山东的三个晚熟桃良种

中华寿书桃中华寿桃,原名红雪桃、冬桃……,始栽于山东牟平和莱山初家一带。该桃品质优,极晚熟,果硕大,极耐贮运。在蓬莱地区４月中旬开花,霜降后成熟,果实生育期１９０天左右。平均果重４００克,最大果重１０００克。果实近圆形,果顶有突尖。果面底色黄绿,套袋果底色乳黄,色泽鲜红,着色率６０％左右。果肉绿白,近核处红色,肉质硬脆、细嫩、粘核,含糖２０度左右。中华寿桃自然裂果严重,所以必须套袋栽培。果袋宜选用双层纸袋,套袋时间应在生理落果后、硬核期前进行,一般在花后２个月左右。摘袋时间应在采果前一个月进行。…     

不同颜色果袋对果园鸟害防治效果

为验证改变果袋外袋颜色是否可以降低鸟害影响,本研究于2013年和2014年对北京市延庆县佛峪口果园的部分苹果果实使用不同种颜色的果袋进行套袋处理。套袋总数:实验组1713,对照组1787。实验结果显示,果袋颜色与被鸟类破坏情况存在极显著差异(P0.001),其中,钴蓝色果袋的防鸟害效果最好,破坏率为1.30%,其次是大红色和白色果袋,破坏率分别为2.11%和2.60%,均低于对照组原色果袋破坏率4.40%;黑色、群青色、熟褐色及青莲色的防鸟害效果较差,其破坏率分别为9.21%、8.60%、8.11%和6.90%,远高于对照组。建议今后生产中使用外袋颜色为钴蓝色的果袋。     

果实类蔬菜套袋技术效果评价

田间系统研究了不同袋型的套袋效果及不同果实类蔬菜最佳套袋的时期。室内测定分析了套袋果实蔬菜的营养物含量及农药残留量。结果表明：黄瓜、番茄、西葫芦、茄子套膜袋均有显著的增产效果,分别为16．4％、11．6％、10．1％、13．7％。套纸袋除番茄外亦均有明显增产效果。套膜袋VC含量增加22．0％～152．9％。畸形瓜(果)降低11．5％～32．3％,袋体有效阻隔了化学农药对果实类蔬菜直接接触污染。套膜袋黄瓜、番茄、茄子、西葫芦中农药残留量分别降低83．3％、84．5％、79．7％、85．7％,套纸袋依次降低73．2％、79．9％、70．9％、83．1％。套袋栽培协调了病虫防治与绿色食品蔬菜生产的矛盾。     

套袋对荔枝果实质量和农药残留的影响

用不同颜色和不同开口方式果袋对纪子笑荔枝进行套袋处理,对比研究了套袋对果实质量和农药残留的影响．结果表明,套袋对增进果实着色有明显效果,套袋果实Ⅰ、Ⅱ级果率在57．81％～81,57％之间,而对照仅为38．63％．套袋后果实的单果重量显著升高,尤其是白色袋的增重效果更为明显．虽然同种颜色的封口袋增重效果优于开口袋;但袋色对果实增重的影响作用远远大于套袋方式,开口袋不利于防虫,封口袋对防治荔枝虫害有一定效果,但防病效果不明显．套袋对果实营养成分的影响不显著,对果实品质无不利影响,但不利于农药的消解,可导致果实中甲氰菊酯和敌百虫残留量的增加,套袋果园配套农药品种的选择有待进一步筛选。     

果袋颜色对番茄果实微环境及产量和品质的影响

为确定果袋颜色的生态学和生物学效应,以JYK番茄为试材,采用不同颜色果袋进行套袋处理,以不套袋为对照,研究了不同颜色果袋内微环境的变化及其对果实生长发育、产量和品质的影响.结果表明：不同颜色果袋均具有降低光强、提高温度、增加湿度的作用,并均可促进番茄果实膨大,增加单果质量,促进果实提早成熟.其中,以黑色果袋增温促长效果最好,其果实成熟期较对照提早10 d,单果质量增加27.2%;无色、蓝色及红色果袋处理的果实成熟期分别较对照提早8、3和2 d,单果质量分别增加11.8%、6.4%和4.8%.此外,套袋还可促进果实着色,显著提高番茄红素含量,但所有处理的果实硬度及可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量均低于对照.表明番茄套袋虽增加了产量,但降低了其营养品质.     

果袋颜色对番茄果实微环境及产量和品质的影响

为确定果袋颜色的生态学和生物学效应,以JYK番茄为试材,采用不同颜色果袋进行套袋处理,以不套袋为对照,研究了不同颜色果袋内微环境的变化及其对果实生长发育、产量和品质的影响.结果表明：不同颜色果袋均具有降低光强、提高温度、增加湿度的作用,并均可促进番茄果实膨大,增加单果质量,促进果实提早成熟.其中,以黑色果袋增温促长效果最好,其果实成熟期较对照提早10 d,单果质量增加27.2%;无色、蓝色及红色果袋处理的果实成熟期分别较对照提早8、3和2 d,单果质量分别增加11.8%、6.4%和4.8%.此外,套袋还可促进果实着色,显著提高番茄红素含量,但所有处理的果实硬度及可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量均低于对照.表明番茄套袋虽增加了产量,但降低了其营养品质.     

套袋对苹果果实微域生态环境的影响

生长季晴天,树冠不同方位套袋果温度变化规律各有不同。就日最高温度而言,以西南方位套袋果最高,东北方位套袋果最低,二者相差8.13℃。除了东北方位以外,同方位套袋果日最高温一般低于裸露果2 .95～6 .6 7℃。一天中,不同方位套袋果日最高温出现的时间与裸露果有明显不同,主要原因是日照和气温能更直接地影响裸露果。在正常套袋前提下,袋内、外湿度差异不大,袋内湿度主要受袋外环境湿度的影响。生长季晴天,外袋温度和外袋与内袋之间的温度非常接近,二者日最高温度超出最高果温8.6℃。而袋内气温和果温非常接近,二者日最高温仅差0 .4℃,说明袋内果温直接受袋内气温的制约。一天中,袋内最低温度和最高湿度一般出现在6 :0 0左右,而最低湿度和最高温度出现在16 :0 0左右,袋内温度和湿度的变化呈极显著负相关,其回归方程为y=30 98.4 x- 1.35 34。日照强度或气温与套袋果日最高温度均呈极显著正相关。其回归方程分别为:y=0 .0 4 6 8x 8.91和y=1.4 11x- 2 .4 4 35。     

果实采收前套袋对湖景蜜露桃果实品质的影响

研究了光对湖景蜜露桃果实成熟的影响。用1层、2层和3层橘黄色果袋（透光率分别为27．0％、13．9％和8．2％）为完全花后（DAFB）50d的果实套袋。分别在111、114、117、120DAFB（果实硬熟期）和124DAFB（果实完熟期）测定乙烯、呼吸速率和果实品质。套1层和3层袋的果实乙烯生成速率高于其他处理。111和114DAFB时,未套袋果实呼吸速率最高,其余测定期1层套袋果实最低。完熟期未套袋果实￡值较高,而色角ho值较低。果实硬熟期前未套袋果实硬度高于套袋果实,完熟期则是套3层袋果实较高。完熟期套1层袋果实TSS高于其他果实。套1层袋果实分别在硬熟期和完熟期生成了最高量的内脂类物质和γ-癸内酯。根据以上结果可以认为完全花后50d左右,用一层橘黄色果袋为果实套袋,可以生产具有丰富桃香气的高品质桃果实。适当的光照强度明显增加了桃果实果香型香气物质,尤其是γ-癸内酯的合成。     

越冬期间香蕉果穗套袋的防寒效果及其对产量的影响

冬季香蕉果穗用兰色聚乙烯薄膜套袋之后,可提高袋内温度1～5℃,果实低温伤害卑只有1％左右,而未经套袋的达23％～35％,果指长度和径围增加率分别达12％和9％左右,果实产量比对照增加8％～16％。试验结果表明,兰色聚乙烯薄膜套袋是越冬期间香蕉防寒保果和增产的一项有效措施。     

套袋苹果不同类型果袋内温、湿度变化特征及其对果实外观品质的影响

研究了套袋苹果果实发育过程中不同类型果袋内温、湿度的变化以及果袋对果实外观品质的影响.结果表明:果袋内的温度和湿度变化呈负相关,一天中袋内温度从9:00开始迅速升高,最高温度在春秋季一般出现在13:00-14:00,盛夏一般出现在13:00-17:00,最低温度出现在5:00前后,最高湿度出现在6:00前后.不同类型的果袋温、湿度变化不同,特别在高温和阴雨天差异明显,最高温度表现为双层袋》单层袋,而最高湿度表现为单层袋》双层袋.高温往往伴随极度干燥,当袋内温度超过35 ℃时,微域湿度一般低于40%.套袋对苹果果实品质有重要影响,果实外观品质以双层袋较好、单层袋较差;而双层袋中又以XL袋效果最好.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。