黄山种子植物区系成分分析

据调查和统计,黄山现有野生种子植物129科、638属、1420种(包括亚种、变种和变型)。科、属、种的地理成分分析结果显示：科以泛热带成分为主(占48．5％),其中科的热带性地理成分占59．6％;属以北温带分布最多(占23．7％),其中属的温带性地理成分占61．7％1种以中国特有分布最多,而种的温带性地理成分占33．1％。该区的优势科(含6种以上)主要有椴树科、木通科、猕猴桃科、清风藤科、忍冬科等,它们大多为亚热带和温带分布科。结合优势科的分析,认为黄山种子植物区系具有温带和亚热带性质,并且温带区系性质明显。     

重庆市种子植物区系特征分析

对重庆市种子植物区系进行了研究,其区系特征如下:(1)植物种类和区系组成丰富,共分布有野生种子植物208科1 127属4 764种,其科包含12种分布型和13个变型,属包含15种分布型和23个变型;(2)科的区系组成以热带成分占主要,总共包含83科,达到重庆地区种子植物总科数的39.90%,这说明重庆种子植物区系带有一定的热带亲缘关系.属的区系组成以热带成分最多,达到454属,占重庆市种子植物总属数的40.28%,表明重庆地区种子植物区系的热带亲缘关系较强;(3)特有现象明显,虽然本地区分布的特有科属相对较少,但特有种丰富.     

四川金佛山藓类植物区系的研究

通过半个世纪以来对金佛山近2000号藓类植物标本的鉴定,现确定金佛山藓类植物有40科,133 属和245种(包括4亚种、9变种和1变型)。其区系成分以东亚成分为主(33．77％),其次为温带成分 (28．57％)及热带、亚热带成分(24．68％)。文内还全面分析了金佛山藓类植物区系及我国南北8个山区藓 类植物区系之间的关系,用排序方法统计它们之间的相似性与非相似性系数,并着重就金佛山藓类植物区 系的过渡性特点作了探讨,提出在该山区与其邻近地区,存在一个苔藓植物东亚特有属的分布中心。     

河南省水生种子植物的生物多样性及区系特征

论述了河南省水生种子植物的生物多样性及区系组成。结果表明,河南水生种子植物有30科、61属、125种、1亚种、9变种及2变型,其中以挺水植物为主,有75种、1亚种、5变种、2变型;浮水植物次之,有33种2变种;沉水植物较少,有17种2变种。河南省水生植物的区系成分中,以泛热带、北温带和旧世界热带3种成分为主,其次是东亚和东亚北美间断成分和旧世界温带成分,植物区系中热带成分和温带成分几乎并重。     

华中地区藤本种子植物区系的研究

以湖南和湖北两省为代表对华中地区藤本种子植物的区系进行了研究。本区共有藤本种子植物62科175属838种,其中土著种类有60科159属784种。在科、属、种的水平上对藤本种子植物区系特性进行了较深入的统计和分析,并对本区藤本种子植物与邻近地区的关系、本区内的藤本种子植物的地带性分异进行了探讨。统计表明,本区藤本种子植物种数占该区种子植物总种数的11%,且61.7%的种类主要集中在30种以上的大科中;热带分布型明显多于温带分布型;泛热带、热带亚洲、东亚（中国）特有和东亚—北美间断分布科属比较集中,其中许多属为古老成分;本区藤本种子植物特有成分丰富,计有东亚特有科1科、中国特有属6属、中国特有种507种（其中华中地区特有种35种）。通过研究认为：本区藤本种子植物具有种类丰富、分布类型多样、特有成分较多、区系较古老的特点;与本区的全部种子植物区系相比,藤本种子植物区系的热带性更强,具有明显的热带亲缘性,并与喜马拉雅及中国西南有较强的地理渊源。     

山西汾河源头地区种子植物区系地理成分分析

汾河源头地处山西吕梁山北段的管涔山系腹地,暖温带北部.据调查,汾河源头共有种子植物94科398属875种(含种下等级,下同),其中裸子植物3科7属12种,被子植物91科391属863种.种子植物科、属、种各类分布型占总数百分比没有明显的相关性,科、属、种的区系成分特有现象不平衡.科的分布区类型中,世界分布40科,温带分布30科,没有中国特有科;属的分布区类型中,温带分布264属,北温带成分处于显著地位,中国特有属4属,反映出该区植物区系的温带性质;种的分布区类型中,中国特有分布最多,共501种,其次是温带亚洲和东亚分布,成为构成汾河源头地区森林植被和灌从植被的建群种和优势种的主要成分.     

山西中条山野生种子植物区系研究

中条山地处山西暖温带南部,水热条件良好,植物种类丰富,是山西植物多样性最丰富的区域,同时也是亚热带植物区系成分在山西分布最为集中的区域。据调查,中条山共有野生种子植物1287种,分别隶属于525属111科,其中裸子植物9种6属4科,被子植物1278种519属107科。其中国家一级保护植物1种,国家二级保护植物4种,山西省重点保护植物36种。种子植物科、属、种的区系成分复杂多样,特有现象不平衡。科的分布区类型中,世界分布40科,泛热带分布34科,没有中国特有科。属的分布区类型中,温带分布351属,中国特有属12属,反映出该区植物区系的温带性质。种的分布区类型中,中国特有分布最多,共504种,其次是温带亚洲分布和东亚分布,它们是构成中条山森林植被和灌丛植被的建群种和优势种的主要成分。     

甘肃省荒漠种子植物区系

对甘肃省荒漠区种子植物进行了调查和区系分析。结果表明:该区有种子植物543种,隶属于228属,55科;为典型的温带荒漠植被,起源古老,与阿拉善地区植物区系关系密切;植物种类贫乏,区系优势现象十分明显;优势科10个,分别为藜科、豆科、禾本科、菊科、十字花科、蓼科、石竹科、毛莨科、蒺藜科和柽柳科;表征科6个,分别为麻黄科、柽柳科、胡颓子科、蒺藜科、藜科和蓼科;该区地理成分多样,有9个分布类型,其中,温带分布型占绝对优势,占总属数的33.76%;地中海、西亚至中亚分布及变型在区系组成中也占有重要地位,占总属的28.95%;中国特有成分较低,仅占全国特有属的1.56%。     

江西井冈山自然保护区药用种子植物区系研究

江西省井冈山自然保护区共分布有药用种子植物 1 67科 ,含 5 2 9属 1 1 2 5种 (包括变种、变型 )。 1 67科可划分为 9个分布区类型 ,其中热带性科为 81科 ,占总科数的 63 .78% (除世界分布 ) ,温带性科为 46科 ,占总科数的 3 6.2 2 % ,热带性科占优势。 5 2 9属可划分为 1 4个分布区类型和变型。热带分布及其变型共 2 2 8属 ,占47.80 % (除世界分布型 ) ,其中泛热带分布及其变型共 1 0 8属 ,占总属数的 2 2 .85 % ,占热带分布属的 5 3 .5 1 % ,是本区中占主导地位的区系成分。温带分布及其变型共 2 3 8属 ,占 49.89%。中国特有属含 1 1属 ,占总属数的2 .3 1 %。该区系具有各种区系成分并存、区系中古老性成分与新特有成分并存、与世界各地联系广泛而复杂的特征。在植物区系的分区上 ,井冈山处于从亚热带至温带间的过渡地带     

宁夏种子植物区系研究

宁夏有种子植物(不包括栽培植物)101科493属1415种(含种下等级),其中裸子植物3科7属11种,被子植物98科486属1404种,另外,具有中国特有属12个,宁夏土著特有种21个(含种下等级)。本文对宁夏种子植物区系的组成、地理成分、特点进行了分析,主要结论如下:种类相对贫乏;区系地理成分复杂,区系中温带成分占绝对优势地位,显示出该区系的温带性质,其中北温带成分是宁夏植物区系的核心;区系起源古老,但也有年轻成分;区系联系广泛,多种区系成分的汇集,即华北-蒙古-唐古特三个区系成分交汇、混杂和过渡;宁夏土著特有成分和珍稀濒危植物较少。     

天南星科植物的花多样性与传粉策略

天南星科植物具有特殊的佛焰苞花序及多样化的传粉策略, 是研究被子植物花的分化与动植物之间进化生态学联系的理想材料。本文简述了天南星科不同类型的花序结构及其传粉适应意义, 总结了天南星科传粉策略的基本类型与演化历史。天南星科的苞片结构主要包括原始型、外展平面型、直立宽佛焰苞型和直立狭佛焰苞4种类型, 呈现出从简单的片状与外展平面状结构向复杂的立体包裹状的佛焰苞结构演化的趋势。肉穗花序可分为两性花花序、单性花雌雄同序和单性花雌雄异序3种类型, 演化路线为两性花花序→单性花雌雄同序→单性花雌雄异序。天南星科的传粉者主要有鞘翅目、双翅目、膜翅目昆虫, 表现出5种主要传粉策略: 食物报酬型互利传粉、气味吸引型欺骗性传粉、交配场所型互利传粉、产卵场所型互利传粉和致死陷阱型欺骗性传粉。天南星科植物通过花序的形状、颜色、产热以及花部挥发物来吸引传粉者, 其中最主要的挥发物有二甲基硫化物、甲基吲哚化合物、萜类和苯类化合物, 模拟食物或产卵场所信号吸引鞘翅目甲虫和双翅目昆虫为其传粉。天南星科植物的佛焰苞被认为是促进该科物种分化的一个重要结构, 但该性状的演化历史及其与传粉系统分化之间的内在联系尚不明确。利用现代分子生物学技术以及模型模拟等手段, 结合生理生态学方法深入探究传粉事件与天南星科植物的花多样性以及物种分化之间的联系, 有望提升关于植物-传粉者互作与植物的花多样性分化之间关系的认识, 并丰富对被子植物多样性演化相关研究的理解。     

Chaotic Floral Phyllotaxis and Reduced Perianth in Achlys (Berberidaceae)

Among the 16 genera of the Berberidaceae Achlys is the only one with a reduced perianth, an irregular floral phyllotaxis, and variable stamen number. Early floral stages show an unstable (chaotic) arrangement of the organ primordia. Only the single carpel of the gynoecium has a more fixed position in that the placenta is formed in the adaxial half of the flower. The irregularities in the androecium may be caused by the lack of influence of a perianth on floral symmetry. On the other hand, the regular orientation of the carpel is perhaps due to the early polarity of the flower, whereby the abaxial half of the flower is larger (with further developed stamen primordia) at the time when carpel polarity is established.     

桂味荔枝花器官的发生和发育过程研究

利用SV11立体显微镜和JSM-6360LV型扫描电镜观察‘桂味’荔枝花器官的发生和发育过程。结果表明:花序原基最先发生,然后形成数个大小不等的单花原基;4个萼片原基的发生不同步,其中一侧对位先发生;6～10枚雄蕊原基以轮状方式几乎同时发生;心皮原基最后发生,2～3枚(稀4枚)心皮原基同时出现,随后进行侧向生长,逐渐合拢形成子房。雌花中,花柱、柱头分化明显,雄蕊退化。雄花中,花丝细长,花药饱满,雌蕊退化或发育不完全。两性花中,雌雄蕊发育完全。花粉粒近球形,具3孔沟,表面为条纹状纹饰。     

花颜色和花气味的量化研究方法

花颜色和花气味是花部构成的重要内容。在已开展的传粉生态学研究中对二者的报道主要是描述性的,而其量化研究可以为揭示传粉机制提供有力的实验证据。本文主要介绍了花颜色的测量和标定方法,包括比色卡、分光色差仪和便携式光谱仪等;花气味的采集方法,包括动态顶空套袋-吸附采集法、吸附-溶剂洗脱法和固相微萃取法等;花气味的检测和分析方法,包括气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析和电子鼻型超速气相色谱仪分析等;以及昆虫行为学实验方法,包括气相色谱-昆虫触角电位联用技术、Y型嗅觉仪和飞行箱实验等。科研人员可以根据实验材料的特点和实验目的选择适合的量化研究方法。     

Floral development and vasculature in Eriocaulon (Eriocaulaceae) provide insights into the evolution of Poales

Background and AimsFloral developmental studies are crucial for understanding the evolution of floral structures and sexual systems in angiosperms. Within the monocot order Poales, both subfamilies of Eriocaulaceae have unisexual flowers bearing unusual nectaries. Few previous studies have investigated floral development in subfamily Eriocauloideae, which includes the large, diverse and widespread genus Eriocaulon. To understand floral variation and the evolution of the androecium, gynoecium and floral nectaries of Eriocaulaceae, we analysed floral development and vasculature in Eriocaulon and compared it with that of subfamily Paepalanthoideae and the related family Xyridaceae in a phylogenetic context.MethodsThirteen species of Eriocaulon were studied. Developmental analysis was carried out using scanning electron microscopy, and vasculature analysis was carried out using light microscopy. Fresh material was also analysed using scanning electron microscopy with a cryo function. Character evolution was reconstructed over well-resolved phylogenies.Key ResultsPerianth reductions can occur due to delayed development that can also result in loss of the vascular bundles of the median sepals. Nectariferous petal glands cease development and remain vestigial in some species. In staminate flowers, the inner stamens can emerge before the outer ones, and carpels are transformed into nectariferous carpellodes. In pistillate flowers, stamens are reduced to staminodes and the gynoecium has dorsal stigmas.ConclusionsFloral morphology is highly diverse in Eriocaulon, as a result of fusion, reduction or loss of perianth parts. The nectariferous carpellodes of staminate flowers originated first in the ancestor of Eriocaulaceae; petal glands and nectariferous branches of pistillate flowers originated independently in Eriocaulaceae through transfer of function. We present a hypothesis of floral evolution for the family, illustrating a shift from bisexuality to unisexuality and the evolution of nectaries in a complex monocot family, which can contribute to future studies on reproductive biology and floral evolution in other groups.     

Models of floral pattern in detached flowers of Silene coeli-rosa (L) Godr. (Caryophyllaceae)

Organ number per whorl was analysed in aberrant flowers of the long-day (LD) plant , Silene coeli-rosa , to test a hypothesis that organ number in a whorl takes its cue from an adjacent outer whorl and that perturbed organ number per whorl is not random but defaults to that of closely related taxa or genera of the Caryophyllaceae. When plants were grown under short-days (SD), transferred to LD and the shoot meristem excised and cultured in vitro under SD, the normal pattern of flower development was often disrupted. For example, we observed flowers which comprised floral whorls with an aberrant number of floral organs. In part, this was an effect of tissue culture; however, the over-and-above effect was the establishment of an alternative pattern of development. Our data indicate that two distinct and recurrent patterns occurred in the aberrant flowers we observed in five separate experiments. First, pairs of floral whorls were linked so that aberration in one whorl resulted in the next whorl being more aberrant than normal. Second, the number of organs in aberrant whorls was not random, but defaulted to an organ number which mimicked the flowers of closely related species of Silene or related genera in the Caryophyllaceae.  © 2002 The Linnean Society of London , Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2002, 140 , 229−235.     

Pre-adaptations and the evolution of pollination by sexual deception: Cope's rule of specialization revisited

Pollination by sexual deception is arguably one of the most unusual liaisons linking plants and insects, and perhaps the most illustrative example of extreme floral specialization in angiosperms. While considerable progress has been made in understanding the floral traits involved in sexual deception, less is known about how this remarkable mimicry system might have arisen, the role of pre-adaptations in promoting its evolution and its extent as a pollination mechanism outside the few groups of plants (primarily orchids) where it has been described to date. In the Euro-Mediterranean region, pollination by sexual deception is traditionally considered to be the hallmark of the orchid genus Ophrys. Here, we introduce two new cases outside of Ophrys, in plant groups dominated by generalized, shelter-mimicking species. On the basis of phylogenetic reconstructions of ancestral pollination strategies, we provide evidence for independent and bidirectional evolutionary transitions between generalized (shelter mimicry) and specialized (sexual deception) pollination strategies in three groups of flowering plants, and suggest that pseudocopulation has evolved from pre-adaptations (floral colours, shapes and odour bouquets) that selectively attract male pollinators through shelter mimicry. These findings, along with comparative analyses of floral traits (colours and scents), shed light on particular phenotypic changes that might have fuelled the parallel evolution of these extraordinary pollination strategies. Collectively, our results provide the first substantive insights into how pollination sexual deception might have evolved in the Euro-Mediterranean region, and demonstrate that even the most extreme cases of pollinator specialization can reverse to more generalized interactions, breaking ‘Cope''s rule of specialization’.     

兰花花发育的分子生物学研究进展

兰科植物是开花植物中最大的家族之一,其花高度进化,具有花瓣状的萼片,特化的唇瓣和雌雄蕊合生的蕊柱,是单子叶植物花发育生物学研究的理想材料。近年来有关兰花花发育基因调控的研究已取得了一些进展,本文从兰花开花转换和兰花花器官的形成两方面综述了近年来国内外关于兰花花发育分子机理方面的研究进展,主要介绍了文心兰、蝴蝶兰和石斛兰的花发育相关基因,并推测了兰花花被的进化发育过程,认为兰花的DEFICIENS(DEF)类基因在早期经过两轮复制,形成了四类DEF基因,从而促进了花萼与花瓣的分离、侧瓣与唇瓣的分离。该文最后对今后兰花花发育研究的发展方向进行了展望。     

Multicarpellate gynoecia in angiosperms: occurrence,development, organization and architectural constraints

Most angiosperms have gynoecia with two to five carpels. However, more than five carpels (here termed ‘multicarpellate condition’) are present in some representatives of all larger subclades of angiosperms. In such multicarpellate gynoecia, the carpels are in either one or more than one whorl (or series). I focus especially on gynoecia in which the carpels are in a single whorl (or series). In such multicarpellate syncarpous gynoecia, the closure in the centre of the gynoecium is imprecise as a result of slightly irregular development of the carpel flanks. Irregular bumps appear to stuff the remaining holes. In multicarpellate gynoecia, the centre of the remaining floral apex is not involved in carpel morphogenesis, so that this unspent part of the floral apex remains morphologically undifferentiated. It usually becomes enclosed within the gynoecium, but, in some cases, remains exposed and may or may not form simple excrescences. The area within the remaining floral apex is histologically characterized by a parenchyma of simple longitudinal cell rows. In highly multicarpellate gynoecia with the carpels in a whorl, the whorl tends to be deformed into an H‐shaped or star‐shaped structure by differential growth of the floral sectors, so that carpels become aligned in parallel rows, in which they face each other with the ventral sides. In this way, a fractionated compitum may still be functional. Multicarpellate gynoecia (with the carpels in one whorl or series) occur in at least one species in 37 of the 63 angiosperm orders. In contrast, non‐multicarpellate gynoecia are present in at least one species of all 63 orders. The basal condition in angiosperms is more likely non‐multicarpellate. Multicarpellate gynoecia are restricted to flowers that are not highly synorganized. In groups with synorganized androecium and gynoecium and in groups with elaborate monosymmetric flowers, multicarpellate gynoecia are lacking. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 174 , 1–43.