不同虫源和致害性的褐飞虱体内共生菌的种群动态

通过对不同地理种群和致害性的褐飞虱体内共生菌,在高温和抗性水稻品种作用下的种群动态研究表明,在正常湿度下褐飞虱体内共生菌的数量随若虫的生长发育而增加,5龄若虫期是共生菌增长的关键期;同一种群的褐飞虱秋季共生菌数量明显高于夏季。广西田间种群的短翅雌虫体内的共生菌数量显高于浙江省的杭州和龙游种群,经高温处理后,3个生物开共生菌数量均显减少,但其子代共生菌的数量在正常温度下马上恢复,与未经高温处理的褐飞虱共生菌数量基本相同,取食抗性品种的生物型1和田间种群的褐飞虱体内的共生菌数量均明显减少,取食抗性品种的第2代的共生菌又均比第1代少。这说明高温对共生菌的影响是暂的,而抗性品种的对共生菌的作用与褐飞虱种群对品种的适应性有关。     

褐飞虱致害性变异过程及其体内酶的变化

在室内连续用具不同抗虫基因的水稻品种TNl、IR26、Mudg。和ASD7、单管饲养褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)种群,研究它对抗虫水稻品种的适应过程及其体内酶的变化规律。 结果表明：褐飞虱在抗虫品种上取食2代的若虫存活率、若虫历期和短翅成虫体重均明显比取食感虫品种TNl的低,第3代以后与取食TNl者基本相同。第2代是褐飞虱适应抗虫品种的关键期。天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和丁-谷氨酰基转移 酶(GGT)的活性在关键的第2代最低,而超氧物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的含量增加。褐飞虱在适应抗虫品种以后体内天冬氨酸氨基转移酶活性明显提高。     

不同地理种群褐飞虱体内共生酵母菌的个体大小及数量差异

褐飞虱腹部脂肪体内普遍存在共生酵母菌,该类共生菌在褐飞虱的生理代谢和营养利用等方面起着重要作用。采用冷冻切片技术结合显微摄像系统观察法测定不同地理种群褐飞虱体内共生酵母菌的个体大小和数量。试验结果表明,不同地理种群褐飞虱雌(雄)成虫体内共生菌的个体大小和数量差异显著,依次为:对照种群>广西种群>浙江种群>福建种群。结合虫体内脂肪和糖元含量的分析得出,褐飞虱体内共生酵母菌的长、宽度和数量与脂肪和糖元含量显著正相关。文章从共生酵母菌的角度解释了不同地理种群褐飞虱致害性变异的内在原因,并推测,迁飞过程所导致的褐飞虱体内脂肪和糖元的消耗影响了该类共生菌的数量和质量,并最终导致褐飞虱对抗性品种水稻的致害性减弱。     

不同地理种群褐飞虱的致害性变异和为害特征(英文)

本文对采自广西、云南和浙江的不同地理种群的褐飞虱致害性变异和为害特性进行了比较研究。致害性测定结果表明,１９８９年后浙江种群褐飞虱仍表现为生物型２的致害特性;而广西种群在１９９１年后不仅能致害含 ＢＰｈ１基因的ＩＲ２６和 ＭＵｄｇｏ而且还能致害含 ｂｐｈ２基因的ＡＳＤ７,１９９７年广西和云南种群均能致害抗虫品种ＩＲ２６、Ｍｕｄｇｏ、ＡＳＤ７和Ｒ．Ｈ,表明这两个种群产生了不同与生物型１、２和３的致害性更强的新的生物型。自由选择试验结果表明,浙江种群的若虫和成虫对不同抗虫品种的取食选择性有明显的差异,成虫嗜食ＩＲ２６品种而若虫对不同品种的选择性无显著差别。云南种群若虫嗜食ＡＳＤ７,而成虫则嗜食ＴＮ１。室内试验表明,浙江种群的若虫历期最长,而在广西种群中取食ＡＳＤ７的若虫历期明显比取食ＴＮ１的长。取食ＩＲ２６的浙江种群的若虫存活率比取食ＴＮ１和ＡＳＤ７的高,而在抗虫品种ＡＳＤ７和ＩＲ２６上云南种群的若虫存活率明显高于浙江和广西种群。研究表明不同地理种群的褐飞虱的致害性与其为害特性并不完全一致。     

“秕谷草-伪褐飞虱-中华淡翅盲蝽”载体植物系统的可行性

为明确用于防治稻飞虱的“秕谷草-伪褐飞虱-中华淡翅盲蝽”载体植物系统的可行性,本文开展了靶标作物水稻、载体植物秕谷草和靶标害虫褐飞虱、替代猎物伪褐飞虱组合对中华淡翅盲蝽成虫形态、种群增长参数、产卵选择性和取食选择性的影响研究.结果表明: 中华淡翅盲蝽水稻种群(取食褐飞虱卵)的雌雄成虫个体均显著大于秕谷草种群(取食伪褐飞虱卵).取食褐飞虱卵的中华淡翅盲蝽种群增长参数单雌产卵量、净增长率、内禀增长率、周限增长率明显高于取食伪褐飞虱卵的种群,但取食伪褐飞虱卵也有较高的种群增长能力,足以扩繁种群.对于靶标作物水稻和载体植物秕谷草,无论是水稻种群还是秕谷草种群均偏好在水稻上产卵.同时,2个种群的雌虫、雄虫和若虫对褐飞虱卵和伪褐飞虱卵捕食量没有显著性差异.在上述研究基础上,讨论了在田间建立“秕谷草-伪褐飞虱-中华淡翅盲蝽”载体植物系统的可行性.     

芽孢杆菌的引入对褐飞虱微生物群和生长发育的影响

【目的】明确褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens体内可培养共生细菌的种类，探索其中芽孢杆菌类共生菌对褐飞虱微生物群和生长发育的影响。【方法】通过离体培养的方法，从褐飞虱两种不同致害性种群(TN1敏感种群和IR56高致害种群)中分离可培养共生细菌。通过16S rDNA测序对获得的可培养共生菌进行鉴定，在此基础上利用原位杂交研究了共生细菌在褐飞虱体内的分布。利用人工饲料添加抗生素和回补共生细菌的方式，研究了减菌和回补芽孢杆菌的处理对褐飞虱生长发育以及共生菌丰度的影响。比较了通过饲喂和显微注射对芽孢杆菌引入的影响，考察了芽孢杆菌的定殖与褐飞虱TN1种群致害性之间的相关性。【结果】利用离体培养法从褐飞虱中获得了15株不同的共生细菌，其中包括2株源于IR56高致害种群的芽孢杆菌类共生细菌BPH-S36和BPH-S33。原位杂交结果表明共生细菌在褐飞虱成虫唾液腺、肠道、脂肪体和雌虫内生殖器中均有分布，而在雄虫内生殖器中鲜有分布。体内共生细菌对褐飞虱的生长发育至关重要，共生细菌的减少导致褐飞虱存活率在第3和6天时显著下降，而回补共生芽孢杆菌BPH-S36或BPH-S33可使其存活率在第6天时显...     

两个水稻抗源与其育成新品种对褐飞虱生物学特性的影响

本试验对褐飞虱若虫生存率、发育进度、体重、种群建立以及成虫全氨基酸含量进行测定分析．结果表明,抗源品种上取食的褐0飞虱若虫存活率降低20%～40％;发育进度慢了1—2个龄期,体重轻13．2—17mg/10头,群体增长数量减少4倍以上。反映出抗源品种对褐飞虱的生存率、体重、发育进度及群体增长数量等生物学特性存在不良的影响,其育成品种也表观出相似的特点。成虫取食后全氨基酸测定结果表明,取食抗性品种后,虫体内氨基酸总含量偏低．与感虫品种相比相差2倍。     

不同地理种群褐飞虱的抗逆性

研究了不同地理种群褐飞虱对水稻抗性品种、若虫高密度、高温、饥饿和杀虫剂等逆境条件的抗性。结果表明,广西和云南种群褐飞虱对抗虫品种的适应性比浙江种群强而广,浙江种群只能适应抗虫品种ＩＲ２６而广西和云南种群则还能适应抗性更高的ＡＳＤ７和Ｒａｔｈｕ Ｈｅｅｎａｔｉ。广西和云南种群较能适应高密度环境,而浙江种群的适应性较差,其雌虫短翅率与若虫密度呈显著负相关。虽然广西和云南种群对高温的忍受性比浙江种群的强     

不同致害性褐飞虱种群的DNA多态性研究

采用RAPD-PCR方法,对分别在水稻品种TN1、Mudgo和ASD7上纯化82代的3个不同致害性褐飞虱种群的基因组DNA多态性进行了分析。从205个RAPD引物中筛选出了具种群特异性的引物10个,结果表明： 尽管未达到统计意义上的显著差异,雌、雄两性试虫种群间的遗传多样性一般高于种群内,种群内的多样性则以未经抗性品种筛选的TN1种群最高。用相似性系数进行类平均距离法聚类,能将同一致害性种群的各个个体与其他致害种群分开,雌、雄虫均无一例外,表明不同致害性种群间存在明显的遗传分化;同时雌、雄两性试虫分别归为2组,提示褐飞虱致害性遗传可能与性染色体连锁。不同致害性种群存在特有条带,有可能用于进一步建立褐飞虱个体致害性检测的分子标记。     

稻飞虱酵母类胞内共生菌的组织学研究进展

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens体内酵母类共生菌在褐飞虱生长发育和繁殖中起着重要作用,并影响着褐飞虱对寄主植物的致害性变异。该文系统总结了国内外已有的研究成果,讨论了褐飞虱共生菌的分类地位、形态特征、在寄主发育中的功能、侵染途径等,提出了开展褐飞虱生物型形成过程中体内共生菌变异的研究建议,以便利用共生菌来监测田间不同生物型褐飞虱的发生情况,最终实现控菌防虫和对不同生物型的准确预测。     

THE VIRULENCE CHANGE AND DAMAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS GEOGRAPHIC POPULATIONS OF BROWN PLANTHOPPER*

Abstract The virulence change and damage characteristics of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stal, populations collected from Guangxi, Yunnan and Zhejiang Provinces were studied by using various resistant rice varieties. The results indicated that the Zhejiang population could successfully infest varieties IR26 and Mudgo, showing the characters of BPH biotype 2 after 1989. The Guangxi population, however, could adapt the resistant varieties IR26, Mudgo and ASD7 after 1991. In 1997, the nymphal survival indices of Guangxi and Yunnan populations on Rathu Heenati (Bph3) were up to 70. 9 and 66. 7 respectively. This may imply that the BPH populations in Guangxi and Yunnan have shifted into a new biotype. In free-choice test, there was obvious difference in the feeding preference of nymphs and adults of Zhejiang population, the adult preferred to feeding on resistant variety IR26 and the nymphs chose the hosts randomly. Under 26 C and L12: D12, the nymphal duration of Zhejiang population was the longest in the three tested populations. For Guangxi population, the nymphal duration on ASD7 was significantly longer than on TN1, although it could infest resistant variety ASD7. The nymphal survival rate of Zhejiang population fed on IR26 was higher than those fed on TN1 and ASD7. On varieties IR26 and ASD7, an obviously higher nymphal survival rate was observed in Yunnan population as compared to those of Zhejiang and Guangxi populations. These results indicate that difference in virulence and damage characteristics could be found in different geographical populations of BPH.     

水稻品种抗褐飞虱不同生物型的稳定性

采用Tai氏方法分析估测12个水稻品种抗褐飞虱不同生物型的稳定性,以期为选育抗虫稳定性好的水稻品种提供较为有效的分析和监测方法.结果表明：光照强度、苗龄、施氮量对不同水稻品种对褐飞虱不同生物型的抗性表现及抗性稳定性有明显影响.抗褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ的品种中,RHT、RP1976-18-6-4-2、Ptb33的抗性较稳定,IR56的抗性不稳定,IR36、ASD7的抗性极不稳定;感褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ的品种中,TN1的感虫性稳定,桂华占、佛山油占、IR26的感虫性较稳定,国粳4号、Mudgo的感虫性不稳定.抗褐飞虱孟加拉型的品种中,RP1976-18-6-4-2、RHT、Ptb33的抗性不稳定,IR56的抗性极不稳定;感褐飞虱孟加拉型的品种中,桂华占、佛山油占、IR26的感虫性稳定;TN1、IR36的感虫性不稳定;国粳4号、Mudgo、ASD7的感虫性极不稳定.     

the differentiation of amino acid requirements in three host‐related populations of the brown planthopper,nilaparvata lugens (stål)*

Abstract In order to understand the differentiation of amino acid requirments in host‐related populations of the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), we established three BPH populations by separately maintaining them on three rice varieties, i.e. TN1 (common susceptible control), Mudgo (containing resistant gene Bph 1) and ASD7 (containing resistant gene bph2) for over 30 generations, and then reared them on 20 holidic diets, each with distinct overall amino acids and ratio of essential amino acid (EAA) to nonessential amino acid (NEAA). The emergence rate, brachypter rate, nymphal duration and weight of newly molted adults were evaluated and compared. The results showed significant difference among the three populations in the effect of amino acid variation on BPH performance, ascending in an order of Mudgo population ASD7 population > TN1 pupulation. The results also indicated that the required optimum concentrations of overall amino acids by BPH populations on Mudgo and ASD7 were 4.0% ‐4.8% and 4.0%, respectively, higher than that of TN1 population (2.4% ‐ 3.2%). In addition, it was found that Mudgo and ASD7 populations were more sensitive to the concentration of EAAs than TN1 population. We propose that there is substantial differentiation in responses to dietary amino acid conditions among different host‐associated BPH populations and that such differentiation may be closely related to the induced virulence shift on resistant rice varieties.     

抗性水稻品种对褐飞虱和白背飞虱种群参数的影响

在半自然状态下 ,用生命表方法初步比较了褐飞虱Nilaparvatalugens和白背飞虱Sogatellafurcif era在 4个抗褐飞虱水稻品种ASD7,IR3 6,JX89和Mudgo上的种群参数。初步的结果表明 ,白背飞虱在 4个抗褐飞虱水稻品种上具有较高的繁殖率 ,较短的发育时间和较大的种群增长。对褐飞虱各种群参数影响最大的是JX89,对白背飞虱影响最大的是Mudgo。与感性品种TN1比较 ,这些抗褐飞虱的水稻品种对 2种稻飞虱均具有不同程度的抗性。这些结果说明 ,抗褐飞虱水稻品种对白背飞虱同样具有一定的抗性 ,但白背飞虱对这种抗性具有较强的适应性 ,如果在一个地区长期推广抗褐飞虱的水稻品种 ,势必会导致白背飞虱的大发生     

迁人江淮稻区褐稻虱生物型跟踪监测及分析

该文对近年来褐稻虱迁入虫源的性质进行了探讨,结果表明迁入的虫源在鉴别品种Mudgo上的致害力,生存率、取食量和原始的种群生物型I没有明显的差别;两者在酯酶同工酶谱带数目和RF值也没有差异。迁入的虫源在田间抗性品种上明显表现虫量少。因此,迁入江淮稻区虫源仍是种群生物型I。人工在Mudgo上诱导产生的生物型1再回到感性品种上连续饲养8代,其对Mudgo的致害性降为1.O级,表明了褐稻虱生物型的不稳定性。     

褐飞虱生物型研究进展:致害性变异的遗传机制

能够“克服”水稻抗性的褐飞虱生物型的出现 ,是目前水稻育种及害虫防治工作中面临的重大难题。为探明褐飞虱生物型的形成机制 ,许多学者致力于生物型致害性的遗传学研究 ,然而得出的结论却不尽一致。该文综述了有关褐飞虱生物型研究中争论较多的 3个方面 ,即生物型致害性的稳定性 ,致害性的遗传机制 ,以及生物型的形成机制 ,并介绍了最新的研究进展 ,展望了该领域的研究方向     

Effect of plant water stress on honeydew production, weight gain and oviposition of brown planthopperNilaparvata lugens on rice cultivars

Glasshouse studies were made on honeydew production, adult and nymphal body weight gain, fecundity and size of egg groups of brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) (BPH) on CVS TN1, ASD7, Babawee, Mudgo, Rathu-Heenati and Ptb33 rice plants with watering regimes of 10 ml, 20 ml, 30 ml and excess water daily. Honeydew production, weight gain, fecundity and size of egg groups were greatest on TN1, followed by ASD7. BPH did less well on Babawee, Mudgo and Rathu-Heenati and they did worst on Ptb33. Watering regimes greatly affected performance, with significantly less honeydew, less weight gain, lower fecundity and smaller egg groups on plants with 10 ml water daily than on plants with excess water. The 20 ml and 30 ml watering regimes also significantly reduced honeydew production on TN1 and ASD7 and fecundity and weight gain of adults and nymphs on Mudgo. On Babawee adults gained most weight on the 20 ml and 30 ml treatments, and nymphs gained most weight on the 30 ml treatment. BPH laid most eggs on TN1, ASD7, Babawee and Rathu-Heenati when plants were given 30 ml water daily.     

Balancing selection and wild gene pool contribute to resistance in global rice germplasm against planthopper

Interactions and co-evolution between plants and herbivorous insects are critically important in agriculture. Brown planthopper (BPH) is the most severe insect of rice, and the biotypes adapt to feed on different rice genotypes. Here, we present genomics analyses on 1,520 global rice germplasms for resistance to three BPH biotypes. Genome-wide association studies identified 3,502 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 59 loci associated with BPH resistance in rice. We cloned a previously unidentified gene Bph37 that confers resistance to BPH. The associated loci showed high nucleotide diversity. Genome-wide scans for trans-species polymorphisms revealed ancient balancing selection at the loci. The secondarily evolved insect biotypes II and III exhibited significantly higher virulence and overcame more rice varieties than the primary biotype I. In response, more SNPs and loci evolved in rice for resistance to biotypes II and III. Notably, three exceptional large regions with high SNP density and resistance-associated loci on chromosomes 4 and 6 appear distinct between the resistant and susceptible rice varieties. Surprisingly, these regions in resistant rice might have been retained from wild species Oryza nivara. Our findings expand the understanding of long-term interactions between rice and BPH and provide resistance genes and germplasm resources for breeding durable BPH-resistant rice varieties.