条还在生根部位、生根数量、插条萌芽和插条基部腐烂等方面存在差异.     

高质量浓度IBA和插条木质化程度对兔眼蓝浆果扦插生根的影响

采用速蘸法研究了高质量浓度(3 000、5 000、7 000和9 000 mg.L-1)IBA对兔眼蓝浆果(Vaccinium asheiReade)品种‘粉蓝’(‘Powderblue’)、‘梯芙蓝’(‘Tifblue’)和‘芭尔德温’(‘Baldwin’)插条生根率和开始生根时间的影响,并对木质化程度不同的‘顶峰’(‘Climax’)和‘雾达德’(‘Woodard’)插条的生根率和开始生根时间进行了比较。结果表明:经3 000~9 000 mg.L-1IBA溶液速蘸3 s,3个品种插条的生根率均高于或显著高于对照(P<0.05),开始生根时间则较对照明显提前,但不同品种有明显差异;随IBA质量浓度的提高,‘粉蓝’和‘芭尔德温’的生根率逐渐增加,开始生根时间逐渐提早,以9 000 mg.L-1IBA处理组的生根率最高(分别为93.98%和86.46%),开始生根时间最早(分别为15和21 d);品种‘梯芙蓝’插条的生根率则以5 000 mg.L-1IBA处理组最高(88.02%),开始生根时间最早(18 d)。木质化程度不同的插条生根率有显著差异(P<0.05),木质化程度越低,插条的生根率越高且开始生根时间越早;采用木质化程度低的插条,品种‘顶峰’和‘雾达德’插条的生根率分别达到88.54%和77.60%,开始生根时间分别为25和29 d。研究结果显示:高浓度IBA速蘸法是兔眼蓝浆果扦插生根的有效方法,在实际生产中应根据不同品种的特性选择适宜的IBA浓度;从木质化程度及插条可取数量两方面考虑宜选用半木质化枝条作为插条。     

我国和世蓝浆果的发展前景

蓝浆果是具独特保健作用、生食加工皆宜的适于我国红黄壤地区开发的新兴经济作物。通过对美国一些研究机构和苗圃的考察及参加在智利举行的第七届国际蓝浆果研讨会,对目前世界蓝浆果的发展状况、趋势及一些最新研究成果作了概述,对我国发展蓝浆果的前景、方向等进行了讨论。     

Pollination efficiencies of three bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) species visiting rabbiteye blueberry

Inadequate bee pollination limits rabbiteye blueberry, Vaccinium ashei Reade, production in the some areas of the southeastern United States. Honey bees, Apis mellifera L., are currently the only manageable pollinators available for pollinating V. ashei. However, a new adaptable pollinator for rabbiteye blueberry, Osmia ribifloris Cockerell, was successfully reared and flown in captivity. The bee nested successfully in wooden shelters and conferred superior fruit set to 2-yr-old potted, rabbiteye blueberry bushes. Pollination efficiency or the percentage of blueberry flowers to set fruit after being visited once by a female O. ribifloris was comparable to that of the female blueberry bee Habropoda laboriosa (F.) and worker honey bees. Interestingly, honey bees once thought to be inefficient pollinators of rabbiteye blueberry were found to be very efficient, especially for 'Climax' and 'Premier' flowers.     

BBGD: an online database for blueberry genomic data

Background  

Blueberry is a member of the Ericaceae family, which also includes closely related cranberry and more distantly related rhododendron, azalea, and mountain laurel. Blueberry is a major berry crop in the United States, and one that has great nutritional and economical value. Extreme low temperatures, however, reduce crop yield and cause major losses to US farmers. A better understanding of the genes and biochemical pathways that are up- or down-regulated during cold acclimation is needed to produce blueberry cultivars with enhanced cold hardiness. To that end, the blueberry genomics database (BBDG) was developed. Along with the analysis tools and web-based query interfaces, the database serves both the broader Ericaceae research community and the blueberry research community specifically by making available ESTs and gene expression data in searchable formats and in elucidating the underlying mechanisms of cold acclimation and freeze tolerance in blueberry.     

Distribution and phenology of Dasineura oxycoccana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Michigan blueberries

The blueberry gall midge, Dasineura oxycoccana Johnson, is a serious pest of rabbiteye blueberries in Florida, Georgia, and Mississippi, and a potential pest of southern and northern highbush blueberries. Its damage has been observed with increasing frequency in highbush blueberry plantings in the Great Lakes region, including in Wisconsin and in Michigan. Unlike in rabbiteye blueberry plantings, where blueberry gall midge primarily damages flowering buds, it is found to damage only the vegetative shoots of northern highbush blueberry. In this study, farms throughout Michigan were surveyed for the presence of blueberry gall midge and it was found in 43 of 46 sampled farms in 11 counties. From 2009-2011, several monitoring techniques, including yellow sticky traps, emergence traps, observational sampling, and vegetative shoot dissections were used to determine the ecology of this species in blueberry fields in southwest Michigan. Emergence traps were most useful in early detection of blueberry gall midge in April, and observational sampling for damage symptoms and vegetative shoot dissections revealed multiple population peaks throughout July and August. Infestation was detected in vegetative shoot tips in all parts of the bushes, with initial infestation greatest at the base of bushes. Degree day accumulations until first midge detection and peak infestation suggest some potential for predicting key events in the pest's phenology. This information about the distribution and timing of infestation will be useful in developing management strategies for blueberry gall midge infestation.     

Genomic insight into the developmental history of southern highbush blueberry populations

Interspecific hybridization is a common breeding approach for introducing novel traits and genetic diversity to breeding populations. Southern highbush blueberry (SHB) is a blueberry cultivar group that has been intensively bred over the last 60 years. Specifically, it was developed by multiple interspecific crosses between northern highbush blueberry [NHB, Vaccinium corymbosum L. (2n = 4x = 48)] and low-chill Vaccinium species to expand the geographic limits of highbush blueberry production. In this study, we genotyped polyploid blueberries, including 105 SHB, 17 NHB, and 10 rabbiteye blueberry (RE) (Vaccinium virgatum Aiton), from the accessions planted at Poplarville, Mississippi, and accessions distributed in Japan, based on the double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing. The genome-wide SNP data clearly indicated that RE cultivars were genetically distinct from SHB and NHB cultivars, whereas NHB and SHB were genetically indistinguishable. The population structure results appeared to reflect the differences in the allele selection strategies that breeders used for developing germplasm adapted to local climates. The genotype data implied that there are no or very few genomic segments that were commonly introgressed from low-chill Vaccinium species to the SHB genome. Principal component analysis-based outlier detection analysis found a few loci associated with a variable that could partially differentiate NHB and SHB. These SNP loci were detected in Mb-scale haplotype blocks and may be close to the functional genes related to SHB development. Collectively, the data generated in this study suggest a polygenic adaptation of SHB to the southern climate, and may be relevant for future population-scale genome-wide analyses of blueberry.Subject terms: Agricultural genetics, Plant breeding     

Hydroalcoholic Extract of Rabbiteye Blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) Leaves Mitigates Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Model Inducing Depressive-Like Behavior in Rats

Several studies reported that rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) leaves present promising biological properties. To the best of our knowledge, no study investigated the possible application of their hydroalcoholic extract for treating mood disorders. Herein, we evaluated if the hydroalcoholic extract of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) leaves (HEV) promotes an antidepressant-like effect in rodents using chronic experimental approaches. The effect of repeated administration of HEV (50 mg/kg, p.o.) on the immobility time was assessed in the forced swimming test (FST) in an unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) model. Repeated treatment with HEV reversed the depressive-like behavior induced by UCMS by reducing the immobility time. Besides, the exposure to HEV caused no changes in relative organ weights in rats submitted to UCMS. The results indicated that HEV administration presented antidepressant-like action devoid of toxic effects. Thus, it is possible to suggest its potential as a safe and accessible therapeutic tool in the management of depression and other related mood disorders.     

Identification of Pathotypes in the Daylily Rust Pathogen Puccinia hemerocallidis

Daylily rust, caused by Puccinia hemerocallidis, has been present in the United States since 2000. In 2003, inoculations with a single isolate of P. hemerocallidis identified daylily cultivars with high levels of resistance to the fungus. The present study was carried out to determine if pathotypes of P. hemerocallidis are present in the south eastern United States. Sixteen isolates of P. hemerocallidis were each inoculated onto leaf segments from 19 daylily cultivars and the resulting disease phenotype assessed. A significant effect of rust isolate on host reaction phenotype was observed for nine of the 19 daylily cultivars. Five of the nine cultivars displayed reaction phenotypes with different isolates of P. hemerocallidis that included at least one susceptible or moderately susceptible and also resistant phenotypes. These results indicate that different pathotypes of the fungus are present in the south east United States. Daylily hybridizers interested in screening for host resistance to P. hemerocallidis will need to include multiple isolates of the fungus to allow for this host specialization.     

不同灌水量对2个蓝浆果品种幼苗生长和耗水规律的影响及相关性分析

以兔眼蓝浆果(Vaccinium ashei Reade)品种'Brightwell'和南方高丛蓝浆果(V.corymbosum hybrids)品种'Misty'为研究对象,研究不同灌水量〔50%WC、75%WC、100%WC(CK)和125%WC〕(WC为单株日耗水量)对幼苗生长、单株耗水量的日变化和月变化、单株净增干质量、总耗水量和水分利用效率的影响,并采用回归分析法对单株月耗水量与月均温和月均空气相对湿度的相关性进行分析.结果显示:随灌水量提高,2个品种幼苗的地径、单株枝长和单株总叶面积的增量总体上均不断增大,但单株枝长增量略有波动;单株根、茎、叶和总干质量总体上均逐渐增大,根冠比则逐渐减小;单株净增干质量和总耗水量均随灌水量提高而增大,而水分利用效率则在50%WC条件下最低、在75%WC条件下最高.在相同灌水量条件下,品种'Misty'幼苗的地径和单株枝长的增量,单株茎、叶和总干质量及水分利用效率基本上均高于品种'Brightwell',而其单株总叶面积增量、单株根干质量、根冠比和总耗水量却基本上低于后者.在7月份至9月份,2个品种幼苗单株耗水量的日变化基本上呈单峰曲线,但其单株耗水量峰值出现的时间段则因品种和灌水量不同而异;在全天不同时间段和不同月份,2个品种幼苗的单株耗水量均随灌水量提高而增大;在相同灌水量条件下,品种'Misty'幼苗的单株耗水量总体上低于品种'Brightwell'.回归分析结果表明:2个品种幼苗的单株月耗水量与月均温呈显著或极显著正相关,与月均空气相对湿度呈显著或极显著负相关.综合分析结果表明:蓝浆果幼苗的耗水量不但与品种特性有关,而且还受到土壤水分含量、气温和空气湿度的影响;在相同灌水量条件下,品种'Brightwell'幼苗的耗水量高于品种'Misty',但其水分利用效率却低于后者.在中国南方地区,品种'Brightwell'和'Misty'的适宜灌水量分别为100%WC和75%WC.