霍山石斛类原球茎二步法培养细胞生长和多糖合成的动力学研究

磷是调控类原球茎细胞生长和多糖积累的有效因素。为了获得较高的多糖产量,根据霍山石斛类原球茎生长和多糖积累的动力学特性,提出了二步培养方式,采用了补料策略,研究了其培养过程的动力学特性,并建立了相关模型。结果表明,采用二步法培养,生物量从28.7g DW/L提高到44.2g DW/L, 多糖产量从1.86g/L提高到5.22g/L,多糖含量从6.4%提高到11.9%。建立的模型基本反映了类原球茎生长和多糖积累的动力学机制。     

灵芝多糖的生物合成和发酵调控

灵芝多糖是灵芝的关键药效成分之一。从灵芝多糖的结构和构效关系、灵芝多糖的单糖组成,灵芝主要多糖IPS-1-1的基本合成途径,以及灵芝多糖的深层发酵调控策略和方法等方面,综述了灵芝多糖生物合成和发酵调控方面的新进展。并对今后的主要研究方向进行了展望。     

霍山石斛类原球茎二步法培养细胞生长和多糖合成的动力学研究

磷是调控类原球茎细胞生长和多糖积累的有效因素。为了获得较高的多糖产量,根据霍山石斛类原球茎生长和多糖积累的动力学特性,提出了二步培养方式,采用了补料策略,研究了其培养过程的动力学特性,并建立了相关模型。结果表明,采用二步法培养,生物量从28·7gDW/L提高到44·2gDW/L,多糖产量从1·86g/L提高到5·22g/L,多糖含量从6·4%提高到11·9%。建立的模型基本反映了类原球茎生长和多糖积累的动力学机制。     

多糖硫酸化修饰和多糖硫酸酯的研究进展

硫酸多糖是一类糖羟基上带有硫酸根的多糖,包括从植物中提取的各种硫酸多糖、肝素、天然多糖的硫酸衍生物及人工合成的各种硫酸多糖。硫酸多糖具有抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗凝血和增强免疫等生物活性,为提高中药多糖的生物活性,可通过硫酸化修饰的方法进行结构改造,获取多糖硫酸酯。本文就多糖的硫酸化修饰方法、多糖硫酸酯的生物学活性及其影响因素、作用机制和临床应用进行了综述。     

鲎G因子实验法定量测定药用、食用蘑菇多糖中的(1,3)-β-葡聚糖含量

(1,3)--葡聚糖是蘑菇免疫调节和抗肿瘤多糖的核心结构。通过鲎的G因子法测定了从19种药用和食用蘑菇中提取的27个多糖样品中(1,3)--葡聚糖的含量,我们发现(1,3)--葡聚糖普遍存在于这些蘑菇多糖提取物中。但是,(1,3)--葡聚糖的含量随蘑菇的种类和多糖提取的部位不同有着很大的差异,平均值大约占多糖的34.8%。从香菇、裂褶菌、云芝、草菇、灰树花、鸡腿菇和姬菇中提取的9种多糖中(1,3)--葡聚糖含量远高于其余的多糖。适当的纯化可以提高蘑菇多糖中(1,3)--葡聚糖的含量。我们的研究表明鲎G因子法可以用来快速有效地测定蘑菇多糖提取物中的(1,3)--葡聚糖含量。     

灵芝液态发酵胞内外多糖结构特征及其活性研究进展

灵芝是一味传统的中药材,具有很高的药用价值,多糖是其主要的活性成分之一,可从其子实体、孢子粉、发酵菌丝体和胞外液中获得。近年来,从灵芝菌丝体和胞外液中发现的多糖越来越得到研究者们的关注。本文从发酵培养基成分及发酵条件对灵芝胞内外多糖的影响、灵芝胞内外多糖的结构、灵芝胞内外多糖生物活性3个方面进行综述,为发酵来源灵芝多糖的开发利用提供科学理论依据。     

苦楝多糖羧甲基化及抗氧化性的研究

植物多糖及其衍生物对人类健康的种种作用逐渐被发现和重视,本论文从成熟苦楝果肉中提取多糖,研究多糖羧甲基化的条件,并比较了羧甲基前后抗氧化能力。     

海金沙草多糖分离纯化及空间结构初步研究

为了获得纯化多糖并对其空间结构进行研究,用煎煮法从海金沙草中提取水溶性粗多糖,考察了Savage法、TCA法、单宁法等方法对提取液中蛋白质去除率和多糖回收率的影响,用乙醇沉淀法获得精制多糖,紫外光谱扫描分析多糖纯度,刚果红结合实验分析多糖空间构象.结果表明,以TCA法蛋白质去除率和多糖回收率较高.紫外扫描图谱显示,纯化...     

鲎G因子实验法定量测定药用、食用蘑菇多糖中的（1，3）-β-葡聚糖含量

(1,3)-β-葡聚糖是蘑菇免疫调节和抗肿瘤多糖的核心结构。通过鲎的G因子法测定了从19种药用和食用蘑菇中提取的27个多糖样品中(1,3)-β-葡聚糖的含量,我们发现(1,3)-β-葡聚糖普遍存在于这些蘑菇多糖提取物中。但是,(1,3)-β-葡聚糖的含量随蘑菇的种类和多糖提取的部位不同有着很大的差异,平均值大约占多糖的34．8％。从香菇、裂褶菌、云芝、草菇、灰树花、鸡腿菇和姬菇中提取的9种多糖中(1,3)-β-葡聚糖含量远高于其余的多糖。适当的纯化可以提高蘑菇多糖中(1,3)-β-葡聚糖的含量。我们的研究表明鲎G因子法可以用来快速有效地测定蘑菇多糖提取物中的(1,3)-β-葡聚糖含量。     

多糖抗病毒活性的研究进展

病毒感染性疾病严重危害人类健康,在寻找有效抗病毒药物的过程中,人们发现多糖具有良好的抗病毒活性。多糖作为有效、低毒的抗病毒成分具有广阔的药用前景,值得进一步研究。从多糖的抑制病毒吸附、干扰病毒复制和提高机体免疫力方面简要介绍了多糖抗病毒活性的可能机制。     

Saprophytic fungi isolated from the hair of domestic and laboratory animals with suspected dermatophytosis

Hair samples from domestic and laboratory animals with suspected dermatophytosis were examined for the presence of saprophytic fungi. A nutritionally poor base medium, developed by the author, was used in the isolation and identification of the saprophytes. Three hundred and ninety-four specimens were examined of which 246 were from dogs, 75 from cats, 30 from horses, 19 from cows, 12 from guinea pigs, 5 from rats, 2 from parakeets, 2 from chinchillas and one each from a goat, a mink and a lesser panda (Ailurus fulgens). Moulds classified in 32 genera were isolated. The commonest in order of frequency were members of the genera Penicillium, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Mucor, Aureobasidium, Alternaria, Scopulariopsis, Trichoderma and Trichothecium. The yeasts that were isolated were not identified. Aureobasidium pullulans was isolated significantly more often (chi 2 test p less than 0.025) from the dog samples than those from cats, Cladosporium spp. in the samples from dogs than horses, Mucor spp. from the cow samples than horses, Penicillium spp. from the dog samples than those of cats or horses. Skin infections caused by any of the contaminants were not encountered.     

Seroepidemiologic aspects of Neisseria meningitidis in homosexual men.

Neisseria meningitidis has been isolated with increasing frequency from specimens obtained from patients attending venereal disease clinics and is an occasional cause of genital infection. Among 383 homosexual men attending either a venereal disease clinic or a community screening clinic meningococci were cultured from specimens obtained from 35.0% of all the subjects, and with similar frequency in the two groups. Of the positive specimens 93.5% were from the throat, 5.8% from the rectum and 0.72% from the urethra. The serogroups and serotypes of the isolates were characteristic of those commonly found in nasopharyngeal specimens from other asymptomatic carriers. Gonococci were isolated from 8.6% of all the subjects and were 1.4 times more common in those who also harboured meningococci. Of the cultures positive for gonococci, 14.7% were from the throat and 85.3% from the rectum. The two bacteria were rarely isolated from the same site in the same individual. Gonococci, but not meningococci, were significantly more common (P less than 0.05) in the group attending the venereal disease, clinic than in the group attending the screening clinic, the rates being 17.1% and 7.0%.     

Relationship of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci races to the rhizosphere of Wisconsin-grown tobacco

Isolates of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, including 21 strains of the wildfire pathogen and 2 strains of the angular leafspot pathogen, were isolated from 143 rhizosphere and soil samples collected from 11 tobacco fields in Wisconsin. These pathogens were isolated by inoculating rhizosphere and soil washings into tobacco leaves and isolating the bacteria from wildfire or angular leafspot lesions that developed on the leaves. The wildfire isolates were from the rhizospheres of tobacco and Panicum capillare and from soil. While the majority of these were from wildfire-diseased fields, one isolate was from a field without disease symptoms; both angular leafspot isolates were from fields without angular leafspot symptoms. The majority of wildfire isolates were race 1, but three were race 0, and one was a new race. In three fields multiple races of wildfire were found. Both angular leafspot isolates were race 1. Two wildfire and one angular leafspot isolates were from fields where the cultivars were resistant to the races isolated.     

重症监护病房的病原调查及耐药性监测研究

目的调查浙江中医药大学附属第一医院重症监护病房（ICU）临床分离株的病原分布及细菌耐药状况,并与非ICU相比较,观察二者的区别,为临床用药提供有效的参考价值。方法收集该院2010年1月至2011年6月临床送检的各类标本,采用VITEK-2 compact全自动微生物鉴定仪,用GPI、GNI、ANC、YST鉴定卡、AST—GN13、AST—GP67药敏卡进行菌株的鉴定和药敏,根据美国临床实验室标准化协会（CLSI2010）制定的指导原则,判断细菌的耐药率。结果共计分离到2341株细菌,其中ICU有505株占21．6％,非ICU有1836株占78．4％。在ICU分离到的细菌中,革兰阳性菌占23．2％（117／505）;非发酵菌占47．3％（239／505）。在非ICU中,革兰阳性菌占34．4％（632／1836）;非发酵菌20．2％（371／1836）。ICU前3位细菌分别为鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌。非ICU前3位依次为大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌。非发酵菌中,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、美洛培南的耐药率,ICU和非ICU差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。亚胺培南对ICU铜绿假单胞中的MIC50是非ICU的8倍,MIC。值相当。ICU与非ICU分离的葡萄球菌属细菌对头孢唑啉、环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星的耐药率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。ICU和非ICU葡萄球菌对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替考拉宁全部敏感。结论ICU患者分离的细菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其中又以非发酵菌占大多数。非ICU患者分离的革兰阳性菌比例明显要比ICU高。在主要的致病菌中,ICU的耐药率明显高于非ICU。     

Agricultural animals as a source of yersiniosis

The role of agricultural animals as the sources of infection was studied. 8 Yersinia strains were isolated from 83 samples taken from cattle. Yersinia were isolated from feces, udder washings and milk. In the examination of 63 samples obtained from sheep the infective agent was isolated from feces in 6 cases. 6 Yersinia strains were isolated from 92 fecal samples taken from pigs. Y. enterocolitica were isolated from sick animals. The isolated strains were classified with serovars 03, 058, 08 and 09. In the foci of animal infection thus revealed antibodies to various Yersinia strains were detected in the blood sera of the animal-tending personnel, which indicates the professional character of the spread of this infection among humans. The infection is probably transferred by the contact and alimentary routes.     

Psychrophilic Microorganisms from Areas Associated with the Viking Spacecraft

Microorganisms capable of growth at 7 C were enumerated and isolated from soil samples from the manufacture and assembly areas of the Viking spacecraft. Populations ranging from 4.2 X 10(3) to 7.7 X 10(6)/g of soil were isolated from the 15 soil samples examined. Temperature requirements were determined, and those growing at 3 C, but not at 32 C, were designated as obligate psychrophiles in this investigation. Populations of soil bacteria, including aerobic sporeformers, ranging from 1.5 X 10(2) to 9.8 X 10(5)/g were capable of growth at 3 C, but not at 32 C. Bacterial isolates were identified to major generic groups. No psychrophilic sporeformers were isolated from soil from the manufacture area, but psychrophilic sporeformers ranged from 0 to 6.1 X 10(3)/g from soil from the assembly area.     

Toxigenic Fungi in Food

Forty-five fungal isolates from moldy supermarket foods were tested for toxicity to brine shrimp, and twenty-two of these isolates were subsequently tested for toxicity to chicken embryos. Highly toxigenic fungi were Cladosporium sphaerospermum from a bakery product, Fusarium oxysporum from carrots, F. solani from cabbage, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium corylophilum from bread, P. cyclopium and P. herguei from corn meal, P. lanosum from onions,P. steckii from chocolate syrup, Penicillium sp. from jelly, and Rhizopus nigricans isolates from sweet potato, applesauce, and strawberries. Approximately one-third of the fungal cultures were moderately to highly toxigenic to brine shrimp and chicken embryos, while several additional cultures were slightly toxigenic.     

Some differences in the parasitic fauna of three samples of plaice (Pleuronectesplatessa L.) from the southern North Sea

Plaice ( Pleuronectesplatessa L.) from three spawning areas in the southern North Sea were examined for six species of metazoan parasite. Differences of both incidence and level of infestation with particular parasite species were found in fish from the three areas. Neither the incidence nor the level of infestation was associated with the length of fish in the samples except in the case of the larger male fish from Flamborough, which tended to contain more larval nematodes (Anisakidae). All fish contained the intestinal nematode Cucullanus heterochrous , although fewer were found in fish from Flamborough. Southern Bight fish were more likely to contain Capillaria wickinsi than were fish from Flamborough or the German Bight. Flamborough fish were more likely to contain Anisakidae larvae than were fish from the other two areas. Fish from the three areas were similarly infested with Zoogonoides viviparus. Male fish from Flamborough were less likely to be infested with Lepeophtheirus pectoralis than male fish from the German Bight.     

Chronic effects of low pH on length and weight of Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar

Synopsis Measurements were made on Atlantic salmon from five sources in New England. Fish were reared at pH 7.0 and 5.2 from hatch to 199, 270 or 440 days. Length and weight were smaller in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, that were continuously exposed to low pH in the laboratory. Length and weight in neutral pH water varied among fish from the different sources. Fish from the Green Lake, Craig Brook, and Tunison sources were not significantly different in their lengths over time. Cortland and landlocked Atlantic salmon were not significantly different from one another but were significantly different from the other three sources. At pH 5.2, there were no significant differences in length between fish from any of the five sources. The Cortland salmon were significantly different from the other four sources in respect to their weight over time at neutral pH. At pH 5.2, there were no significant differences between any of the five sources.Cooperators are the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, the University of Maine, and the Wildlife Management Institute     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmonella</Emphasis> Isolated from Animals and Feed Production in Sweden Between 1993 and 1997

This paper presents Salmonella data from animals, feedstuffs and feed mills in Sweden between 1993 and 1997. During that period, 555 isolates were recorded from animals, representing 87 serotypes. Of those, 30 serotypes were found in animals in Sweden for the first time. The majority of all isolates from animals were S. Typhimurium (n = 91), followed by S. Dublin (n = 82). There were 115 isolates from cattle, 21 from broilers, 56 from layers and 18 from swine. The majority of these isolates were from outbreaks, although some were isolated at the surveillance at slaughterhouses. The number of isolates from the feed industry was similar to that of the previous 5-year period. Most of those findings were from dust and scrapings from feed mills, in accordance with the HACCP programme in the feed control programme. It can be concluded that the occurrence of Salmonella in animals and in the feed production in Sweden remained favourable during 1993–97.