构建我国燕麦核心种质的取样策略研究

采用2种分层方法、3种确定组内取样量方法和2种个体选择方法,分析了3255份燕麦种质资源的12个农艺性状的数据,构建出13个初级核心种质样本。为确定这些样本代表性,分别与总体进行了7个指标的比较,包括数量性状的极差、符合度、平均数、表型方差、遗传多样性指数方差、变异系数及质量性状的频率分布。结果表明。2种分层方法产生的样本在代表性上差异不明显;3种确定组内取样量方法以比例法的代表性最好,对数法的代表性其次,平方根法的代表性最差;在个体选择中,聚类法明显好于随机法。因此,在燕麦核心种质的构建中,先按省份分组,再按比例法确定组内取样量,通过聚类结果选择个体为最佳取样策略。     

中国芒(Miscanthus sinensis)初级核心种质的构建

以555份芒(Miscanthus sinensis)种质资源为研究对象,根据26个表型性状数据,按地理来源、植物区系和单一性状进行分组,分别采用简单比例法、平方根法和多样性指数法确定组内取样数,再根据聚类和随机2种方法进行组内个体选择。依照上述方案共构建出19个具有代表性的芒初选核心种质样本库。通过平均相似系数、性状符合度、数量性状变异系数和遗传多样性指数等4项检测指标对上述19种构建方案进行比较,最终确定了按"植物区划分组+多样性指数确定取样数+聚类选择个体"为芒初级核心种质构建的最佳方案。通过此方法建立起的芒初级核心种质资源共83份,占总资源的14.95%,且新构建的初级种质资源与总资源性状符合度达到100%。     

葡萄种质资源初级核心群的构建

以国家果树种质郑州葡萄圃保存的867份栽培种质为材料,对47项表型性状进行了主成分分析。采用欧氏遗传距离、离差平方和法进行种质初选。采用分组和逐步聚类法,分别以15%、20%、25%和30%的比例抽样,依次获得124、170、205和252份种质。通过对初选种质的遗传多样性指数、表型保留比例的分析,检验初级核心群的构建效果。结果表明,按种质类型分组,组内采用平方根策略、15%抽样比例获得的124份初选种质的表型保留比例和遗传多样性代表性均达到96%,表明构建的初级核心群对原始种质具有很好的代表性。     

新疆甜瓜地方品种资源核心种质构建

新疆甜瓜地方种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性,是新疆哈密瓜遗传改良的重要基因库。以121份新疆甜瓜地方品种为研究对象,结合按来源分组和系统聚类选择的方法,通过多重比较29个表型性状数据确定适宜的取样比例,筛选出25份地方品种为初选核心种质。在初选核心种质取样量上,人工定向补充5份优异种质和极值材料确定了核心种质,约占地方品种总数量的25%。对表型保留比例、遗传多样性指数、变异系数、表型频率方差、极差符合率、均值符合率、标准差符合率等检验参数进行了检验和评价。结果表明:调整后的核心种质除标准差符合率降低外,其余参数均优于或等于初选核心种质,更能代表原始样品;所构建的核心种质很好地保留了所有地方品种资源的遗传多样性和变异幅度。     

基于表型数据的辣椒核心种质构建研究

以收集保存的603份辣椒种质为材料,根据果形指数大小将其分成5组。基于28个性状的表型数据,采用简单比例、平方根比例、对数比例及遗传多样性指数比例法计算各组内取样份数,比较4种组内取样比例法、6种总体取样规模和2种取样方法在构建辣椒核心种质中的作用和效果。结果表明:(1)简单比例、平方根比例、对数比例、遗传多样性指数比例法入选的材料份数占预选核心种质份数依次为24.2%、22.2%、21.1%、17.8%,说明遗传多样性指数比例法对各组取样数量的修正能力最强,使取样更加均衡。(2)当总体取样规模为15%时,遗传多样性指数比例法构建的预选核心种质遗传多样性指数(I)达到最大,表型保留比例(RPR)超过98%;当总体取样规模超过20%时,RPR值、变异系数(CV)和极差符合率(CR)虽然平缓增加,但I值反而减小;说明15%为合适的总体取样规模。(3)利用对数比例法和多样性比例法,在15%的总体取样规模下,聚类取样构建的核心种质I值、RPR值、CV值及CR值均高于随机取样。(4)该研究根据所获得的优化方案最终在表型水平建立了包含91份种质的辣椒核心种质。     

长江春大豆核心种质构建及分析

利用长江春大豆初选核心种质SSR(simple sequence repeat）标记和农艺性状表型等基础数据,对用不同个体取样方法以及不同数据类型建立的核心种质进行评价,目的是确定中国大豆（Glycine max）核心种质的最佳取样策略提供依据,结果表明,根据SSR分子数据聚类,采用类内随机取样,类内以遗传相似性系数取样以及仅依据遗传相似性系数取样都可用于大豆核心种质构建,但是综合不同评价参数发现,以类内随机取样最佳,类内按遗传相似性系数取样次之,单独以遗传相似性系数取样较差。分析不同SSR等位变异保留比例的遗传多样性指数发现,当保留90%和80%的SSR等位变异时,核心种质具有更高的遗传多样性,由于与SSR分子数据种质遗传关系评价的不一致性,农艺性状等基础数据虽然可用来构建核心种质,但其SSR分子水平代表性相对较低,本研究结果还表明,用不同方法或同一方法不同重复次数取样建立的核心种质具有异质性,且这种异质性随核心种质取样比例的降低而增大,因此,虽然可依据不同数据类型确定相应的方法建立核心种质,但综合表型和分子数据建立的核心种质更具有代表性。     

基于农艺性状指标的山西高粱地方品种核心种质构建

利用1285份山西省高粱地方品种18个农艺性状的历史数据,通过比较不同取样方法、取样比例和聚类方法组合的构建方法,确定了“多次聚类偏离度取样法+15%取样比例+欧氏距离+最长距离法”为山西省高粱地方核心种质构建的方法。192份初选核心种质和所有样本的均值差异百分率、方差差异百分率、极差符合率和变异系数变化率分别为0、83.33%、97.45%和119.63%。同时,在此基础上补充选择6个具有特殊性状但未选入的种质资源,最终确定198份高粱资源组成山西省高粱地方品种核心种质,取样量为15.4%。经核心种质和所有样本不同性状的均值t测验、极值和标准差比较、遗传多样性指数的t值检验以及主成分分析,最终得出核心种质的198份高粱资源能够代表山西省高粱地方品种的遗传多样性,为山西省高粱地方品种评价和利用提供了优先样本。     

广西地方稻种资源核心种质构建和遗传多样性分析

以丁颖分类体系分组原则与组内逐层聚类取样方法,对8609份广西地方栽培稻资源表型数据信息进行分析,通过对表型保留比例等评价指标的多重比较确定核心种质总体取样比例,构建出占总体样本5%(414份)的广西地方栽培稻资源初级核心种质。初级核心种质能代表总体遗传变异的89%。用34对SSR分子标记对初级核心种质进行遗传多样性分析,结果表明:广西地方栽培稻资源有较高的遗传多样性(等位基因数A为4.91,Nei’s多样性指数为0.574)。就Nei’s遗传多样性指数而言,粳稻高于籼稻,晚稻高于早稻,水稻高于陆稻,糯稻高于粘稻;来自桂中的稻种资源具有最高的遗传多样性。研究最终利用SSR数据,把414份初级核心种质压缩50%后形成209份核心种质,核心种质基因保留比例达到98%以上,有效代表了广西地方栽培稻资源多样性水平。     

基于农艺性状的榕江茶（Camellia yungkiangensis）核心种质构建

摘 要：为得出较为可靠的榕江茶初级核心种质群体,以加强榕江茶种质选育、开发利用和分子遗传学研究,解决其种质资源保存成本较高问题,促进榕江茶种质资源的鉴定和有效利用。以118份榕江茶种质资源为材料,对19个表型性状和4个基本品质成分共计23个农艺性状进行分析;基于2种遗传距离(标准化欧氏距离、马氏距离）、4种聚类方法（离差平方和法、非加权组平均法、最长距离法、最短距离法）和7种总体取样规模（10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%）构建了56个候选榕江茶核心种质,利用筛选得到的最佳构建方案构建初级核心种质。通过对原种质、保留种质和核心种质的表型遗传多样性和变异程度,以及各种质不同数量性状间的t检验来评价核心种质的代表性,并用主成分分析法对核心种质进行确认。构建榕江茶核心种质时,2种遗传距离中,标准化欧氏距离优于马氏距离;4种聚类方法中,最短距离法优于另外3种;7种总体取样规模中,30%的取样比例较适宜榕江茶核心种质的构建。对构建的38份核心种质进行分析评价,结果表明,核心种质与原种质23个性状的6个特征值一致性较好,并且遗传多样性指数有一定程度的提升;t检验结果表明,核心种质平衡了稀有性状的分布,有效保留了原种质的遗传多样性;主成分分析结果表明,核心种质的主成分累计贡献率高于原种质;对核心种质进一步确认时,发现核心种质均匀分布在原始种质范围内,无重叠现象,有效的避免了核心种质的冗余。所构建的榕江茶核心种质资源可以很好地代表原种质,较好的保留了原种质的性状、遗传多样性和变异。标准化欧氏距离、最短距离法和30%总体取样规模的构建策略,是构建榕江茶核心种质的最佳方法。最终构建了38份榕江茶种质资源的初级核心种质,占原种质32.20%。核心种质评价表明初级核心种质构建有效且质量较高,能够在保证冗余较少的情况下充分代表原种质遗传多样性。     

基于穗形特征与分子标记进行中国节节麦核心种质的创建

节节麦是普通小麦D基因组供体,遗传多样性丰富,而我国节节麦资源是有别于中东节节麦资源的重要基因源。为了合理高效地管理、评价、保护和利用我国节节麦资源,本研究将野生采集的762份中国节节麦资源作为试验材料,基于SSR标记分组状况,利用小穗长、护颖长、护颖宽、外稃长、外稃宽、内稃长、内稃宽、穗宽、粒长和粒宽等10个穗形性状指标,在欧氏距离、马氏距离和4种取样比例下构建节节麦核心种质候选集。进而采用均值差异百分率、极差符合率、方差差异百分率及变异系数变化率4个指标对不同方法构建的核心种质候选集的可行性和有效性进行评价,并利用原种质和核心种质的主成分分析法进行验证,最终确定基于欧氏距离、10%取样比例下、采用最小距离逐步取样法构建的包含76个样品的节节麦核心种质能够以最小的资源份数、最大限度地代表我国节节麦的遗传多样性。     

A strategy on constructing core collections by least distance stepwise sampling

A strategy was proposed for constructing core collections by least distance stepwise sampling (LDSS) based on genotypic values. In each procedure of cluster, the sampling is performed in the subgroup with the least distance in the dendrogram during constructing a core collection. Mean difference percentage (MD), variance difference percentage (VD), coincidence rate of range (CR) and variable rate of coefficient of variation (VR) were used to evaluate the representativeness of core collections constructed by this strategy. A cotton germplasm collection of 1,547 accessions with 18 quantitative traits was used to construct core collections. Genotypic values of all quantitative traits of the cotton collection were unbiasedly predicted based on mixed linear model approach. By three sampling percentages (10, 20 and 30%), four genetic distances (city block distance, Euclidean distance, standardized Euclidean distance and Mahalanobis distance) combining four hierarchical cluster methods (nearest distance method, furthest distance method, unweighted pair-group average method and Ward’s method) were adopted to evaluate the property of this strategy. Simulations were conducted in order to draw consistent, stable and reproducible results. The principal components analysis was performed to validate this strategy. The results showed that core collections constructed by LDSS strategy had a good representativeness of the initial collection. As compared to the control strategy (stepwise clusters with random sampling strategy), LDSS strategy could construct more representative core collections. For LDSS strategy, cluster methods did not need to be considered because all hierarchical cluster methods could give same results completely. The results also suggested that standardized Euclidean distance was an appropriate genetic distance for constructing core collections in this strategy.     

利用分子标记和数量性状基因型值构建作物核心种质库的研究

提出了一种基于分子标记数据及数量性状基因型值构建作物种质资源核心种质库的方法.采用包括基因型与环境互作的遗传模型及相应的混合线性模型统计分析方法,无偏预测各材料的基因型值,分别用基因型值和分子标记数据计算个体间的相似系数,加权得到最终的相似距离.采用不加权类平均法（UPGMA）进行系统聚类,用多次聚类随机取样法构建核心种质库.以水稻DH群体111个基因型8个农艺性状、175个分子标记位点的数据为实例,按四种抽样比率（25%,20%,15%,10%）构建了四个核心种质库,比较了核心种质库与整个群体的分子标记多样性及数量性状的遗传变异,评价了所用方法的有效性。     

粤东橄榄资源核心种质取样方案的研究

为研究基于分子标记数据构建橄榄(Canarium album L.)核心种质的取样方案,以粤东地区64份橄榄种质材料的ISSR分析结果为基础,分别利用SM和Nei&Li遗传距离,采用UPGMA聚类法进行多次聚类随机取样,比较了不同分组情况下P、S、L和G等取样策略对核心种质构建的影响。结果表明,通过比较不同样品群的多态性位点数、多态性位点百分率、观测等位基因数、有效等位基因数、Nei’s遗传多样性指数和Shannon’s信息指数等参数,最终选择根据Nei&Li法计算遗传距离,G策略取样得到的16个样品作为核心种质。该核心种质保留了初始种质25%的样品,多态性位点和多态性位点百分率保留率分别为92.93%和98.31%,观测等位基因数、有效等位基因数、Nei’s遗传多样性指数、Shannon’s信息指数的保留率分别为9.26%、102.56%、107.39%和106.29%。因此,按该方案进行取样的核心种质可以较好地代表原有种质库的遗传多样性。     

A comparison,by sweep sampling,of the insect fauna from corn and sweet potato monocultures and dicultures in Costa Rica

Summary The insect fauna of 80 day-old plots of corn and sweet potato monocultures and dicultures in Costa Rica were compared using sweep sampling. Six hundred sweeps were taken in each of the three habitats. There were 15% more total species in the diculture than either monoculture but approximately the same total number of individuals. There were 75% more species and approximately 100% more individuals of parasitic Hymenoptera in the diculture than the monocultures. The ratio of numbers of phytophagous individuals to predaceous/parasitic individuals was lowest in the diculture (2.5) and highest in the sweet potato monoculture (14.3). It is suggested that these patterns may be explained if phytophagous insects are limited basically by abundance and diversity of food so that a diculture is at best the sum of two monocultures. However if abundance and diversity of parasitic insects depends more on structural complexity, the result of putting together two monocultures would be synergistic in terms of numbers and species of insects.Two chrysomelid beetles and two leaf-hopper species that were extremely common in the monocultures were significantly less common or absent in the polyculture, and only one leaf-hopper that was rare in the monocultures was relatively more common in the diculture. Comparison of species similarity showed that the corn monoculture and the diculture were much more similar than the sweet potato monoculture and the diculture, and the two monocultures showed the least similarity.Statistically smoothed out species-subsample curves were constructed for each of the three habitats, the curves were fitted to a mathematical model, and they were then extended in order to predict the theoretical total number of species in all three communities sampled. Extrapolation of the curves suggests that approximately 33% of the total sweepable insect community was sampled in the three habitats.One year after the initial sweep samples were taken, the populations of two sweet potato pests, Diabrotica balteata and Diabrotica adelpha, were sampled ten times over a 120 day period in plots of corn and sweet potato monocultures and dicultures. Approximately 50 days after planting, the numbers of both beetles on sweet potato in monocultures were much higher than in dicultures. This trend continued the rest of the season, the difference reaching a maximum approximately 90 days after planting.These data suggest that indigenous agriculturalists are correct: increasing resource diversity in a cropping system may act as a form of biological control, by increasing the relative abundance and diversity of the predaceous parasitic fauna and decreasing the abundance of the major herbivores.     

Optimal sampling strategy and core collection size of Andean tetraploid potato based on isozyme data - a simulation study

Selection of an appropriate sampling strategy is an important prerequisite to establish core collections of appropriate size in order to adequately represent the genetic spectrum and maximally capture the genetic diversity in available crop collections. We developed a simulation approach to identify an optimal sampling strategy and core-collection size, using isozyme data from a CIP germplasm collection on an Andean tetraploid potato. Five sampling strategies, constant (C), proportional (P), logarithmic (L), square-root (S) and random (R), were tested on isozyme data from 9,396 Andean tetraploid potato accessions characterized for nine isozyme loci having a total of 38 alleles. The 9,396 accessions, though comprising 2,379 morphologically distinct accessions, were found to represent 1,910 genetically distinct groups of accessions for the nine isozyme loci using a sort-and-duplicate-search algorithm. From each group, one accession was randomly selected to form a genetically refined entire collection (GREC) of size 1,910. The GREC was used to test the five sampling strategies. To assess the behavior of the results in repeated sampling, k = 1,500 and 5,000 independent random samples (without replacement) of admissible sizes n = 50(50)1,000 for each strategy were drawn from GREC. Allele frequencies (AF) for the 38 alleles and locus heterozygosity (LH) for the nine loci were estimated for each sample. The goodness of fit of samples AF and LH with those from GREC was tested using the L² test. A core collection of size n = 600, selected using either the P or the R sampling strategy, was found adequately to represent the GREC for both AF and LH. As similar results were obtained at k = 1,500 and 5,000, it seems adequate to draw 1,500 independent random samples of different sizes to test the behavior of different sampling strategies in order to identify an appropriate sampling approach, as well as to determine an optimal core collection size.     

山茱萸种质资源数量性状分析及核心种质库评价

对从全国收集的75份山茱萸种质资源,从叶长、叶宽、果实横径、果实纵径、鲜果百粒重、种子千粒重、种子含水量、枣皮灰分、枣皮水分、水溶性浸出物和马钱素含量等表型性状,通过分析其变异系数和各性状间的相关性,采用欧氏系统聚类法抽取核心种质,并对构建的核心种质库进行评价。分析结果显示,75份山茱萸种质资源在叶长、叶宽、鲜果百粒重、种子千粒重、枣皮灰分和马钱素含量等性状上的变异系数均高于10%,说明这些性状变化范围较大,个体间性状不稳定,易受环境因素的影响;而果实横径、果实纵径、种子含水量、枣皮水分和水溶性浸出物的变异系数均低于10%,说明这些性状变异较小,表型性状比较稳定。相关性分析结果显示,各性状间都存在一定的相关性,其中果实纵径和果实横径与鲜果百粒重呈显著正相关(0.396b和0.312b),说明果实纵横径是影响果实重量的关键因素;水溶性浸出物大小与果实横径、果实纵径、马钱素含量呈现显著性正相关(0.481b、0.280a和0.372b),表明水溶性浸出物含量的高低与山茱萸有效成分马钱素含量和果实大小及形状密切正相关,这将为种质的筛选和评价提供依据。通过最小距离逐步抽样法抽出22份种质构成核心种质库（占初始种质库的29.33%）,采用欧氏距离聚类对抽样构成的初级核心种质库进行评价,结果显示,各性状均值t检验均不显著,并且极差符合率（CR%= 90.63%）大于80%,说明抽取的初级核心种质库能够很好地代表原有种质,从而达到了提高种质保存效率的目的,这将为进一步研究山茱萸核心种质库构建和其它药用植物构建核心种质提供参考。     

Nematode Numbers and Crop Yield in a Fenamiphos-Treated Sweet Corn-Sweet Potato-Vetch Cropping System

Nematode population densities and yield of sweet corn and sweet potato as affected by the nematicide fenamiphos, in a sweet corn-sweet potato-vetch cropping system, were determined in a 5-year test (1981-85). Sweet potato was the best host of Meloidogyne incognita of these three crops. Fenamiphos 15G (6.7 kg a.i./ha) incorporated broadcast in the top 15 cm of the soil layer before planting of each crop increased (P ≤ 0.05) yields of sweet corn in 1981 and 1982 and sweet potato number 1 grade in 1982 and 1983. Yield of sweet corn and numbers of M. incognita second-stage juveniles (J2) in the soil each month were negatively correlated from planting (r = - 0.47) to harvest (r = -0.61) in 1982. Yield of number 1 sweet potato was inversely related to numbers of J2 in the soil in July-October 1982 and July-September 1983. Yield of cracked storage roots was positively related to the numbers of J2 in the soil on one or more sampling dates in all years except 1985. Some factor(s), such as microbial degradation, resistant M. incognita development, or environment, reduced the effect of fenamiphos.     

Methods of constructing core collections by stepwise clustering with three sampling strategies based on the genotypic values of crops

A genetic model with genotype×environment (GE) interactions for controlling systematical errors in the field can be used for predicting genotypic values by an adjusted unbiased prediction (AUP) method. Mahalanobis distance, calculated based on the genotypic values, is then applied to measure the genetic distance among accessions. The unweighted pair-group average, Ward’s and the complete linkage methods of hierarchical clustering combined with three sampling strategies are proposed to construct core collections in a procedure of stepwise clustering. A homogeneous test and t-tests are suggested for use in testing variances and means, respectively. The coincidence rate (CR%) for range and the variable rate (VR%) for the coefficient of variation are designed to evaluate the property of core collections. A worked example of constructing core collections in cotton with 21 traits was conducted. Random sampling can represent the genetic diversity structure of the initial collection. Preferred sampling can keep the accessions with special or valuable characteristics in the initial collection. Deviation sampling can retain the larger genetic variability of the initial collection. For better representation of the core collection, cluster methods should be combined with different sampling strategies. The core collections based on genotypic values retained larger genetic variability and had superior representatives than those based on phenotypic values. Received: 15 October 1999 / Accepted: 24 November 1999     

核心种质数量性状代表性评价指标的研究

对植物核心种质数量性状遗传多样性代表性的评价指标进行了系统的研究．以夏播菜用大豆154个品种为材料,采用马氏距离计算品种间的距离,并用不加权类平均法(UPGMA)进行聚类,根据树型图,采用逐步聚类随机取样法,构建了37个品种组成的核心种质．以此为例,通过方差F测验、均值t测验、极差符合率、表型频率分布、遗传多样性指数、表型相关分析等多个指标分析,来评价核心种质数量性状遗传多样性的代表性,结果表明构建的核心种质具有代表性,表明核心种质评价需包含评价遗传变异和遗传结构的指标．