白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)在贵州的分布与数量

白冠长尾雉(Syrmaticus reevesii)是我国的珍禽,分布于河北北部和西部、山西、陕西南部、湖北、湖南西北、贵州北部、河南西部、安徽西部及四川东部(郑作新,1978);还发现于甘肃南部的康县(刘乃发,1982)。1974—1982年,在贵州鸟类区系调查时,对于白冠长尾雉的分布、生态及数量曾作过初步研究,复于1983—1985年间,对它的生态生物学进行专门研究。本文仅就它在贵州省的分布和数量予以报道。     

黑喉红尾鸲

黑喉红尾鸲 ( Hodgson′s redstart Phoenicurushodgsoni)中等体型而色彩浓艳 ,喜开阔的林间草地及灌丛 ,常靠近溪流 ,取食在树间 ,如翁鸟类般捕猎食物。繁殖于西藏南部及东南部、青海东部、甘肃、陕西南部、四川西部和云南西北部。筑巢于山岩隐蔽平台处 ,杯状巢 ,窝卵通常4枚。分布于海拔 2 70 0～ 4 30 0 m。越冬至湖北、湖南、四川东部及云南东部。黑喉红尾鸲@吴秀山$北京动物园兽医院!北京100044     

基于MaxEnt模型的镇海林蛙种群潜在地理适宜性评价

镇海林蛙(Rana zhenhaiensis)为新命名的中国特有种,因缺少调查研究,其种群潜在的生态地理分布并不清楚。本文通过实地调查与文献查阅,收集到35个镇海林蛙分布地点,引入与以上地点对应的World Clim数据库1950—2000年的20个生物与环境变量,运用MaxEnt生态位模型对镇海林蛙的潜在分布区进行预测。结果表明:镇海林蛙适生概率为0.5~1.0的适宜栖息地主要分布在浙江、江苏、上海、安徽、湖南、湖北东部、江西中部、西部以及北部、福建沿海地区、天津西部等地,并且还零散分布于四川、重庆、山东、河北、广西、广东等地,适生概率为0.09~0.5的相对适宜栖息地主要在北京、山东、河南、重庆、贵州、广西、福建、广东、辽宁南部、天津东部、河北南部、陕西南部、四川东部、湖北西部、湖南南部、江西西北部以及南部、台湾北部等地区分布。预测模型取得的训练数据和测试数据的AUC值均为0.993,表明本研究获得的预测模型准确度很高,结果可信。MaxEnt模型的Jackknife检验表明,各环境变量中对模型的贡献度有差异,最暖季度降水量(贡献率为44.6%)和温度季节性变化标准差(贡献率为20.4%)是影响镇海林蛙潜在分布的主要因素。     

基于地理信息系统的红火蚁在中国适生区的预测

应用地理信息系统(GIS)对红火蚁在中国的适生区进行了预测.以高于发育起点温度的天数和有效积温作为决定性因子,年均降水量、海拔高度作为限制性因子,应用GIS中的Kriging空间插值功能将红火蚁在我国的适生性分布情况分为高度适生区、适生区、轻度适生区和非适生区.结果表明,广东大部、广西中南部、云南南部的少数地区、海南、台湾、香港和澳门是红火蚁的高度适生区.云南南部、两广北部、河南最南部、安徽西部、浙江大部、湖北中东部、重庆、湖南、江西和福建是红火蚁的适生区.轻度适生区分布于河北中东部、山东中东部、北京、天津、江苏中北部、安徽大部、河南大部、浙江西北部、湖北西北部、陕西南部、四川东部、贵州中西部和云南中部的少数地区.我国的西北、东北和华北的大部分地区为红火蚁的非适生区.     

柏木

柏木 Cupressus funebris Endl.是我国特有树种,别称柏树,香柏、丝柏、垂柏、香扁柏、垂丝柏、扫帚柏、柏香树、柏枝树、密密柏、璎洛柏。常绿乔木,广布于浙江、安徽、江西、福建、湖北、湖南、贵州、四川、两广北部、云南中部以及陕西甘肃南部。江苏南部有栽培,柏木喜生我国东部生拔海1000米以下,西部至拔海1600米,云南可达拔海2000     

枇杷枝干新害虫--皮暗斑螟观察初报

皮暗斑螟 ( Euzophera batangesis Caradja)分布在广东、河北、陕西、山东、江苏、浙江、湖北、湖南、四川、云南、西藏、日本及我省的木麻黄种植区 ,是沿海防护林木麻黄等主要树种的蛀干害虫。据文献报道、该虫除危害木麻黄外 ,还取食相思树、母生、杉木、柑桔、梨、金丝枣等林果植物[1 ] ,但迄今未见危害枇杷的报道。福建莆田危害枇杷的记录 ,是本虫经鉴定学名后当即加入《福建昆虫志》第五卷文稿的 [7] 。1 999- 2 0 0 1年 ,笔者在莆田市湄洲湾北岸灵川一果场发现该虫严重蛀食枇杷枝干 ,全场1 4 9株 4年生“长红 3号”枇杷全部遭到不同…     

湖北川桂叶精油的化学成分

川桂 ( Cinnamomum wilsonii Gamble)是中国特有植物 ,主产湖北、四川和湖南 ,在广西、广东、江西和陕西等省区也有分布 ,资源贮量相当丰富。由于其各部位器官均含有挥发油 ,具有比较浓烈的药香气味 ,我国民间历来习惯于利用川桂作为辛辣类佐料 ,烹调制作食品 ,或当作桂皮类中药材用以治疗疾病。因此 ,关于川桂挥发油 (精油 )的化学组成颇为引人关注。我们曾经研究报道过 ,湖北长阳和咸丰两县产川桂叶精油的主成分均为柠檬醛 ,其含量分别高达77.99%和 86.47% [1]。另据报道 ,四川产川桂叶精油的主要成分为芳樟醇 ( 2 4 .1 4% )和 1 ,8-桉叶…     

束管食螨瓢虫研究及利用概述

束管食螨瓢虫StethoruschengiSasaji隶属于鞘翅目、瓢虫科、小毛瓢虫亚科、食螨瓢虫属Stethorini,是多种作物叶螨的重要天敌。1968年Sasajif[1]在我国台湾采集到该天敌,并对其分类特征进行了描述,1975年庞雄飞等[2]首次报道了我国大陆的分布情况,发现其对豆类作物上的红叶螨有一定控制作用。西南农业大学植保系于80年代中期,着手调查了束管食螨瓢虫在四川的分布、生活习性以及田间消长规律,并考察其捕食行为、农药影响等,现将有关该天敌的研究情况总结如下。1分布迄今的文献表明,束管食螨瓢虫仅见分布在我国的陕西、湖北、江苏、…     

安徽绩溪发现淡绿鵙鹛

正淡绿鵙鹛(Pteruthius xanthochlorus)为不常见的留鸟,分布于海拔760~3 600 m的亚高山混交林及针叶林(约翰·马敬能等2000)。通常认为国内分布3个亚种,其中指名亚种记录于西藏东南部,亚种pallidus分布于云南、四川、重庆、甘肃南部及陕西南部,而亚种obscurus则间断地出现在福建、江西、浙江以及湖南壶瓶山等地(郑作新等1987,约翰·马敬能等2000,郑     

我国的十四种检疫害虫

马铃薯块茎蛾(图1)属鳞翅目麦蛾科,分布在我国西部和南部,计陕西二县,四川九县市,湖南四县,贵州十四县,云南八县,台湾本来就有,据最近报告安徽也有发现。它的寄主都是茄科植物,如:马铃薯(俗名马铃薯蛀虫,洋芋绣虫)、菸草(菸潜叶蛾)、茄子、番茄、蔓陀萝、刺蓟、酸浆等,而以为害马铃薯最占主要。成虫产卵在     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

History of the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus

This essay documents and examines the historical circumstances and events surrounding the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus in Cuba. Close scrutiny of the articles published by Walter Reed and his colleagues in 1900, 1901 and 1902 reveals their limitations as historic documents. Fortunately, other sources of information from that period survive in letters and documents written by individuals involved in the quest for the mode of transmission. Examination and comparison of those sources of information unveiled a fascinating story which reveals that misunderstandings engendered by published articles accorded merit where it was not fully due.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。