饥饿和再投喂对草鱼鱼种生物化学组成的影响

分析了饥饿１５天和再投喂２１天的草鱼鱼种肝脏和肌肉生物化学组成的变化，结果表明：（１）饥饿降低白肌ＲＮＡ／ＤＮＡ比值，蛋白质含量和肝脏ＲＮＡ／ＤＮＡ比值，使肝脏蛋白质含量升高，再投喂后，肝脏ＲＮＡ／ＤＮＡ比值，蛋白质含量和白蛋白质含量均恢复至正常投喂组水平，白肌ＲＮＡ／ＤＮＡ比值升高并显著高于正常投喂组水平；（２）饥饿状态下，肝脏和肌肉的脂类含量降低，水含量升高，再投喂后，肝脏和肌肉的脂类含量升高     

饥饿和再喂食对泥鳅生化组成的影响

研究了泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)在18±0.5℃下,饥饿20 d和恢复喂食8 d的生化组成变化。结果表明,在饥饿初期,泥鳅鱼体的脂肪和蛋白质含量均明显地下降,饥饿15 d后,脂肪的降低量减少并趋于稳定,而蛋白质的含量则进一步显著降低。这表明在饥饿过程中,泥鳅首先动用机体的脂肪和蛋白质提供能源,饥饿至一定程度后则主要利用蛋白质。恢复喂食后这两种物质的含量均迅速回升,其中恢复喂食5 d后,脂肪和蛋白质的含量均达到初始水平。水分和灰分在饥饿过程中呈上升趋势,恢复后便开始下降;饥饿20 d后,鱼体的饱和脂肪酸含量基本保持不变,而多不饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量分别有一定的增加和降低,另外n-3系列脂肪酸含量升高,而n-6系列脂肪酸几乎不变。     

补偿生长对异育银鲫IGF-1、IGFBP-1水平及IGF-1、IGF-1RmRNA表达的影响

该实验分析饥饿和恢复投喂对异育银鲫血液IGF-1和IGFBP-1水平和肝脏IGF-1、白肌IGF-1RmRNA表达量的影响。结果显示:饥饿期(14d)血液中IGF-1和IGFBP-1水平逐渐下降,在饥饿第14天均出现显著性降低(P<0.05);恢复投喂后第1天IGF-1迅速恢复到对照组水平,而IGFBP-1水平仍显著低于对照组(P<0.05),随后逐渐升高,直至于恢复投喂第14天后显著高于对照组水平(P<0.05);饥饿期肝脏IGF-1mRNA表达量呈下降趋势,但与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05);恢复投喂初期(第1、3天),IGF-1mRNA表达量仍继续下降(P<0.05),对营养条件的变化反应滞后,至第7天,表达水平恢复到对照组水平。白肌IGF-1RmRNA表达水平在饥饿第3天出现显著性下降(P<0.05),继续饥饿其水平出现补偿性升高;恢复投喂后第14天IGF-1RmRNA表达量显著高于对照组水平(P<0.05)。该结果揭示恢复投喂期高水平的IGFBP-1含量和IGF-1RmRNA表达量可能通过提高IGF-1的促生长作用参与异育银鲫的补偿生长调节。     

饥饿对珠颈斑鸠组织糖元、抗氧化酶活性及血液相应指标的影响

饥饿处理珠颈斑鸠1 d、2 d和3 d,分别测定肌肉、肝脏中糖元含量和肝脏抗氧化酶活性及血清中葡萄糖和甘油三酯含量.结果 显示,饥饿处理后珠颈斑鸠体重及肝体比显著下降,肌肉、肝脏中糖元含量下降,饥饿第3 d肝脏组织超氧化物歧化酶活性下降,而丙二醛含量升高,血液中血糖和甘油三酯含量显著下降.     

限食和再恢复投喂对鲮鱼生化组成的影响

在水温 19℃— 2 4℃条件下对鲮鱼 (初始体重 :88 86± 5 92g)进行了不同时间的限食处理后再充分投喂的恢复生长实验。结果表明 :限食状态下 ,肝脏糖原 ,肝脏脂肪和肌肉 (白肌 )糖原含量均显著降低 ;肝脏和肌肉水含量显著升高 :而肌肉脂肪 ,肝脏蛋白和肌肉蛋白变化都不显著 ;血糖 ,血脂和血浆蛋白含量都显著降低。再充分投喂后 ,各生化成分均恢复到对照组水平 ,表明鲮鱼在恢复生长过程中产生了显著的补偿效应     

不同蛋白质和脂肪水平对1龄团头鲂生长性能和体组成的影响

试验采用3×3因子设计,探讨了饲料中不同蛋白质和脂肪水平对1龄团头鲂[均重:(50.37±1.27)g]生长性能和体组成的影响。试验设3个蛋白质水平(25%、30%和35%)和3个脂肪水平(3%、6%和9%),共配制9组饲料。试验鱼饲养于网箱(规格为2 m×1 m×1 m)中,每天投喂3次,试验期为8周。结果表明:蛋白质和脂肪之间无交互作用存在(P>0.05)。蛋白质和脂肪水平对存活率无显著影响(P>0.05)。增重率、特定生长率和饵料系数显著受蛋白质和脂肪水平影响(P<0.05)。其中,25%蛋白组的增重率及特定生长率显著低于其他蛋白组(P<0.05),而6%脂肪组显著高于其他脂肪组(P<0.01)。尽管35%蛋白6%脂肪组的饵料系数最低,但与除了25%蛋白3%脂肪和25%蛋白9%脂肪这两组外的其他组相比,差异均不显著(P>0.05)。蛋白效率比和氮保留率随蛋白质水平的升高显著降低(P<0.05)。此外,蛋白效率比显著受脂肪水平的影响(P<0.05),以6%组最高。能量保留率随脂肪水平的升高显著升高(P<0.05)。鱼体肥满度随蛋白质和脂肪水平的升高显著升高(P<0.05)。腹脂率和肝体比随脂肪水平的升高显著升高(P<0.05),而受蛋白质水平的影响较小(P>0.05)。蛋白质水平对全鱼、胴体和肝脏的组成均无显著影响(P>0.05)。脂肪水平对全鱼水分、脂肪和能量有极显著影响(P<0.01),其中,全鱼水分含量随脂肪水平的升高显著降低(P<0.01),而脂肪和能量含量则显著升高(P<0.01)。胴体和肝脏水分、脂肪含量的变化趋势与全鱼基本一致。以上结果表明,1龄团头鲂的适宜蛋白质和脂肪水平分别为30%和6%,适宜蛋能比为18.21 g/MJ。     

饥饿对食蚊鱼和唐鱼幼鱼能量物质消耗及游泳能力的影响

为探究食蚊鱼和唐鱼在遭受饥饿胁迫时其能量物质消耗利用特征以及在游泳能力上的响应在室内(25±1)℃水温下设0(对照组)、10、20、30和40 d5种饥饿时间,研究了饥饿对食蚊鱼和唐鱼幼鱼主要能量物质消耗以及对爆发游泳速度(U_(burst))和临界游泳速度(U_(crit))的影响,旨在从能量代谢和游泳行为角度探讨食蚊鱼和唐鱼幼鱼应对饥饿胁迫的策略及其种间差异.结果表明:饥饿前(0 d对照组),食蚊鱼糖原和脂肪含量均显著小于唐鱼,蛋白质含量却与唐鱼无显著差异,而无论何种游泳速度,食蚊鱼均显著小于唐鱼.经历不同饥饿时间后,两种鱼糖原含量均随饥饿时间增加呈显著幂函数曲线下降趋势,并在饥饿10d时接近于0,而脂肪和蛋白质含量均随饥饿时间呈显著线性下降.与唐鱼相比,食蚊鱼脂肪-饥饿时间线性方程斜率显著降低,但蛋白质-饥饿时间方程斜率却显著增加.饥饿40 d后,食蚊鱼和唐鱼能量物质消耗率均显示为糖原脂肪蛋白质;但从能量物质的绝对消耗量来看,食蚊鱼表现为蛋白质脂肪糖原,而唐鱼则是脂肪蛋白质糖原.而无论何种试验鱼,其U_(burst)和U_(crit)均随饥饿时间增加呈显著线性下降,且U_(burst)-饥饿时间线性方程斜率均显著小于U_(crit)-饥饿时间方程.与唐鱼相比,食蚊鱼U_(burst)-饥饿时间线性方程斜率无显著变化,但U_(crit)-饥饿时间线性方程斜率却显著降低.结果表明,饥饿胁迫下2种鱼的能量物质消耗利用特征与游泳能力变化密切相关.相比唐鱼,食蚊鱼虽然整体上能量储备较少,游泳能力较低,但在饥饿期间却主要利用储存量更大的蛋白质供能,饥饿后脂肪含量下降幅度小于唐鱼,其U_(crit)变化比唐鱼更加稳定,这从一定程度上表明其具有更强的耐饥饿潜力,为适应营养匮乏的溪流生境提供了有利条件.     

饥饿胁迫对刀鲚形体、体成分及血液生化指标的影响

以室内养殖刀鲚为试验对象,研究20天的短期饥饿对其形体、体成分和血液生化指标的影响,实验组分别在第0、2、5、10、15和20天取样。结果表明,脏体比和肝体比在饥饿的第2天即显著下降(P<0.05),肥满度和体质量在20天的饥饿期内呈下降趋势,但变化不显著(P＞0.05)。刀鲚肌肉粗脂肪在第5天显著下降(P<0.05),下降5.99%,而粗蛋白含量在第15天时才显著降低(P<0.05),水分在整个饥饿期间总体呈上升趋势,第10天显著上升(P<0.05),粗灰分含量在饥饿期间变化不显著(P>0.05)。血清总蛋白、球蛋白、胆固醇和皮质醇随着饥饿时间的延长呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而血清甘油三酯和血糖总体呈先急速下降并维持一定水平,其中甘油三酯在饥饿至第2天显著下降(P<0.05),血糖浓度在第5天显著下降(P<0.05)。表明短期饥饿胁迫使刀鲚形体发生一定的变化,随着饥饿时间的延长,刀鲚首先先动用体内储存的脂肪来满足能量供应,再动用蛋白质来维持体内的正常代谢,血液生化指标也发生与饥饿相适应的变化。     

饲料蛋白质水平对洛氏鱥生长、非特异性免疫及蛋白质合成的影响

为了研究饲料蛋白质水平对洛氏鱥(Rhynchocypris lagowskii Dybowski)生长、非特异性免疫及蛋白质合成的影响, 以洛氏鱥幼鱼[(6.98±0.01) g/尾]为研究对象, 以鱼粉、棉粕、豆粕及菜粕为蛋白源, 配制成蛋白质水平为24.98%、30. 02%、34.99%、40.01%和44.98%的5种等能、等脂肪的配合饲料, 进行为期8周的饲养试验。结果表明, 在试验条件下, 随着饲料蛋白质水平的升高, 洛氏鱥的终末体质量、特定生长率、增重率均呈先升高后降低的趋势, 其中34.99%和40.01%组洛氏鱥的终末体质量、特定生长率及增重率显著高于24.98%组(P<0.05); 随着饲料蛋白质水平的升高, 洛氏鱥饲料效率和蛋白质效率呈先升高后降低的趋势, 其中40.01%组洛氏鱥饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著高于24.98%组(P<0.05), 但与30.01%、34.99%和40.01%组差异不显著(P>0.05)。通过折线回归分析得出, 饲料蛋白质水平为35.89%时, 洛氏鱥的特定生长率最高; 饲料蛋白质水平为36.11%时, 洛氏鱥饲料效率最高。洛氏鱥肌肉中粗蛋白质含量随饲料蛋白质水平的升高呈先上升后下降趋势, 其中, 40.01%组洛氏鱥肌肉中粗蛋白质含量显著高于24.98%、30.02%、34.99%和44.98%组(P<0.05); 而洛氏鱥肌肉中粗脂肪含量随饲料蛋白质水平的升高呈先下降后上升趋势, 其中, 40.01%组显著低于24.98%、30.02%和34.99%组(P<0.05), 但与44.98%组差异不显著(P>0.05)。洛氏鱥肝胰脏的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(LZM)活性随饲料蛋白质水平的升高呈先上升后下降的趋势, 其中40.01%组洛氏鱥AKP、ACP、SOD和LZM活性显著高于24.98%、30.02%、34.99%和44.98%组(P<0.05); 洛氏鱥白肌中RNA含量和RNA/DNA比值随饲料蛋白质水平的升高呈先升高后降低的趋势, 其中40.01%组洛氏鱥白肌中RNA含量和RNA/DNA显著高于24.98%、30.02%、34.99%和44.98% (P<0.05)。通过折线模型回归分析可知饲料蛋白质水平为36.10%时, 洛氏鱥白肌中RNA含量最高; 饲料蛋白质水平为35.91%时, 洛氏鱥白肌中RNA/DNA比率最高。在洛氏鱥配合饲料中, 最适宜蛋白质需求水平为34.99%—40.01%。     

饥饿对于鲈肌肉、肝脏和血清主要生化组成的影响

于 2 2 93± 2 15℃条件下 ,在室外水泥池 (3m× 2m× 1m)中对正常鲈 (2 85 2 6± 6 5 4 g)和患脂肪肝病鲈 (4 6 4 71± 5 4 2 2g)进行为期 9周的饥饿处理。分别在实验开始后第 0周、 3周、 5周、 7周和 9周取样 ,以观察饥饿对于鲈内脏相对重量、肌肉肝脏和血清主要生化指标的影响。研究表明 ,鲈对饥饿耐受能力较强 ,在饥饿时首先快速动用肠系膜脂肪和肌肉脂肪作为能量供应 ,而在整个饥饿阶段则主要以肌肉蛋白质作为能量来源 ,肝脏中能源物质在饥饿中并无明显减少 ,故不是鲈饥饿时的主要供能物质。饥饿时 ,肌肉和肝脏中的水分和脂肪含量呈现负相关 ,尤其在肝脏中表现明显。鲈血清中脂肪酶、甘油三酯、胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白和高密度脂蛋白在饥饿中表现出周期性和阶段性的变化 ,其中正常鲈表现出有规律的波浪状图形 ,而脂肪肝病鲈则表现出山峰状图形 ,说明脂肪肝病鲈代谢机制不如正常鲈灵敏 ,9周的饥饿并不能减轻或消除鲈的脂肪肝病.     

Degradation and conversion of somatostatin in normal and diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro

Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the portal and jugular veins of streptozotocin diabetic rats was compared with that in normal control rats. In the diabetic group, somatostatin levels in the portal (p less than 0.05) and jugular (p less than 0.01) veins were both elevated compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the degree of elevation was greater in the jugular vein than in the portal vein. To further investigate the role of the liver in the clearance of somatostatin-28 in vivo, 2 micrograms of somatostatin-28 was administered as a bolus into the external jugular vein of intact and functionally hepatectomized rats. The mean half-time of somatostatin-28 was significantly longer in intact diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.05). The functional hepatectomy did not cause a significant difference in the half-time in diabetic rats but made it longer in control rats. These results suggest that the longer half-time of somatostatin-28 in diabetic rats in vivo is due to its slower hepatic clearance. The hepatic clearance of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 was further studied in vitro using a recirculating liver perfusion method. The hepatic clearance of 1.2 nM of either somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14 was significantly lower in diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.01). This indicates that elevated plasma somatostatin levels in diabetic rats are caused at least in part by decreased hepatic clearance of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Growth and mitogenic effects of arylphorin in vivo and in vitro

In insects, developmental responses are organ- and tissue-specific. In previous studies of insect midgut cells in primary tissue cultures, growth-promoting and differentiation factors were identified from the growth media, hemolymph, and fat body. Recently, it was determined that the mitogenic effect of a Manduca sexta fat body extract on midgut stem cells of Heliothis virescens was due to the presence of monomeric alpha-arylphorin. Here we report that in primary midgut cell cultures, this same arylphorin stimulates stem cell proliferation in the lepidopterans M. sexta and Spodoptera littoralis, and in the beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Studies using S. littoralis cells confirm that the mitogenic effect is due to free alpha-arylphorin subunits. In addition, feeding artificial diets containing arylphorin increased the growth rates of several insect species. When tested against continuous cell lines, including some with midgut and fat body origins, arylphorin had no effect; however, a cell line derived from Lymantria dispar fat body grew more rapidly in medium containing a chymotryptic digest of arylphorin.     

Antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities of purpurogallin in vitro and in vivo

Enzymatic oxidation of pyrogallol was efficiently transformed to an oxidative product, purpurogallin (PPG). Here, the anticoagulant activities of PPG were examined by monitoring activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), and the activities of thrombin and activated factor X (FXa). And, the effects of PPG on expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) were evaluated in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Treatment with PPG resulted in prolonged aPTT and PT and inhibition of the activities of thrombin and FXa, as well as inhibited production of thrombin and FXa in HUVECs. In addition, PPG inhibited thrombin-catalyzed fibrin polymerization and platelet aggregation. PPG also elicited anticoagulant effects in mice. In addition, treatment with PPG resulted in significant reduction of the PAI-1 to t-PA ratio. Collectively, PPG possesses antithrombotic activities and offers a basis for development of a novel anticoagulant. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(7): 376-381]     

Growth and reproduction of Arabidopsis thaliana in relation to storage of starch and nitrate in the wild-type and in starch-deficient and nitrate-uptake-deficient mutants

We have investigated the interactions between resource assimilation and storage in rosette leaves, and their impact on the growth and reproduction of the annual species Arabidopsis thaliana. The resource balance was experimentally perturbed by changing (i) the external nutrition, by varying the nitrogen supply; (ii) the assimilation and reallocation of resources from rosette leaves to reproductive organs, by cutting or covering rosette leaves at the time of early flower bud formation, and (iii) the internal carbon and nitrogen balance of the plants, by using isogenic mutants either lacking starch formation (PGM mutant) or with reduced nitrate uptake (NU mutant). When plants were grown on high nitrogen, they had higher concentrations of carbohydrates and nitrate in their leaves during the rosette phase than during flowering. However, these storage pools did not significantly contribute to the bulk flow of resources to seeds. The pool size of stored resources in rosette leaves at the onset of seed filling was very low compared to the total amount of carbon and nitrogen needed for seed formation. Instead, the rosette leaves had an important function in the continued assimilation of resources during seed ripening, as shown by the low seed yield of plants whose leaves were covered or cut off. When a key resource became limiting, such as nitrogen in the NU mutants and in plants grown on a low nitrogen supply, stored resources in the rosette leaves (e.g. nitrogen) were remobilized, and made a larger contribution to seed biomass. A change in nutrition resulted in a complete reversal of the plant response: plants shifted from high to low nutrition exhibited a seed yield similar to that of plants grown continuously on a low nitrogen supply, and vice versa. This demonstrates that resource assimilation during the reproductive phase determines seed production. The PGM mutant had a reduced growth rate and a smaller biomass during the rosette phase as a result of changes in respiration caused by a high turnover of soluble sugars ( Caspar et al. 1986 ; W. Schulze et al. 1991 ). During flowering, however, the vegetative growth rate in the PGM mutant increased, and exceeded that of the wild-type. By the end of the flowering stage, the biomass of the PGM mutant did not differ from that of the wild-type. However, in contrast to the wild-type, the PGM mutant maintained a high vegetative growth rate during seed formation, but had a low rate of seed production. These differences in allocation in the PGM mutant result in a significantly lower seed yield in the starchless mutants. This indicates that starch formation is not only an important factor during growth in the rosette phase, but is also important for whole plant allocation during seed formation. The NU mutant resembled the wild-type grown on a low nitrogen supply, except that it unexpectedly showed symptoms of carbohydrate shortage as well as nitrogen deficiency. In all genotypes and treatments, there was a striking correlation between the concentrations of nitrate and organic nitrogen and shoot growth on the one hand, and sucrose concentration and root growth on the other. In addition, nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was correlated with the total carbohydrate concentration: low carbohydrate levels in starchless mutants led to low NRA even at high nitrate supply. Thus the concentrations of stored carbohydrates and nitrate are directly or indirectly involved in regulating allocation.     

Production of arsine and methylarsines in soil and in culture

Arsenate, arsenite, monomethylarsonate, and dimethylarsinate were added to different soils, and evolution of gaseous arsenical products was determined over 3 weeks. Arsine was produced in all three soils from all substrates, whereas methylarsine and dimethylarsine were produced only from methylarsonate and dimethylarsinate, respectively. At least three times more arsine than dimethylarsine was produced in soil incubated with dimethylarsinate. Resting cell suspensions of Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes produced arsine as the sole product when incubated anaerobically in the presence of arsenate or arsenite. In all instances, no trimethylarsine was observed, nor could any evidence be shown for the methylation of any arsenical substrate in soil or in culture. It was concluded that reduction to arsine, not methylation to trimethylarsine, was the primary mechanism for gaseous loss of arsenicals from soil.     

Importance of guanine nitration and hydroxylation in DNA in vitro and in vivo

Guanine (Gua) modification by nitrating and hydroxylating systems was investigated in DNA. In isolated calf thymus DNA, 8-NO(2)-Gua and 8-oxo-Gua were dose-dependently formed with peroxynitrite, and 8-NO(2)-Gua was released in substantial amounts. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) with H(2)O(2) and NO(2)(-) reacted with calf thymus DNA to form 8-NO(2)-Gua dose dependently without release of 8-NO(2)-Gua. The frequency of strand breaks was higher than the sum of 8-NO(2)-Gua and 8-oxo-Gua, particularly in the MPO-treated DNA, indicating the importance of other types of damage. The activation of human neutrophils and lymphocytes with phorbol ester did not induce 8-NO(2)-Gua and 8-oxo-Gua in their nuclear DNA. However, 8-NO(2)-Gua was found in calf thymus DNA co-incubated with activated neutrophils in the presence of NO(2)(-). No significant formation of 8-NO(2)-Gua was found in liver DNA from mice treated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. The incubation of peroxynitrite or MPO-H(2)O(2)-NO(2)(-)-treated DNA with formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (Fpg) released 8-oxo-Gua, but not 8-NO(2)-Gua, indicating that 8-NO(2)-Gua is not a substrate for Fpg. Although 8-NO(2)-Gua was generated in isolated DNA by different nitrating systems, other types of damage were formed in abundance, and the lesion could not be found reliably in nuclear DNA, suggesting that the biological importance is limited.