华美游仆虫细胞微管胞器的直接荧光和免疫荧光标记

应用直接荧光和免疫荧光标记显示,腹毛目纤毛虫华美游仆虫(Euplotes elegans)细胞微管胞器由口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛、缘棘毛、尾棘毛、背触毛等纤毛器微管以及纤毛器基部附属微管和非纤毛区皮层微管骨架组成.其中,口围带基部含有小膜托架、小膜附属微管,波动膜基部含有波动膜托架,额腹横棘毛基部含有前纵微管束、后纵微管束、横微管束或放射微管柬,左缘棘毛和尾棘毛基部微管束分化不明显,背纤毛基部含有攻瑰花状的基体周围骨架,这些微管结构与细胞背腹面皮层纵微管与横微管网一起组织成该类纤毛虫的主要皮层细胞骨架.结果表明,游仆虫皮层细胞骨架是以微管为主要成分构建而成的,并且其棘毛基部微管的组成具有与其他类纤毛虫不同的特征;游仆虫间期细胞及形态发生时期纤毛基体或纤毛原基中存在中心蛋白,其可能与纤毛基体结构的维持及基体发生过程中微管的组装有关.     

镰游仆虫腹面皮层细胞骨架的扫描电镜观察

应用非离子去垢剂抽提和扫描电镜样品制备、观察相结合的方法，显示了镰游仆虫的腹面皮层细胞骨架，详细描述了处于毛基体和毛基体下水平的口围带、口侧膜、额腹横棘毛骨架，以及口围带小膜托架、口侧膜托架、额腹横棘毛托架的主要附属纤维和非纤毛区表膜下皮层骨架的立体图形。作者据所述各种纤毛器托架附属纤维的定位和分布特征推测，这些附属结构可能与细胞内各种纤毛器间的联系，以及包括纤毛器运动在内的整个细胞运动的协调等有关。     

用非离子去垢剂抽提获得的小游仆虫皮层细胞骨架的构形

由扫描电镜术显示,应用非离子去垢剂抽提获得的小游仆虫(Euplotes grocilis)皮层细胞骨架是由非纤毛区皮层骨架、纤毛器骨架及其附属纤维等构成的三维结构网架。各类细胞骨架以纤维物质为基本成分组成纤维网、纤维层、纤维束和纤维薄片等不同形态单元。其中：非纤毛区皮层骨架以表面纤维网和表膜下纤维层为形态单元位于细胞的外周层;纤毛器骨架中的口围带骨架、口侧膜骨架、额腹横棘毛骨架按各自的分布图式在皮层内定位,成为主要的皮层骨架结构。尽管这些纤毛器骨架显示不同的形态,但却具有相同的建构特征,即都是由纤毛器的毛基体、纤毛器托架和骨架附属纤维相互联系镶嵌在一起形成的相对独立的结构单元。分析推测,游仆虫皮层表面纤维网使细胞表面形成区域化结构,它也可能与细胞表面各部分的联系及其细胞与环境的相互作用有关;纤毛器骨架中各个纤毛器的毛基体复合结构可能对纤毛器托架和骨架附属纤维等起到微管组织中心的作用。     

包囊游仆虫皮层和营养核的超微结构研究

为研究纤毛虫在不同生理条件下结构的分化及其调节机理,本文应用透射电镜术显示,营养期包囊游仆虫背、腹面皮层表膜下含３种方式排列组成的纵微管层以及深部微管;口区皮层内含高电子密度的杆状小体;口围带小腹基部含电子致密带和小腹托架,棘毛基体基部及基体下微管束形成围棘纤维篮;背纤毛基体下方也含微管结构;大核染色质附着在核膜上,核膜其他区域有规则排列的核孔。     

包囊游仆虫休眠包囊的超微结构研究

包囊游仆虫休眠包囊中,各类纤毛器的纤毛基体上方的大部分纤毛杆退化,或仅保留毛基体,有时部分额腹棘毛的毛基体也瓦解消失。残留纤毛的纤毛杆周围微管和中央微管仍具有“9 2”结构特征,也有少数纤毛杆出现2套“9 2”微管共处于一层纤毛膜内的现象。毛基体中周围三联体微管的中央形成微管形结构聚合体,基体附属结构仅存在基体间连接及纤毛器托架的残余物;非纤毛区皮层表膜下未见微管层。纤毛区皮层含纤毛器腔周围微管层(相当于表膜下微管层)、纤毛器深部及附近的微管束和分散的微管群。并且,纤毛区皮层囊泡内含有呈不同形态的纤毛杆结构;大核核孔明显变大,核孔数目减少,核孔内膜附着染色质。     

腹毛目纤毛虫鬃棘尾虫纤毛器基部微管的荧光标记

腹毛目纤毛虫鬃棘尾虫的纤毛器微管骨架由口围带、波动膜、额腹横尾棘毛、左右缘棘毛和背触毛等纤毛器微管和纤毛器基部附属微管等组成,其中口围带基部含小膜托架、小膜后微管、小膜托架微管及小膜托架间的倒"V"形微管连接;波动膜基部形成微管骨架网;额腹横棘毛和左、右缘棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束和横微管束,但不同位置的棘毛基部微管发达程度不一样;背触毛基部以纤毛基体为中心向前、后皮层发出前纵微管和后纵微管,形成背皮层微管网.     

包囊游仆虫休眠包囊的超微结构研究

包囊游仆虫休眠包囊中,各类纤毛器的纤毛基体上方的大部分纤毛杆退化,或仅保留毛基体,有时部分额腹棘毛的毛基体也瓦解消失。残留纤毛的纤毛杆周围微管和中央微管仍具有“９＋２”结构特征,也有少数纤毛杆出现２套“９＋２”微管共处于一层纤毛膜内的现象。毛基体中周围三联体微管的中央形成微管形结构聚合体,基体附属结构仅存在基体间连接及纤毛器托架的残余物;非纤毛区皮层表膜下未见微管层。纤毛区皮层含纤毛器腔周围微管层     

新伪尾柱虫腹皮层纤毛器微管胞器的形态和形态发生

应用荧光紫杉醇直接荧光标记法显示,腹毛目纤毛虫新伪尾柱虫(Pseudourostyla nova)腹皮层纤毛器微管胞器由口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛和左右缘棘毛等纤毛器微管及纤毛器基部附属微管组成.口围带基部含小膜托架及与托架相联系的肋壁微管,其中领部小膜托架间由"Λ"形微管相联接;额腹横棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束、横微管束和周围微管束,其微管在不同棘毛基部的发达程度不一;缘棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束.同时,对新伪尾柱虫纤毛器微管胞器的形态发生和生理改组过程进行了详细的追踪研究,并对细胞皮层的额腹棘毛定位及组成特征进行了补充报道.此外,发现形态发生末期新纤毛器微管形成时,残存部分老额棘毛、横棘毛和缘棘毛,此后老结构逐渐被吸收.结果表明,新伪尾柱虫的纤毛器基部微管具有其种的特异性,新纤毛器微管分化过程中老结构可能具有定位和物质贡献作用.     

腹毛目纤毛虫大尾柱虫腹皮层纤毛器基部微管的荧光标记

应用荧光紫杉醇直接荧光标记,显示腹毛目纤毛虫大尾柱虫Urostyla grandis腹皮层纤毛器微管胞器由口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛和左、右缘棘毛等纤毛器微管、纤毛器基部附属微管等组成.其中,口围带小膜托架及其相联系的肋壁微管和波动膜基体托架,额棘毛基部前纵微管束、后纵微管束及横棘毛基部前纵微管束,中腹棘毛及左、右缘棘毛基部前纵微管束、后纵微管束和横微管束,是该纤毛虫皮层纤毛器基部的主要附属微管.据结果推测,尽管腹毛目纤毛虫的纤毛器基部微管具有相同的结构成分,但其结构的组成、分化特征、定位和定向、发达程度等均有差异.所得结果为进一步说明纤毛虫细胞皮层纤毛器的形态及其微管建构的多样性提供了新的证据资料.     

冠突伪尾柱虫的腹皮层纤毛器微管胞器及其形态发生

应用荧光紫杉醇直接荧光标记和抗α-微管蛋白抗体免疫荧光标记方法,显示冠突伪尾柱虫腹皮层纤毛器微管胞器由口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛和左右缘棘毛等纤毛器微管、纤毛器基部附属微管等组成。口围带基部含小膜托架及与托架相联系的肋壁微管,其中领部小膜托架间由"∧"形微管相联接;额腹横棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束、横微管束和周围微管束,其微管在不同棘毛基部的发达程度不一,其中两列中腹棘毛基部微管紧密联系成一条粗绳索样结构,且左、右中腹棘毛基部的横微管束定向相反;左、右缘棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束和横微管束,其中横微管束不发达。与目前已知的腹毛目纤毛虫例如贻贝棘尾虫、魏氏拟尾柱虫的纤毛器基部微管相比较,冠突伪尾柱虫腹皮层纤毛器基部微管除具有腹毛目纤毛虫纤毛器基部微管的基本特征外,也具有一些特殊的组成模式。皮层纤毛器微管形态发生中,前仔虫口围带并非全部是由老口围带更新而来的,其老口围带只有翻领部发生更新,且翻领部与领部接续处有一小段老的翻领部小膜保留,领部的小膜保留,结果其领部小膜、接续处保留的小膜与更新的翻领部小膜三部分共同组成前仔虫的新口围带。在后仔虫口原基发生的位置,其邻近的老横棘毛没有变化,此时老的横棘毛或许能起到"参照点"或定位作用;各类纤毛器发生、分化过程中,处于非原基区的老额棘毛、横棘毛及左右缘棘毛在较长时间内均未见明显的变化。它们可能是在新结构形成时仍然起到运动作用继而逐渐失去功能而退化瓦解的。     

草丛土毛虫皮层纤毛器的微管胞器研究

本文应用FLUTAX直接荧光标记和抗α-微管蛋白抗体免疫荧光标记．显示了土壤纤毛虫草丛土毛虫（Territricha stramenticola）的皮层纤毛器微管胞器．其中纤毛器基部微管按口围带、波动膜、额腹横棘毛、左右缘棘毛、背触毛等纤毛器图式分布和定位,口围带和波动膜基部含小膜微管托架、小膜附属微管和波动膜微管骨架网;额腹横棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束和横微管束：左、右缘棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束、横微管束及后微管芽;背触毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管柬。横棘毛基部含有较发达的横微管束,缘棘毛基部含后微管芽及其横微管束的定位可能具有本种纤毛虫细胞的特异性。纤毛器微管胞器在细胞表膜下分化形成的基部微管及其微管层使细胞的运动纤毛器与强固的微管骨架结构网相联系．其微管胞器的建构可能是细胞对土壤生存环境的一种适应．是细胞运动胞器的功能活动与环境相互作用的结果。形态发生中,老口围带微管是逐步进行更新的：老棘毛微管胞器对新结构的发生和形成具有定位和物质贡献的作用．并且老结构在新结构分化和成熟期间也经历了行使相应的生理功能及逐渐退化和失去功能的过程．     

原生动物伪红色双轴虫细胞纤毛器微管胞器的直接荧光标记

应用荧光紫杉醇直接荧光标记法显示,原生动物纤毛虫伪红色双轴虫(Diaxonellapseudorubra)细胞纤毛器微管中,口围带基部含小膜托架及与托架相联系的肋壁微管;额腹横棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束、横微管束和周围微管束,其微管在不同棘毛基部的定向和发达程度不一;缘棘毛基部含前纵微管束、后纵微管束。细胞形态发生过程中,前仔虫口纤毛器微管独立发生于老口围带内侧,在细胞形态发生末期新纤毛器微管形成时,尚有部分老额棘毛、横棘毛和缘棘毛残存,此后老结构逐渐被吸收。结果表明,伪红色双轴虫的纤毛器基部微管的分化很可能具有种属级的特异性,新纤毛器微管分化过程中老结构可能具有定位和物质贡献作用。     

Morphogenesis and Cortical Ultrastructure of Brooklynella hostilis,a Dysteriid Ciliate Ectoparasitic on Marine Fishes*

SYNOPSIS. Morphogenesis, and the cortical structures of Brooklynella hostilis, a cyrtophorine gymnostome ciliate ectoparasitic on marine fishes, were studied from protargol silver-impregnated preparations and with the aid of electron microscopy. The pattern of morphogenesis of Brooklynella is close to that found in less differentiated species of the families Chlamydodontidae (e.g., in the genus Trithigmostoma) and Dysteriidae (e.g., in the genus Hartmanula). The full number of kineties in the opisthe is restored after division from a segment of the left one of the 3 kinetics producing the oral rows. The oral rows consist of a double row of kinetosomes arranged in a zig-zag pattern; only the outer row is ciliated, the inner one being barren. However, the positions of the postciliary and transverse fibers indicate that the oral rows are not homologs of an undulating membrane but are akin to a membranelle. In association with the ventral somatic kinetosomes there are 4 postciliary fibers; a rather aberrant, transversally oriented kinetodesma; 2 microtubular, transverse fibers plus a transverse fibrousspur; and one to several ribbons of subkinetal microtubular fibers. Not directly associated with the kinetosomes are fibrous strands running subpellicularly between the kinetosomes and also deep into the cytoplasm. The cortical structures of Brooklynella are compared with those of some other groups of ciliates of about the same phylogenetic level in which the subkinetal microtubules can also be found– rhynchodine, suctorian, and chonotrich ciliates. The nasse consists of 6–8 nematodesmata not closely associated with the microtubular cytopharyngeal tube. The former have a distinctly developed densely fibrous capitulum containing barren kinetosomes which originally produced the nematodesma during stomatogenesis; the capitulum is connected by a fibrous link to the microtubular shaft. Extending from the oral rows to the capitula are fibrous structures strongly reminiscent of filamentous reticulum in hymenostome and peritrich ciliates. The structure of the posterio-ventral glandular organelle is also described and discussed.     

Les Tentacules d'Ephelota; Etude au Microscope Electronique.

SUMMARY. The central canal of the suctorial tentacle of Ephelota is limited by a fine pellicle composed of numerous longitudinal fibrils and bearing 16–18 membrano-fibrillar ridges arranged radially in the lumen of the canal. This structure resembles that of the myonemes in the heterotrichous ciliate Stentor.
The prehensile tentacle of Ephelota contains 4–6 axial protein fibers each consisting of a lamello-fibrillar bundle and isolated from one another by thin intracytoplasmic membranes.
In both types of tentacle the cytoplasmic portion is immediately limited by a very thin pellicle which is continuous with the "epiplasmic membrane" and covered by the alveolar cuticle which envelops the entire body of the ciliate.     

The notochordal sheath in amphioxus--an ultrastructural and histochemical study

The notochord and notochordal sheath of 10 adult amphioxus were investigated ultrastructurally and histochemically. The notochord in amphioxus consists of parallel notochordal cells (plates) and each plate consists of parallel thicker and thinner fibrils and numerous profiles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum situated just beneath the cell membrane. Histochemical staining shows that the notochordal plates resemble neither the connective tissue notochordal sheath nor the typical muscular structure myotomes. The notochordal sheath has a complex three-layered organization with the outer, middle and inner layer The outer and middle layer are composed of collagen fibers of different thickness and course, that correspond to collagen type I and collagen type III in vertebrates, respectively, and the inner layer is amorphous, resembles basal lamina, and is closely attached to the notochord by hemidesmosome junctions. These results confirm the presence of collagen fibers and absence of elastic fibers in amphioxus.     

THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE EXOERYTHROCYTIC STAGES OF PLASMODIUM FALLAX

The fine structure of the exoerythrocytic cycle of an avian malarial parasite, Plasmodium fallax, has been analyzed using preparations grown in a tissue culture system derived from embryonic turkey brain cells which were fixed in glutaraldehyde-OsO₄. The mature merozoite, an elongated cell 3- to 4-µ long and 1- to 2-µ wide, is ensheathed in a complex double-layered pellicle. The anterior end consists of a conoid, from which emanate two lobed paired organelles and several closely associated dense bodies. A nucleus is situated in the mid portion of the cell, while a single mitochondrion wrapped around a spherical body is found in the posterior end. On the pellicle of the merozoite near the nucleus a cytostomal cavity, 80 to 100 mµ in diameter, is located. Based on changes in fine structure, the subsequent sequence of development is divided into three phases: first, the dedifferentiation phase, in which the merozoite loses many complex structures, i.e. the conoid, paired organelles, dense bodies, spherical body, and the thick inner layers of the pellicle, and transforms into a trophozoite; second, the growth phase, which consists of many nuclear divisions as well as parallel increases in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosomes; and third, the redifferentiation and cytoplasmic schizogony phase, in which the specialized organelles reappear as the new merozoites bud off from the mother schizont.     

Ultrastructure of Sarcocystis tenella. I. Endozo?te (after negative staining]

The employment of negative staining technics for the endozoites (cyst stages) of Sarcocystis tenella allowed the elucidation of certain aspects of their fine structure. The conoid consists of similar to 20 oblique fibers and is surmounted by a ring with regular ornamentation. In the conoid's interior there are 2 excentric parallel microtubules which extend posteriorly for a considerable distance into the adjacent cytoplasm. The fibers of the conoid, intraconoid microtubules, appear to have the same diameter and structure as the 22 subpellicular microtubules. They are "cemented" anteriorly into a periconoidal ring which surrounds the conoid. The "reticulated" pellicle has certain differentiations: the micropore, surrounded by a "fibrillar" element, similar to 10 subcircular structures arranged into an anterior crown, and 11 rows of granules converging toward the posterior end. The sarconemes look like rice grains which, contrary to previous statements, are independent of one another. It is established that there are only 2 rhoptries.     

Sexual interaction ofEuplotes crassus: Differentiation of cellular surfaces in cell-to-cell union

A study by scanning electron microscope was performed to find out what cortical structures are differentiated by sexually interacting cells ofEuplotes crassus for their conjugant union. It was found that mixed cells of two complementary mating types, passed through an induction period, start uniting with each other by their ciliary membranelles which entwine around one another. Soon after, the two mating cells join more firmly by means of two linkages of the same type. Each linkage consists of the ciliary membranelles surrounding the left margin of the peristome of one pair's member to the ribbed wall limiting the right peristomial side of the partner. Remarkable changes in the architecture of the cellular cortex also occur after the initial interaction. In fact, an array of orderly longitudinal sequences of different kinds of protuberances is produced by just paired cells on their dorsal surface. In addition, membranelle cilia involved in the intercellular contact undergo discontinuous swelling along their length.     

TRACHELOMONAS HISPIDA VAR. CORONATA (EUGLENOPHYCEAE). I. ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CYTOSKELETAL AND FLAGELLAR SYSTEMS1,2

Trachelomonas hispida var. coronata Lemm. has a fibrous, mucilaginous, ovoid, mineralized envelope (lorica), the ornamentation and coloration of which are capricious in culture. Cells exhibit a radial distribution of most organelles: (i) A cortical endoplasmic reticulum, (ii) parietal chloroplasts, and (iii) a median vacuolar region surrounded by several Golgi bodies and diverse vesicles. Associated with the emergent flagellum is a “paraflagellar complex” that consists of dense globules, cross-striated ribbon-like structures, a paraflagellar body, and an array of parallel striated filaments. The stigma consists of a single layer of pigmented granules that partially surrounds the canal/reservoir transition zone where microtubular bands intersect. A microtubular cytoskeleton consists of pellicular microtubules, peri-canal microtubules, stigma-associated microtubules and para-reservoir microtubules. The thickenings on the posterior, concave margins of the pellicular strips suggest that this pellicle is of intermediate complexity between those of Euglena spirogyra (Ehrenb. and Trachelomonas volvocina (Ehrenb.).