小麦-簇毛麦易位系的抗条锈性遗传分析

本文对7个小麦-簇毛麦易位系种质V9128-1、V9128-3、V9129-1、V3、V4、V5、V12的抗条锈性进行遗传研究.用小麦条锈菌对供试材料苗期接种鉴定表明, 7个易位系的抗病谱存在着明显的差异,据基因推导原理和系谱分析,可初步推测这7个易位系所包含的抗条锈基因不尽相同.进而对两个抗病谱较宽的易位系的抗条锈性进行了遗传分析.结果表明小麦-簇毛麦易位系V9128-1对条锈菌CY30的抗条锈性由一对显性基因控制,小麦-簇毛麦易位系V3对条锈菌CY31的抗条锈基因由一显一隐2对基因控制.揭示了小麦-簇毛麦易位系抗条锈性为寡基因控制,为尽快利用这些宝贵抗病基因,培育小麦抗锈品种提供了科学依据.     

簇毛麦NBS类R基因相关序列的分子标记开发及其染色体定位

小麦近缘种簇毛麦携带许多尚未克隆的抗病(R)基因。NBS-LRR类型的R基因占已克隆植物R基因的绝大多数,因此,本研究根据NBS-LRR类型R基因的保守序列设计引物,从簇毛麦基因组DNA和cDNA中扩增获得23条相关序列。基于其中5条抗病基因同源序列(RGAs)H-56/d6、H-66/b2和CDS40设计引物,对小麦、簇毛麦、硬-簇双二倍体及其杂种以及已知携带个别簇毛麦染色体或染色体臂的小麦材料进一步进行PCR扩增,结果表明:3对引物均可对簇毛麦、硬-簇双二倍体进行特异扩增;同时,源于序列H-66/b2的引物可对1VL和6VL染色体臂进行特异扩增;源于序列CDS40的引物可在同时携带1VL和2VS或同时携带2VS和4V的小麦材料以及具有6VL的小麦材料中特异扩增,而H-56/d6的引物在携带1VL、2VS、4V和6V染色体臂或染色体的小麦背景中都不能获得目的片段的扩增。这些结果不仅为外源染色体臂在小麦背景中的追踪与鉴定提供了新的分子标记,而且这些标记还与外源染色体或染色体臂上的抗病基因或抗病基因同源物紧密连锁或共分离。     

小麦3个被白粉菌诱导基因表达的分析

含有抗白粉病基因Pm2 1的小麦 簇毛麦 6VS/6AL易位系在接种白粉菌后 ,叶片无任何病症。应用mRNA差异显示技术从小麦 簇毛麦 6VS/ 6AL易位系分离到 3个叶绿体蛋白基因片段 ,它们是TaD5、TaD2 3和TaD33,3个基因片段分别与小麦叶绿体基因rbcL ,拟斯卑尔脱山羊草叶绿体RNA聚合酶α亚基基因rpoA和大麦 1,5 二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶活化酶基因(Rubiscoactivase ,RcaA2 )同源性达 97%、98%和 88%。据此推测TaD5、TaD2 3和TaD33分别是 6VS/ 6AL易位系中的rbcL、rpoA和 1,5 二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶活化酶基因的片断。Northern分析表明这 3个叶绿体基因的表达在白粉菌诱导下得到增强。叶绿体基因组含有胸腺嘧啶重复区是在mRNA差异显示中克隆到叶绿体基因组基因的原因     

小麦-簇毛麦6VS/6AL易位染色体对小麦农艺性状的影响

利用3类试验材料,即由不同生态类型的推广品种与小麦-簇毛麦6VS/6AL易位系经过杂交回交选育的高代品系(种),3份涉及6VS/6AL的高代分离品系以及5个以小麦-簇毛麦6VS/6AL易位系作杂交亲本的F2群体,对含有与不含有6VS/6AL易位染色体材料的产量、株高、穗长、德粒数、穗粒重和千粒重等农艺性状进行方差分析.结果表明,6VS/6AL易位染色体对后代的小穗数、穗粒数、穗粒重和产量等农艺性状没有表现出明显的影响,对穗长和千粒重表现出一定的正向效应.多数6VS/6AL衍生品系的株高与亲本相比有所增加,但在同一组合的不同品系之间表现出一定的差异,在育种过程中通过选择可改变增高趋势.6VS/6AL易位系对白粉病免疫,并且遗传稳定,对小麦的抗病育种是很有潜力的抗源亲本.     

幼胚培养创造抗白粉病簇毛麦6VS端体

通过白粉病抗性鉴定、生化标记及分子原位杂交相结合的方法,从小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)幼胚培养组合T240 (普通小麦×小麦-簇毛麦(Haynaldia villosa Lam.) 6D/6V异代换系)的32个SC2代株系中,筛选出T240-6株系,其所有的抗白粉病单株均缺失簇毛麦6V染色体长臂上的谷草转氨酶位点GOT-V2,而具有短臂上的醇溶蛋白位点Gli-V2.细胞学染色体观察表明,该株系的所有抗病单株均具有1～2个端体,这些端体不能与小麦染色体配对,双端体之间可以配对.经原位杂交分析,端体杂交呈阳性,表明它们均为簇毛麦6V染色体短臂(6VS).     

簇毛麦的遗传学研究及其在小麦遗传改良中的应用

簇毛麦作为小麦的重要基因资源已引起人们的高度重视。介绍了簇毛麦的种类及优良性状．探讨了簇毛麦的分子细胞遗传学研究进展及与小麦及其近缘物种的亲缘关系,分析了小麦一簇毛麦双二倍体、异附加系、异代换系、易位系的选育,阐述了簇毛麦在小麦遗传改良中的作用及潜在价值。     

小麦硫代硫酸硫转移酶类似基因的克隆与定位

小麦-簇毛麦6VS/6AL易位系92R137含有抗白粉病基因Pm21。为了研究该易位系的抗病机理,应用mRNA差异显示和快速扩增cDNA未端（Rapid Amplification of cDNAEnd,RACE)技术对在白粉菌诱导后表达增强的基因进行了克隆,分离到1个命名为TaTST的全长cDNA序列。Northern杂交分析表明,TaTST基因在白粉菌诱导后表达明显增强,24h达到峰值,氨基酸序列同源性分析表明,TaTST与Datisca glomerata的硫代硫酸硫转移酶基因（rho-danese,EC,2.8.1.1)序列有64%相同,80%相似,用中国春缺体/四体系和端体系Southern杂交和基因特异性引物扩增（gene specific primer-PCR)将TaTST基因定位在小麦6B染色体短臂上,Southern杂交表明,该基因为单拷贝基因,由于在杨麦5号和6VS/6AL易位系间存在明显多态,可以推测在6VS上有TaTST的同源基因,TaTST是从小麦中分离的新基因。白粉菌诱导后的表达变化提示;TaTST与小麦抗白粉病反应有关。     

木霉属7个中国新记录种（英文）

报道木霉属7个中国新记录种:厚木霉、地中海木霉、矩孢木霉、近渐绿木霉、多孢木霉、特里克木霉和渐绿木霉。厚木霉分离自上海;地中海木霉、矩孢木霉、多孢木霉和特里克木霉分离自新疆;近渐绿木霉和渐绿木霉分离自四川;结合ITS、tef1-α和形态学特征进行鉴定。     

Some New Species and Varieties of the Genus Tetracyclus Ralfs (Bacillariophyta)

This paper reports a diatom assemblage found by the author from the Upper Tertiary continental strata in Shangdu County in Niemongol Autonomous Region and Dunhua County in Jilin Province of China. The diatom assemblage in Shangdu County comprises 4 new species and 2 new varieties: Tetracyclus ellipticus var. ovalifolium Li; Tetracyclus ellipticus var. rostrata Li; Tetracyclus jaoi Li; Tetracyclus navicularis Li; Tetracyclus shangduensis Li and Tetracyclus sinensis Li. From the Miocene of Dunhua County; JilinProvince are recorded 2 new species: Tetracyclus dunhuanensis Li and Tetracyclus ovaliformis Li.     

Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum combination on chickpea Fusarium wilt caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris

Fusarium wilt is caused by F. oxysporum Schlecht end. Fr. f. sp. ciceris (FOC) is a devastating disease of chickpea in Algeria. In this study, antagonistic effects of B. subtilis MF352017 (Bs1) and Trichoderma harzianum KX523899 (T5) isolated from the rhizosphere of chickpea were investigated separately and in combination for their efficacy in controlling the disease in vivo. The efficacy of the antagonistic biocontrol agents on Fusarium wilt was evaluated based on vegetative and root growth parameters of chickpea. Seed bacterisation with B. subtilis MF352017 (Bs1) and seed treatment with T. harzianum (T5) significantly protected chickpea seedlings from FOC as compared to untreated plants. Plant protection was more pronounced in T. harzianum-treated plants than in bacterised plants. The application of both antagonists effectively suppressed 93.67% of the disease and also enhanced plant growth leading to increased plant height, root length, fresh and dry weights of shoot and root. The mixture of antagonists increased the effectiveness of B. subtilis MF352017 (Bs1) isolate on Fusarium wilt and improved chickpea growth.     

Permeability properties of the membrane of vesicular stomatitis virions

Observations of the light-scattering properties of several enveloped viruses indicate that virions (vesicular stomatitis, SV5 and influenza), in common with other membrane systems, are osmotically active, responding to NaCl gradients by swelling in hypo-osmolar solutions and shrinking in hyperosmolar solutions. The permeability barrier responsible for this osmotic response in vesicular stomatitis virions was modified both by protease treatment to remove the viral glycoprotein and by treatment with the polyene antibiotic filipin, an agent known to interact with cholesterol in liposomes and membranes. Filipin altered the kinetic and equilibrium permeability behavior of virions but the extent of leakage of osmotic shocking agent was less than that in lecithin/cholesterol and lecithin/ergosterol liposomes and in ergosterol-containing ciliary membranes. Negative-staining electron microscopy revealed that filipin treatment caused structural changes in the viral membrane. Intact virions exhibited appreciably larger responses to osmotic change than did protease-treated virus particles. Thus, the osmotic barrier in intact vesicular stomatitis virions may not be exclusively lipid in nature.     

The structure of vesicular stomatitis virus membrane A phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance approach

The proton decoupled 40.48 M Hz ³¹P NMR spectrum of intact and unperturbed membrane-enclosed vesicular stomatitis virus (serotype Indiana) exhibited two distinct maxima. These can be resolved into a narrow, symmetric line and a broad asymmetric line. The ³¹P NMR spectrum of a multilamellar (unsonicated) preparation of the extracted viral lipids exhibited a line shape similar to that of the intact virus. A sonicated vesicle preparation of the extracted viral lipids exhibited a narrow symmetric line. The narrow component in the intact virus spectrum may be attributed to small membrane fragments. Phospholipase C digestion of the intact virus resulted in substantial reduction in intensity of both components which suggests that much of the contribution to both peaks is due to phosphate in the phospholipid polar head groups.The phospholipid phosphates in both sonicated and unsonicated preparations of the extracted viral lipids exhibited substantially longer relaxation times than did those in the intact virus. The short relaxation time emanating from the intact virus preparation is caused by immobilization of the phospholipid head groups which could be due to lipid-protein interactions. Trypsin treatment of vesicular stomatitis virions, which results in complete removal of the exterior hydrophilic segment of the membrane glycoprotein, increased the ³¹P relaxation time to a value similar to that observed in the protein-free total lipid extracts; this finding provides supporting evidence for the role of virus glycoprotein in shortened relaxation times. A reversible temperature-dependent change in apparent line width and absence of an effect of cholesterol on the ³¹P phospholipid spectrum were also demonstrated.     

The importance of water potential range tolerance as a limiting factor on Trichoderma spp. biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Biological control of fungal phytopathogens is often more variable in efficacy compared with disease suppression achieved by conventional pesticide use. Matching the environmental range of a potential biocontrol agent with that of the target phytopathogen is necessary if consistent disease suppression is to be achieved under field conditions. Strains of Trichoderma that could parasitise sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum had their spore germination and mycelial growth (five strains) and ability to parasitise sclerotia (two strains) tested under a range of water potentials under laboratory conditions. Relative mycelial growth and germination of all strains decreased with decreasing osmotic and matric potentials, with matric potential having a greater impact on growth and germination over the range examined. Trichoderma harzianum LU698 mycelial growth was the least affected by decreasing osmotic potential than the other isolates, and Trichoderma atroviride LU141 growth least affected by decreasing matric potential. The germination of LU698 and LU144 was also generally less affected by decreasing osmotic potential, although generally decreasing matric potential had the greatest affect on the germination of LU698 along with T. atroviride LU132. Soil treatments of LU698 and Trichoderma asperellum LU697 reduced sclerotial viability in all but the lowest soil water potential tested, with LU698 being most effective at ?0.1 and ?0.3 MPa after 28 days and LU697 most effective at ?0.01 and ?1.5 MPa after 28 days. We conclude that differences in the tolerance of potential biocontrol agents to changing water potential is an important experimental factor to consider when assaying biocontrol or making predictions of biocontrol efficacy in the field.     

柄灰包属四个中国新记录种

报告隶属于柄灰包目Tulostomatales、柄灰包科Tulostomataceae、柄灰包属Tulostoma的我国新记录种石灰色柄灰包T.cretaceum、隐柄灰包T.evanescens、惑柄灰包T.perplexum和美丽柄灰包T.pulchellum,并附有插图和照片。     

41例肠道寄生带绦虫taenia微生态学初步观察

１９８６年作者在西双版纳傣族自治洲,选择４１例肠道内寄生带绦虫者,驱虫进行微生态学观察。初步结果表明该地区带绦虫病有如下特点：（１）定植率高,占２６％,当地有生食牛、猪肉的习惯;（２）存在牛、猪带绦虫混合感染。４１例中驱出带绦虫者３７例,其中１８例寄生牛带绦虫,１５例寄生猪带绦虫,４例牛、猪带绦虫混合感染;（３）在感染有猪带绦虫１９例（包括混合感染的４例）中,９例为多条寄生,占４７％（９／１９）,