芥菜型油菜WRKY71转录因子基因家族的鉴定及表达分析

WRKY转录因子是植物中最大的转录因子家族之一,在植物生长发育及逆境胁迫中起重要作用。该研究在芥菜型油菜基因组概览测序的基础上,采用RT PCR技术克隆了4个芥菜型油菜WRKY71s基因,分别命名为BjuWRKY71 1 4。生物信息学分析表明,BjuWRKY71 1 4基因开放阅读框（ORF）分别为822、840、834和855 bp,分别编码273、279、277和284个氨基酸,预测分子量和等电点分别为30.80、27.11、31.58、32.18 kD和7.75、9.08、8.35、7.76。系统进化树分析表明,BjuWRKY71 1 4与白菜WRKY71转录因子相似性最高。亚细胞定位预测分析结果显示,BjuWRKY71s蛋白均定位于细胞核。这4个基因分别定位到芥菜型油菜的A09、B04、A07和scaffold144上。qRT PCR结果表明,4个BjuWRKY71s基因在高盐、脱落酸和低温胁迫下都有响应。在盐胁迫下, BjuWRKY71 3的表达量呈持续上升趋势,而其他3个基因在6 h时表达量达到最大,然后降低;在ABA处理下,BjuWRKY71s基因于6 h时表达量最大,随后逐步降低;低温处理后,BjuWRKY71s基因受低温诱导都显著上调表达。BjuWRKY71 4在该研究的3个胁迫条件下响应最为敏感。研究结果为进一步探讨该基因家族对芥菜型油菜逆境调控机制奠定了基础。     

中粒咖啡WRKY基因家族的生物信息学分析

WRKY转录因子是植物信号网络中不可缺少的部分,作为植物中最大的转录因子家族之一,在植物的多种应激反应中发挥着重要作用。该文利用生物信息学方法对中粒咖啡WRKY蛋白家族的理化特性及其分子进化进行了详细分析。结果表明:(1)CcWRKY蛋白氨基酸数量在103～994个之间,均无信号肽,推测其为非分泌性蛋白; 其二级结构以无规则卷曲为最主要的结构元件,三级结构主要分为6类,其中以CcWRKY15、CcWRKY25、CcWRKY37和CcWRKY42为主要成员的D类结构最稳定。(2)保守结构域及进化树分析结果显示,中粒咖啡WRKY基因家族含有49个成员,其中的10个成员归为WRKY第Ⅰ家族,34个成员归为WRKY第Ⅱ家族,5个成员归为WRKY第Ⅲ家族。(3)中粒咖啡 WRKY47基因与其他物种的系统进化分析结果显示,WRKY47与烟草亲缘关系最近,与非洲油棕(Elaeis guineensis)亲缘关系最远,说明WRKY47蛋白在生物进化过程中比较保守。该研究结果可为中粒咖啡WRKY基因家族分子功能的深层次研究提供一定的借鉴作用,对进一步探究中粒咖啡WRKY基因的功能、进化以及分子育种具有重要意义。     

小麦TaWRKY47基因的克隆与表达分析

为了探究小麦WRKY基因的功能,该研究采用RT PCR方法,在小麦叶片组织中克隆WRKY基因,并对其进行生物信息学和不同逆境胁迫下的表达分析。结果表明：(1)成功克隆得到1个小麦WRKY基因,命名为TaWRKY47。(2)TaWRKY47基因开放阅读框长度为900 bp,编码299个氨基酸,含有一个WRKY保守结构域和一个C₂HC锌指结构域,属于WRKY基因家族的第Ⅲ类成员。(3)亚细胞定位分析结果显示,TaWRKY47蛋白定位于细胞核。(4)荧光定量PCR结果表明,TaWRKY47基因在小麦根、茎、叶、雄蕊和雌蕊中均有表达,其中在雌蕊中表达量最高,且受低温、干旱、盐、ABA和H₂O₂等胁迫表达增强,推测TaWRKY47基因参与了小麦的逆境胁迫过程。该研究结果为进一步研究TaWRKY47基因功能与抗逆机制奠定了理论基础。     

沉默大豆GmWRKY33B基因导致大豆抗病性降低

WRKY转录因子基因家族是植物特有的转录因子,在防御中起着重要作用。通过生物信息学分析,本研究在古四倍体大豆(Glycine max)基因组中找到一对同源性高达93%的WRKY33同源基因,并将其命名为GmWRKY33B。从GmWRKY33B的两个同源基因保守区域选取一个315 bp片段构建至菜豆豆荚斑驳病毒(bean pod mosaic virus, BPMV)沉默载体(BPMV-VIGS)上,以期同时沉默上述2个GmWRKY33B基因。结果表明,同时沉默2个GmWRKY33B基因并不显著改变沉默植株的表型,但却显著降低了大豆对大豆斑点病菌以及大豆花叶病毒的抗性,说明GmWRKY33B在大豆免疫反应中起正调控作用。激酶分析表明,GmWRKY33B沉默植株中flg22诱导的GmMPK6的磷酸化水平较空载体BPMV-0植株显著降低,说明GmWRKY33B可以通过调控GmMPK6的激酶活性而参与大豆的免疫反应。抗毒素为大豆中主要起防御作用的植保素,而大豆异黄酮类特异性异戊烯基转移酶(prenyltransferase, PT)基因家族是参与大豆抗毒素生物合成的主要基因,许多PT基因启动子区含有与WRKY特异性结合的W-box序列。在丁香假单胞菌pv.甘氨酸(Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea, Psg)侵染条件下,4个PT基因的表达水平在沉默株系中显著降低,说明GmWRKY33B参与PT基因的转录激活。综上所述,GmWRKY33B通过调控GmMPK6的激活以及调控大豆抗毒素生物合成途径中关键酶编码基因的表达而参与免疫反应。     

hpc2研究进展

生物个体的胚胎发育以及细胞的增殖、分化,都同时受到多种基因的严格调控,PcG基因家族就是一类重要的发育相关基因.而hPc2基因是人PcG基因家族中的一个重要成员,其编码的HPC2蛋白,不仅可以和HPH、BMI-1以及RING1等其他人类PcG蛋白结合形成HPC/HPH PcG复合体,以蛋白复合体的形式参与对homeotic基因的表达抑制,以维持机体的正常发育以及细胞的增殖和定向分化,还发现它能与其他多种蛋白质相结合,提示HPC2可能具有多种功能.因此,对hPc2的深入研究不仅有助于进一步阐明PcG基因家族的作用机理,扩展人们对基因表达调控的认识,还有助于发现PcG基因家族与其他信号转导通路的联系,更好地理解细胞信号网络系统.     

茶树TIFY基因家族鉴定及非生物胁迫下表达分析

TIFY基因家族在茶树激素信号转导及其逆境胁迫具有十分重要的作用。该文利用生物信息学方法对茶树基因组中的TIFY家族进行了鉴定,分析其理化性质、系统进化、基因结构、染色体定位、启动子区顺式作用元件、组织表达模式,并通过RT-qPCR对部分TIFY家族成员进行了非生物胁迫。结果表明:(1)茶树TIFY基因家族成员19个(CsTIFY1～CsTIFY19),分属于4个蛋白亚家族TIFY、JAZ、ZML 和 PPD,且不均匀地分布在8 条染色体上,按照进化关系及结构特点可分为 7 组,每组内具有相似的基因结构与保守基序组成。(2)CsTIFYs基因的启动子区具有多种包含激素和非生物胁迫响应的顺式作用元件,通过实时荧光定量(RT-qPCR)分析其家族成员对在茉莉酸甲酯、盐(20%氯化钠)、冷(4 ℃)以及干旱(20% PEG-6000)处理下反应强烈,部分基因在根与顶芽中有较高的表达量。由此推测,TIFY基因家族可能在茶树激素信号调控、胁迫响应、生长和发育等多方面发挥功能作用。     

白菜CesA基因家族鉴定及表达模式分析

为探究CesA基因家族在白菜生长发育及纤维素合成过程中的作用机制,该文通过生物信息学的方法,以白菜的全基因组序列为研究区域,进行理化特征、基因结构、进化特征、保守基序及结构域、顺式作用元件和组织表达等鉴定分析。结果表明:(1)共鉴定出16个编码纤维素合成酶亚基的CesA基因,该家族成员所编码蛋白的理论等电点为4.76～9.12,相对分子量为17.76～122.67 kD,长度为153～1 089 aa。(2)15个基因不均匀地分布于白菜的7条染色体上,Bra036008定位于scaffold上。(3)大部分成员包含4～14个外显子,1～11个保守基序。(4)该家族具有保守的DDD-QXXRW 保守功能域。(5)该家族编码蛋白主要分布在质膜上,二级结构以无规则卷曲与α-螺旋为主,多数成员都含有CesA蛋白典型的N端、C端和跨膜区。(6)CesA基因在茎中表达量相对较高,其中Bra011865、Bra023952和Bra029874在茎、叶、花中显著表达。该研究结果为后续深入研究CesA基因功能以及白菜生长发育研究奠定了基础。     

当归延伸因子AsEF 1β基因的克隆及胁迫应答分析

延伸因子1β(EF 1β)是蛋白质生物合成过程中肽链延长必需的调节因子之一。该研究采用同源克隆和RACE扩增技术克隆当归EF 1β基因序列,分析该基因序列特征、蛋白结构特点及UV B辐射胁迫下的组织响应表达,以揭示当归栽培生境变迁过程中对UV B胁迫适应的分子机制。结果显示：(1)成功克隆获得当归EF 1β基因全长序列(950 bp),编码225个氨基酸,命名为AsEF 1β(GenBank登录号：MG736314);AsEF 1β蛋白的分子量为24.5 kD,理论等电点为4.48,属亲水性氨基酸,在其C末端具有一个EF 1B超蛋白家族的典型结构域和保守区,鸟嘌呤核苷酸交换结构域;其氨基酸序列与同为伞形科的胡萝卜氨基酸序列相似性最高,达93%。(2)qRT PCR分析结果显示,AsEF 1β基因在当归根部的表达量显著高于茎和叶(P<0.05);UV B辐射胁迫下,茎及叶中的表达量均上调,分别是自然光照处理的2.43和3.76倍。研究表明,AsEF 1β基因可能参与当归对UV B辐射胁迫的适应过程,为深入研究其在药用植物生长发育、逆境抗性形成及药效物质的生物合成代谢过程的生态调控奠定了基础。     

苹果MdPEPC基因家族鉴定及在腋芽萌发中的作用

磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase,PEPC）家族蛋白普遍存在各种植物中,在光合碳同化过程中起到重要作用,同时具有多种非光合生物学功能,但PEPC基因在苹果（Malus domestica Borkh.）中尚未研究报道。本研究以苹果新基因组数据为基础,利用生物信息学方法对苹果PEPC家族成员（the members of apple PEPC family,MdPEPC）进行鉴定,并对其在不同组织中的表达谱以及去顶和细胞分裂素噻重氮苯基脲（thidazuron,TDZ）处理后苹果腋芽转录组中的表达模式进行分析,以期探究MdPEPC基因在参与苹果腋芽萌发中的作用。结果表明,苹果MdPEPC家族共有6个成员,分布于6条不同的染色体上,且理化特征较为相似;系统进化树及序列比对分析显示其可分为2个亚组（Group Ⅰ和Group Ⅱ）,其中Ⅰ组含4个MdPEPC家族成员,属于植物型PEPCs,而MdPEPC4和MdPEPC5则与拟南芥细菌型AtPPC4聚类到Ⅱ组;共线性分析表明,MdPEPC成员之间不存在串联重复,含7对片段重复;顺式作用元件分析显示,MdPEPC家族成员不仅受光和逆境等影响,还受多种激素综合调控;表达谱显示,除MdPEPC4和MdPEPC5外,其他植物型MdPEPC在不同组织中均有表达。转录组数据分析表明,去顶和TDZ处理后MdPEPC1和MdPEPC3表达量上调,而MdPEPC2则在处理后48 h明显下调表达。综上所述,本研究通过对苹果MdPEPC家族的鉴定和分析,筛选出MdPEPC1、MdPEPC2和MdPEPC3作为调控苹果腋芽萌发的候选基因,以便后期对其进行深入研究。     

龙眼ERF家族成员鉴定及其在体胚发生早期的表达

为了解龙眼ERF家族的基本性质以及在体胚发生早期的表达规律,该研究对龙眼基因组鉴定出108个ERF家族成员进行基本理化性质分析与进化树构建,并结合龙眼转录组及miRNA、lncRNA数据库对DlERF家族成员与lncRNA、miRNA之间的关系预测与表达模式分析。结果显示：(1)理化性质及进化树分析表明,AP2/ERF结构域在龙眼中相对最为保守,DlERF对龙眼的抗胁迫能力以及对病菌的防御能力可能起着重要作用。(2)RNA Seq中的表达量分析可知,95个ERF基因在转录组中检测到表达,在愈伤组织(EC)、不完全胚性紧实结构(ICpEC)与球形胚(GE)阶段中分别存在31、11与53个ERF基因高表达。(3)qRT PCR结果显示,在龙眼体胚发生早期显著表达5个ERF基因中,Dlo_008317.1ERF15 2、Dlo_022310.1ERF1 1与Dlo_009939.1ERF98在GE阶段表达量显著高于EC与ICpEC阶段,Dlo_009070.1ERF106 3与Dlo_022634.1ERF22 1则分别在EC与ICpEC阶段高表达。(4)DlERF家族成员与相关lncRNA、miRNA表达量分析显示,LTCONS_00013739对靶基因Dlo_008317.1ERF15 2为正调控关系;Dlo_miR413与Dlo_miR1510a共同靶向Dlo_009070.1ERF106 3,从EC到GE阶段均表现出显著负调控关系,而Dlo_miR413与Dlo_008317.1ERF15 2的表达量表现出正相关,推测相比于Dlo_008317.1ERF15 2,Dlo_miR413更倾向于调控Dlo_009070.1ERF106 3;调控Dlo_009939.1ERF98相关的Dlo_miR408与Dlo_miR774b,从表达趋势来看,Dlo_miR774b在龙眼体胚发生早期过程能够负调控Dlo_009939.1ERF98;Dlo_miR399c与Dlo_022310.1ERF1 1在EC到GE阶段可能存在负调控关系。(5)不同梯度浓度的乙烯处理使得DlERF基因表达显著下调。这些发现提供了有关龙眼体胚发生早期DlERF的重要见解,从而为将来对龙眼体胚发生早期过程中DlERF的功能分析奠定了基础。     

The phylogenetic placement of Ostropales within Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) revisited

Results of molecular studies regarding the phylogenetic placement of the order Ostropales and related taxa within Lecanoromycetes were thus far inconclusive. Some analyses placed the order as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, while others inferred a position nested within Lecanoromycetes. We assembled a data set of 101 species including sequences from nuLSU rDNA, mtSSU rDNA, and the nuclear protein-coding RPB1 for each species to examine the cause of incongruencies in previously published phylogenies. MP, minimum evolution, and Bayesian analyses were performed using the combined three-region data set and the single-gene data sets. The position of Ostropales nested in Lecanoromycetes is confirmed in all single-gene and concatenated analyses, and a placement as sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes is significantly rejected using two independent methods of alternative topology testing. Acarosporales and related taxa (Acarosporaceae group) are basal in Lecanoromycetes. However, if the these basal taxa are excluded from the analyses, Ostropales appear to be sister to the rest of Lecanoromycetes, suggesting different ingroup rooting as the cause for deviating topologies in previously published phylogenies.     

Genome Analysis inNeurospora crassa;Cloning of Four Lociarginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) and Associated Chromosome Walking

We have cloned fourNeurospora crassagenes by complementation analysis. Cloned genes include thearginine-1(arg-1),methionine-6(met-6),unknown-7(un-7), andribosome production-1(rip-1) loci. Chromosome walks were initiated in ordered cosmid libraries from the cloned loci. A total of about 700 kb of theNeurosporagenome is covered in these walks.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Evolutionary relationships among aquatic anamorphs and teleomorphs: Lemonniera, Margaritispora, and Goniopila

The hypothesis that similar conidial morphologies in aquatic hyphomycetes are a result of convergent evolution was tested using molecular sequence data. Cladistic analyses were performed on partial sequences of 28S rDNA of seven species of Lemonniera, one species of Margaritispora and one species of Goniopila. Lemonniera has tetraradiate conidia with long arms, whereas Margaritispora and Goniopila have typically globose (isodiametric) conidia, with short conical protuberances in a stellate or quadrangular arrangement. Lemonniera and Margaritispora have phialidic conidiogenesis and both produce dark, minute sclerotia in culture whereas Goniopila has holoblastic conidiogenesis and does not produce sclerotia in culture. Goniopila produces a microconidial phialidic synanamorph in culture. All three genera have schizolytic conidial secession. Molecular analyses demonstrate that Lemonniera species are placed in two distinct clades: one within Leotiomycetes; the other within Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes. Margaritispora is placed with Lemonniera species within Leotiomycetes. Goniopila and Lemonniera pseudofloscula are placed within Dothideomycetes. No morphological character was entirely congruent with the molecular derived phylogeny. This suggests that for the group of species studied, conidial shape is not a reliable indicator of phylogeny but more likely the result of convergent evolution in response to the aquatic environment.     

Characterisation of cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactans-proteins (AGPs) and phenolics of Cola nitida, Cola acuminata and Garcinia kola seeds

Many Cola plant species are endemic to West and Central Africa. Cola acuminata and Cola nitida are used as masticatory when fresh, while the dried nuts are used for beverages and pharmaceutical purposes in Europe and North America. Garcinia kola seeds, that serve as a substitute for the true kola nuts, are used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including colic, headache and liver cirrhosis. Seeds extracts of G. kola are also known for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antiviral properties. To gain information on the chemical properties of the kolas, we have isolated and analyzed cell wall polysaccharides, arabinogalactan-proteins and phenolic substances from the seeds of the three kola species. The sugar composition of cell wall material of C. acuminata, C. nitida and G. kola revealed that Gal (up to 30%), Ara, GalA and Glc as the predominant monosaccharides, representing approximately 90% by mol of the total hydrolysable sugar present in this material. In Ammonium oxalate cell wall fraction, GalA was found to be the major sugar present in all kola species. In the alkali-soluble fraction, there were significant differences in the level of Glc and Gal. The level of Glc was high in C. acuminata and C. nitida while the level of Gal and Xyl were high in C. nitida and G. cola. Isolation and quantification of arabinogalactan-proteins demonstrate that G. kola seeds contained four to eight times more of these proteoglycans than the seeds of the other two species. Finally, analysis of soluble phenolic substances shows that caffeine and catechin were largely represented in C. acumina and C. nitida seeds, with caffeine accounting for 50% of all soluble phenolics. These findings indicate that the three Kola seeds are highly enriched in pectins and proteoglycans and that C. acuminata and C. nitida can be used as a possible source of caffeine and catechin.     

New species of Phaeoramularia, Pseudocercospora and Stenella from Western Ghats of India

Four new species of the hyphomycete genera Phaeoramularia viz. Ph. caesalpinae, Pseudocercospora viz., Ps. tiliacearum, Stenella, viz. S. argyreiae and S. grewiae occurring on Caesalpinia bonducella Fleming (Caesalpiniaceae), Grewia sp. (Tiliaceae), Argyrea sp. Lour (Convolvulaceae) and Grewia sp. L. (Tiliaceae), respectively are described and illustrated here. All these fungi were collected from Western Ghats of India.     

甘菊ClHSP70与ClHSP90基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究以甘菊(Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium)为实验材料,通过RT-PCR方法从甘菊转录组数据中分离出热激蛋白合成相关基因,命名为ClHSP70和ClHSP90。序列分析表明,ClHSP70基因ORF全长为2 559bp,编码852个氨基酸,蛋白功能区预测表明含有典型的HSP70蛋白NBD和SBD保守结构域;ClHSP90基因ORF全长为2 094bp,编码697个氨基酸,含有HATPase结构域和HSP90保守结构域。生物信息学分析表明,甘菊ClHSP70与大豆(Glycine max)和烟草(Nicotiana tomentosiformis)HSP70蛋白有较高的一致性,ClHSP90基因编码的氨基酸序列与紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)HSP90高度相似;实时荧光定量表达分析表明,在42℃处理不同时间,甘菊叶片中ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因表达均在0.5h时显著增加,1h达到最大值,2h后缓慢下降;不同组织表达分析表明,甘菊在42℃处理1h后,ClHSP70在成熟叶中的表达量显著高于嫩叶和根等其他组织;ClHSP90在成熟茎中的表达量最高。研究说明,ClHSP70和ClHSP90基因具有热激蛋白特征,参与了甘菊热胁迫应答过程,该研究结果为以后深入研究其基因功能奠定了基础。     

Molecular and morphological characterization of Leveillula (Ascomycota: Erysiphales) on monocotyledonous plants

Leveillula on monocotyledonous plants have been recorded as L. taurica by several authors, whereas the fungus on Allium has been described as an independent species, namely L. allii, by some authors. We sequenced ca 600 bp of the rDNA ITS region for two Leveillula specimens from Allium and Polianthes (both from monocotyledons) and compared them with several already published sequences from Leveillula isolates from dicotyledons. Pair-wise percentages of sequence divergences were calculated for all Leveillula isolates. The ITS sequence of the Polianthes isolate was identical to L. taurica on Helianthus and Vicia. The sequence of the Allium isolate was 99.5 % identical to L. taurica on Euphorbia, Haplophylum, Peganum, etc. These results suggest close relationships between monocot and dicot pathogenic Leveillula species. The identity between two monocot isolates was 98.4 %. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two monocot isolates do not group into a clade together. This result suggests that Leveillula acquired parasitism to monocots at least twice independently.     

The phylogenetic placement of the Leucogastrales, including Mycolevis siccigleba (Cribbeaceae), in the Albatrellaceae using morphological and molecular data

The morphology of many hypogeous fungi converges on a homogeneous reduced form, suggesting that disparate lineages are subject to a uniform selection pressure. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the morphology and infer the phylogeny of the Leucogastrales with Mycolevis siccigleba using a Bayesian methodology. A comprehensive morphological assessment was used for an a priori phylogenetic inference to guide the sequencing effort. All structures except spore ornamentation pointed to the Albatrellaceae as the most likely sister taxon. Polyporoletus sublividus, a close relative of Albatrellus, produces ornamented basidiospores with a similar structure to M. siccigleba basidiospores. The ITS from 30 taxa was used for the molecular phylogenetic analysis. P. sublividus was found sister to Mycolevis. Leucophleps spinispora and L. magnata formed a group sister to the Polyporoletus/Mycolevis group, whereas Leucogaster was polyphyletic with respect to the core of the Leucogastrales and sister to A. caeruleoporus. This relationship was expected as previously undescribed chlamydospores produced by members of Albatrellus had a similar morphology to the basidiospores of L. rubescens.