胚胎干细胞生物学特性及其应用前景

胚胎干细胞是来源于着床前的囊胚内细胞团或早期胎儿的原始生殖细胞的一类未分化的全能性多能性干细胞,具有无限增殖和全能分化的潜力。胚胎干细胞在发育生物学基础研究、动物胚胎工程研究生产和临床医学上具有诱人的应用前景。     

成人睾丸中获得多功能干细胞

干细胞是一类具有自我复制能力的多潜能细胞,具有发育成各种组织器官甚至全部人体的潜力。目前认为,干细胞最好的来源是人类胚胎。胚胎干细胞（embryonic stem cells,ES细胞）是一种高度未分化细胞,具有发育的全能性。但出于伦理学方面的原因,胚胎干细胞在使用上一直存在争议。近年来,科学家致力寻找胚胎干细胞的替代品,以摆脱伦理困境。托马斯等人的研究成功地从成人睾丸中得到了多功能干细胞。     

胚胎干细胞生物学特性及其应用前景

胚胎干细胞是来源于着床前的囊胚内细胞团或早期胎儿的原始生殖细胞的一类未分化的全能性（多能性）干细胞,具有无限增殖和全能化的潜力,胚胎干细胞在发育生物学基础研究,动物胚胎工程研究生产和临床医学上具有诱人的应用前景。     

胚胎干细胞

第一次卵裂什么是胚胎干细胞?当受精卵分裂发育成囊胚时(受精后5～6天),内层细胞团的细胞即为胚胎干细胞。胚胎干细胞具有全能性,可以自我更新并具有分化为体内所有组织的能力。早在1970年科学家已从小鼠中分离出胚胎干细胞并在体外进行培养。而人的胚胎干细胞的体外培养直到最近才获得成功。进一步说,胚胎干细胞是一种高度未分化细胞,能分化出所有组织和器官,包括生殖细胞。研究和利用胚胎干细胞是当前生命科学领域的核心问题之一。     

FEZF 1在人胚胎干细胞早期神经分化过程中的作用研究

研究模型的缺乏和人源细胞的伦理问题极大地限制了人早期神经发育机制的研究.人胚胎干细胞具有体外无限增殖和分化为人体内各种细胞的能力,为研究人神经发育提供了重要的工具.本研究利用化学成分确定的神经诱导体系和高通量筛选策略,发现Fez锌指家族1(FEZF1)在人胚胎干细胞神经分化过程中快速表达,且先于人神经前体细胞标志基因PAX6的表达,提示FEZF1是人早期神经发育中的重要调控因子.随后利用CRISPR/CAS9技术构建了FEZF1敲除的人胚胎干细胞株,发现敲除FEZF1阻碍了人胚胎干细胞的神经分化进程.此外,FEZF1敲除抑制了人胚胎干细胞神经分化过程中多能性的丢失,部分揭示了FEZF1缺失引起神经发育缺陷的机制.然而,单独过表达FEZF1并不能驱动人胚胎干细胞的神经分化,表明FEZF1是神经分化的必需调控因子,却不足以启始人胚胎干细胞的神经分化.总之,本研究发现了FEZF1是人早期神经分化的重要调控因子,为理解人神经发育奠定了理论基础.     

HOXB6启动人胚胎干细胞向中胚层分化

HOXB6在胚胎发育过程中发挥重要作用,但在人胚胎干细胞中胚层分化中的作用尚不清楚。该研究利用人胚胎干细胞中胚层分化模型结合RNA-seq分析发现,HOXB6在中胚层分化过程中显著上调,敲降HOXB6的表达抑制人胚胎干细胞向中胚层分化,提示HOXB6在中胚层分化过程中发挥功能。通过建立HOXB6诱导性过表达的人胚胎干细胞株发现,HOXB6过表达抑制人胚胎干细胞多能性标志分子的表达,并且显著上调中胚层标志分子的表达。该研究表明,HOXB6单独过表达能够启动人胚胎干细胞向中胚层分化,为理解人类早期发育和建立人胚胎干细胞高效诱导分化体系提供了理论依据。     

人胚胎干细胞向生殖细胞分化的研究进展

小鼠胚胎干细胞体外已成功诱导分化为配子细胞,人胚胎干细胞理论上也具备分化为生殖细胞的潜能。本文从影响人胚胎干细胞体外向生殖系分化的基因调控和干细胞小生境（niche）方面进行综述,并指出胚胎干细胞在生殖医学及不孕治疗中的研究方向和应用前景。     

人羊膜上皮细胞的临床应用潜力的研究进展

人羊膜上皮细胞(human amniotic epithelial cells,hAECs)是位于胎盘羊膜靠近胎儿侧的上皮细胞,与其他胎盘来源的干细胞不同,hAECs源自胚胎上胚层,被认为是再生医学的理想种子细胞类型.研究显示,hAECs兼具胚胎干细胞样增殖分化潜力和成体干细胞样免疫调节特性.与其他类型的干细胞相比,h...     

人胚胎干细胞建系和鉴定

人胚胎干细胞是一种取自人囊胚内细胞团且具有形成所有三个胚层细胞能力的全能细胞。建立一个理想的人胚胎干细胞培养系统是研究和利用这种具有巨大潜力细胞的首要条件。本文讨论了目前建立的人胚胎干细胞培养系统,阐述了其有利的和不利的一面,并着重讨论其体外培养方法和鉴定策略。     

人胚胎干细胞建株与维持培养条件的优化

人胚胎干细胞(human embryonic stem cell,hESCs)是早期胚胎或原始性腺中分离出来的一类细胞,它具有无限增殖、自我更新和全能分化的特性。无论在体内还是体外环境,人胚胎干细胞都能分化为机体几乎所有类型的细胞。基于其全能分化性,胚胎干细胞成为治疗各种退行性疾病的理想细胞来源。然而,在目前培养条件下所建立的胚胎干细胞株,仍然存在动物源性物质潜在污染的问题。因此,更优化的建株及培养条件十分重要。     

Isolation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells from reprogrammed adult mouse somatic cell nuclei

Pluripotent human stem cells isolated from early embryos represent a potentially unlimited source of many different cell types for cell-based gene and tissue therapies [1-3]. Nevertheless, if the full potential of cell lines derived from donor embryos is to be realised, the problem of donor-recipient tissue matching needs to be overcome. One approach, which avoids the problem of transplant rejection, would be to establish stem cell lines from the patient's own cells through therapeutic cloning [3,4]. Recent studies have shown that it is possible to transfer the nucleus from an adult somatic cell to an unfertilised oocyte that is devoid of maternal chromosomes, and achieve embryonic development under the control of the transferred nucleus [5-7]. Stem cells isolated from such a cloned embryo would be genetically identical to the patient and pose no risk of immune rejection. Here, we report the isolation of pluripotent murine stem cells from reprogrammed adult somatic cell nuclei. Embryos were generated by direct injection of mechanically isolated cumulus cell nuclei into mature oocytes. Embryonic stem (ES) cells isolated from cumulus-cell-derived blastocysts displayed the characteristic morphology and marker expression of conventional ES cells and underwent extensive differentiation into all three embryonic germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm) in tumours and in chimaeric foetuses and pups. The ES cells were also shown to differentiate readily into neurons and muscle in culture. This study shows that pluripotent stem cells can be derived from nuclei of terminally differentiated adult somatic cells and offers a model system for the development of therapies that rely on autologous, human pluripotent stem cells.     

Promotion of hematopoietic differentiation from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells by transient HoxB4 transduction

Ectopic expression of HoxB4 in embryonic stem (ES) cells leads to an efficient production of hematopoietic cells, including hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Previous studies have utilized a constitutive HoxB4 expression system or tetracycline-regulated HoxB4 expression system to induce hematopoietic cells from ES cells. However, these methods cannot be applied therapeutically due to the risk of transgenes being integrated into the host genome. Here, we report the promotion of hematopoietic differentiation from mouse ES cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by transient HoxB4 expression using an adenovirus (Ad) vector. Ad vector could mediate efficient HoxB4 expression in ES cell-derived embryoid bodies (ES-EBs) and iPS-EBs, and its expression was decreased during cultivation, showing that Ad vector transduction was transient. A colony-forming assay revealed that the number of hematopoietic progenitor cells with colony-forming potential in HoxB4-transduced cells was significantly increased in comparison with that in non-transduced cells or LacZ-transduced cells. HoxB4-transduced cells also showed more efficient generation of CD41-, CD45-, or Sca-1-positive cells than control cells. These results indicate that transient, but not constitutive, HoxB4 expression is sufficient to augment the hematopoietic differentiation of ES and iPS cells, and that our method would be useful for clinical applications, such as cell transplantation therapy.     

New sources of pancreatic beta-cells

Two major initiatives are under way to correct the beta-cell deficit of diabetes: one would generate beta-cells ex vivo that are suitable for transplantation, and the second would stimulate regeneration of beta-cells in the pancreas. Studies of ex vivo expansion suggest that beta-cells have a potential for dedifferentiation, expansion, and redifferentiation. Work with mouse and human embryonic stem (ES) cells has not yet produced cells with the phenotype of true beta-cells, but there has been recent progress in directing ES cells to endoderm. Putative islet stem/progenitor cells have been identified in mouse pancreas, and formation of new beta-cells from duct, acinar and liver cells is an active area of investigation. Peptides, including glucagon-like peptide-1/exendin-4 and the combination of epidermal growth factor and gastrin, can stimulate regeneration of beta-cells in vivo. Recent progress in the search for new sources of beta-cells has opened promising new opportunities and spawned clinical trials.     

Challenges of primate embryonic stem cell research

Embryonic stem (ES) cells hold great promise for treating degenerative diseases, including diabetes, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, neural degeneration, and cardiomyopathies. This research is controversial to some because producing ES cells requires destroying embryos, which generally means human embryos. However, some of the surplus human embryos available from in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinics may have a high rate of genetic errors and therefore would be unsuitable for ES cell research. Although gross chromosome errors can readily be detected in ES cells, other anomalies such as mitochondrial DNA defects may have gone unrecognized. An insurmountable problem is that there are no human ES cells derived from in vivo-produced embryos to provide normal comparative data. In contrast, some monkey ES cell lines have been produced using in vivo-generated, normal embryos obtained from fertile animals; these can represent a "gold standard" for primate ES cells. In this review, we argue a need for strong research programs using rhesus monkey ES cells, conducted in parallel with studies on human ES and adult stem cells, to derive the maximum information about the biology of normal stem cells and to produce technical protocols for their directed differentiation into safe and functional replacement cells, tissues, and organs. In contrast, ES cell research using only human cell lines is likely to be incomplete, which could hinder research progress, and delay or diminish the effective application of ES cell technology to the treatment of human diseases.     

胚胎干细胞向肝细胞诱导分化

胚胎干细胞具有分化成三胚层细胞的潜能。它已被视为治疗多种疾痛的一种新兴策略。在现阶段,通过不同的诱导途径可将胚胎干细胞诱导成为肝细胞：体外诱导、体内诱导以及体外和体内相结合诱导分化。然而从体内实验结果来看,其嵌合率及分化率不高,这是一个亟需解决的问题,否则就无法成功地将其应用于临床治疗。     

Embryoid bodies formation and differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cells in collagen/Matrigel scaffolds

Embryonic stem (ES) cells have the potential to develop into any type of tissue and are considered as a promising source of seeding cells for tissue engineering and transplantation therapy. The main catalyst for ES cells differentiation is the growth into embryoid bodies (EBs), which are utilized widely as the trigger of in vitro differentiation. In this study, a novel method for generating EBs from mouse ES cells through culture in collagen/Matrigel scaffolds was successfully established. When single ES cells were seeded in three dimensional collagen/Matrigel scaffolds, they grew into aggregates gradually and formed simple EBs with circular structures. After 7 days' culture,they formed into cystic EBs that would eventually differentiate into the three embryonic germ layers. Evaluation of the EBs in terms of morphology and potential to differentiate indicated that they were typical in structure and could generate various cell types; they were also able to form into tissue-like structures. Moreover, with introduction of ascorbic acid, ES cells differentiated into cardiomyocytes efficiently and started contracting synchronously at day 19. The results demonstrated that collagen/Matrigel scaffolds supported EBs formarion and their subsequent differentiation in a single three dimensional environment.