拿什么拯救你——我的“爱人”

正金线莲数量十分稀少,属于面临濒危的物种。金线莲在我国福建、云南、广东及广西等地区均有分布。野生金线莲的生存现状非常严峻,在有"金线莲之乡"美誉的福建省内,虽然大多数县市均有金线莲野生资源分布,但总体数量不多,以小种群分布,单个区域面积(约200平方米)内不超过40株。金线莲对生态环境及气候条件要求严格,并且自然条件下金线莲生长缓慢,种子难于萌发生长,同时生态环境也不断遭受破坏,加上虫鸟觅食,野生状态下已罕见有成片的密集分布。再加上近十几年来,金线     

广东肇庆地区金线莲低海拔林下栽培研究

为探索林下栽培金线莲[Anoectochilus roxburghii(Wall.)Lindl.]的方法,以肇庆广东星湖国家湿地公园核心区为基地,对低海拔(21~23 m)栽培金线莲的生长特性进行研究。结果表明,金线莲栽培地建议选择郁闭度约为65%的常绿阔叶林下。以原土壤+泥炭土(1∶1,V/V)为建畦基质,选择地上茎长≥4.16 cm,茎粗≥0.176 cm的Ⅰ级金线莲组培苗,在温度为18.3℃~24.5℃,湿度为84%~87%的3-4月份种植,成活率可达83.3%~86.7%,栽培120 d后植株地上茎长和单株鲜重分别增加了3.33 cm与0.71 g。5月份温湿度上升,金线莲栽培成活率显著下降(70.3%),且虫害高发。合理的林下栽培技术有助于开发利用和保护金线莲种质资源。     

气候变化背景下三尾凤蝶潜在适生区模拟及保护空缺分析

三尾凤蝶Bhutanitis thaidina为中国珍稀濒危物种,明确三尾凤蝶栖息地分布并加以保护对于维持濒危蝶类种群稳定及物种多样性具有重要意义.本文基于三尾凤蝶分布数据和气候、高程、土地覆被等环境因子,运用MaxEnt模型预测了当前及未来气候情景下三尾凤蝶的潜在分布格局,基于国家级自然保护区与三尾凤蝶适生区叠加分析识别了保护空缺.研究结果表明:当前气候条件下,三尾凤蝶适生区主要分布于秦岭、大巴山、子午岭、黄龙山、横断山及其周边区域;土地覆被、年平均温、海拔是影响三尾凤蝶适生分布的主要影响因素;秦岭东南段、滇东北等地区存在较大面积的保护空缺.随着全球气候变暖,三尾凤蝶适生面积整体呈下降趋势,栖息地破碎化加剧,适生区被保护区覆盖面积依次降低,其保护现状进一步恶化.研究成果为在气候变化背景下开展我国三尾凤蝶等濒危蝶类物种保护与管理工作提供参考.     

四川西部濒危植物桃儿七遗传多样性的RAPD分析

桃儿七是一种具有重要药用价值的珍稀濒危植物。采用RAPD分子标记技术,对在四川西部地区的桃儿七7个自然种群的遗传多样性水平和遗传结构进行了分析。用12个RAPD引物对7个种群共140个样品进行了扩增,共得到111条清晰带,其中32条具有多态性,在物种水平上多态位点百分率(PPB)为28.83%,在种群内的多态位点百分率变动幅度为4.50%至16.22%。同其它一些濒危植物相比,桃儿七种群具有较低的遗传多样性(He=0.0622,Ho=0.0987)。7个自然种群间出现了很强的遗传分化,分化指数接近70%。种群间的基因流低(Nm=0.2240)。造成上述结果的可能原因是与桃儿七的繁育方式和有限的基因流等因素有关。应将遗传多样性相对较高的松潘县牟尼沟种群作为原位保护的核心种群进行保护,尽量保护所有现有种群。     

十种濒危植物的种群生态学特征及致危因素分析

从保护生态学的观点出发,对10个濒危植物的地理分布、生境条件、种群数量动态、空间分布格局、种间关系、种群的生命表、生殖力表、有性生殖、无性繁殖等种群生态学特征进行了综合分析。论述了濒危植物以光合、蒸腾、呼吸为主的生理生态学规律;预测种群数量动态的Leslie矩阵、刻画种群空间分布格局的模型、刻画种群生长和数量增长的Logistic方程和多元回归模型所反映出的生态学特征。分析了濒危植物种群动态、发展趋势以及在内外因素作用下的生态学特征和过程。针对濒危植物保护研究存在的问题,从生态学角度对我国未来濒危植物保护研究应注意的问题提出了建议。     

基于MAXENT模型和Arc GIS预测蜡梅适生域在中国的潜在分布

蜡梅(Chimonanthus praecox)是我国二级濒危珍稀植物,是重要的冬季传统观花植物。利用已报道的246个分布点和worldclim中提取的19个气候因子,基于最大熵(Maxent)模型和地理信息系统(Arc Gis)对蜡梅在中国的潜在适生区分布进行预测分析,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线对预测结果进行检验和评价。结果表明蜡梅的潜在适生范围相对集中,主要集中在西南的四川盆地、华中、华东及华北的中南部地区,其他地区则适应性较低。温度是影响蜡梅分布的决定性因子,其中,当最冷季度平均温度接近0℃,等温性范围为0—10℃,降雨量变异系数约为45时,蜡梅的分布概率最大。与原分布区相比较,蜡梅的适生区范围正向中国东部地区和北部地区迁移。ROC曲线检验评价结果表明,Maxent模型的ROC曲线分析法的面积(AUC)值为0.986,预测结果达到了极高精度。     

生长季节和非生长季节交替出现的种群动态模型及环境变化的影响

有些生物的生长季节和非生长季节交替出现,本文建立了描述这种生物种群动态的方程,并研究了在环境稳定、随机波动、定向变化的情况下种群的变化方式,还讨论了种群的危害及濒危情况．生长季节延长时种群增大,有害生物的危害加重,濒危生物濒危程度减轻;生长季节缩短时种群减小,有害生物的危害减轻,濒危生物更加濒危或灭绝．     

极小种群植物白果蒲桃种群现状与保护评价

白果蒲桃是福建省云霄县特有极小种群植物,对其进行种群现状研究和保护评价。结果表明: 现存白果蒲桃种群只有25株,母树仅1株,除母树和1株小树外,其余均为幼苗幼树,数量稀少,缺乏中树、大树等龄级阶段。幼苗幼树空间分布不均匀,绝大多数分布于距离母树10～25 m的范围内。种群龄级结构不连续,种群发展呈不可持续状态。种群竞争主要来自其他伴生树种,其中,厚壳桂竞争指数占总竞争指数的66.6%,远高于其他种类。本研究构建珍稀濒危暨极小种群植物保护综合评价指标体系,从濒危程度、保护价值和保护优先性3个方面对白果蒲桃进行保护评价。白果蒲桃濒危程度为Ⅰ级(濒危程度指数为4.510),属于极危种,保护价值为Ⅰ级(保护价值指数为4.052),保护价值极大,保护优先性为Ⅰ级(保护优先性指数为4.016),应列为最优先保护级别。     

濒危物种四合木与其近缘种霸王遗传多样性的比较研究

 采用垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对西鄂尔多斯高原的濒危植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)种群和生长于同一生境的普通种霸王(Zygophyllon xanthoxylon)种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行了比较研究。等位酶分析表明,与其他灌木相比,两种植物均维持较高的遗传多样性。但濒危植物四合木种群遗传多样性水平低于霸王种群,多态位点百分率P分别为60％和83.3％,等位基因平均数A为1.6和2.2,平均期望杂合度He为0.245和0.392。种群间遗传分化不明显,基因分化系数Gst为0.051和0.020。这一结果说明不同类型的濒危植物具有不同的遗传含义,采取的保护措施也不尽相同。     

影响白蜡虫泌蜡主要气候因子及白蜡虫生态适应性分析

白蜡虫是一种具有重要经济价值的资源昆虫,其生态适应性问题长期存在争议。本文对四川 峨嵋、云南昆明、昭通等地白蜡虫自然种群生态学和泌蜡生态特性进行了对比研究。泌蜡与 种群死亡率的研究结果证实,在不利于种群生长的环境中白蜡虫的泌蜡量较高,死亡率也高; 而在适生环境中的泌蜡量较低,死亡率较低。故认为,传统上以白蜡虫泌蜡量的高低来作为适应生态环境的判断标准是不适合的。本文还从白蜡虫泌蜡生态适应性的角度分析了“高山产虫、低山产蜡”的原因,讨论了白蜡虫的生态适应性,得出白蜡虫适生区域主要生态指标为：年均温11℃～16℃,雨量800～1 200 mm／a,年相对湿度75％左右,年光照时数为1 900～2 500 h／a。提出白蜡虫泌蜡是其为适应环境的一种自身的保护性反应和生态对策,是对不良环境的一种抵御性反应。     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Synopsis of the tribe Bocageeae (Annonaceae), with revisions of Cardiopetalum,Froesiodendron, Trigynaea,Bocagea, and Hornschuchia

The tribal name Bocageeae Endlicher is reestablished and the tribe is circumscribed on the basis of solitary internodal ebracteate pedicels that are articulated at the base, and pollen shed in polyads of eight or more grains. Septate anther locules, large pollen size, and seed appendages are prevalent in the tribe. Intectate pollen with free-standing columellae, rare in Annonaceae, occurs not only in the genusTrigynaea but also in some species ofBocagea andHornschuchia. As defined here, the Bocageeae include seven neotropical genera:Cymbopetalum, Porcelia, Bocagea, Cardiopetalum, Froesiodendron, Hornschuchia, andTrigynaea. The latter five genera are revised and the treatments include ten new species:Cardiopetalum plicatum, Froesiodendron urceocalyx, Hornschuchia lianarum, H. santosii, H. leptandra, Trigynaea cinnamomea, T. lanceipetala, T. triplinervis, T. lagaropoda, andT. axilliflora, all from tropical South America. A new combination,Froesiodendron longicuspe, changes the rank of that taxon from subspecies to species.Cardiopetalum surinamense is removed fromFroesiodendron and reassigned toCardiopetalum on the basis of its connate petals, dehiscent monocarps, and seeds with bilobed arils. A cladogram provides an explicit hypothesis of intergeneric relationships in the tribe. The new combinationOnychopetalum periquino, based onTrigynaea periquino, is made.     

Novel phenylanthraquinones,isofuranonaphthoquinones, homoisoflavonoids,and biflavonoids from African plants in the genera Bulbine,Scilla, Ledebouria,and Rhus

The sale of non-cultivated plants poses a real threat to the survival of a large number of plant species. On the other hand, the fact that a given plant has become a traded item is an important lead in the effort to investigate plants for the purpose of discovering novel secondary metabolites that may have marketable properties. This report is largely based on the investigations of plants collected from vendors of medicinal plants. The identification is based on botanical specimens derived from the purchased plant parts either by growing them in a garden or through micropropagation using tissue culture techniques. Bulbine species yielded novel phenyl anthraquinones and isofuranonaphthoquinones, which were found to exhibit antiparasitic and antioxidant properties. Scilla nervosa subsp. rigidifolia and Ledebouria graminifolia yielded twenty homoisoflavonoids and two xanthones. Bulbs derived from tissue culture based specimens of L. graminifolia contained all the compounds isolated from the marketed samples. Some of the homoisoflavonoids were found to possess activity against colon and breast cancer cell lines. Rhus pyroides furnished six novel bichalcones some of which exhibited insect antifeedant, cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities. Structures of the compounds described in this report were elucidated by spectroscopic means including HRMS and 1D-, and 2D-NMR experiments. Interconversion of some of the phenyl anthraquinones was accomplished as part of their structure proof. The total synthesis of three of the biflavonoids was achieved using a synthetic route which involves a microwave irradiation promoted Ulmann synthesis. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Gametogenesis,endosperm development,and embryogeny inMicrocarpaea muscosa (Scrophulariaceae,Gratioleae)

InMicrocarpaea muscosa gametogenesis, embryo sac development (Polygonum type), endosperm development (cellular), embryogeny (Onagrad type), and seed structure are described. The different modes of endosperm development withinGratioleae are compared.     

rbcL sequences support exclusion ofRetzia,Desfontainia, andNicodemia from theGentianales

The taxonomic positions ofRetzia, Desfontainia, andNicodemia have been much discussed, and all three genera have been included inLoganiaceae (Gentianales). We have made a cladistic analysis ofrbcL gene sequences to determine the relationships of these taxa toGentianales. Four newrbcL sequences are presented; i.e., ofRetzia, Desfontainia, Diervilla (Caprifoliaceae), andEuthystachys (Stilbaceae). Our results show thatRetzia, Desfontainia, andNicodemia are not closely related toLoganiaceae or theGentianales. Retzia is most closely related toEuthystachys and is better included inStilbaceae. The positions ofDesfontainia andNicodemia are not settled, butDesfontainia shows affinity for theDipsacales s.l. andNicodemia for theLamiales s.l.     

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and device-related nosocomial infections: implications, trends, and potential approaches for control

For many years, device-associated infections and particularly device-associated nosocomial infections have been of considerable concern. Recently, this concern was heightened as a result of increased antibiotic resistance among the common causal agents of nosocomial infections, the appearance of new strains which are intrinsically resistant to the antibiotics of choice, and the emerging understanding of the role biofilms may play in device-associated infections and the development of increased antibiotic resistance. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans are consistently identified as some of the more important agents of nosocomial infections. In light of the recent information regarding device-associated nosocomial infections, understanding the nature of P. aeruginosa and C. albicans infections is increasingly important. These two microorganisms demonstrate: (1) an ability to form biofilms on the majority of devices employed currently, (2) increased resistance/tolerance to antibiotics when associated with biofilms, (3) documented infections noted for virtually all indwelling devices, (4) opportunistic pathogenicity, and (5) persistence in the hospital environment. To these five demonstrated characteristics, two additional areas of interest are emerging: (a) the as yet unclear relationship of these two microorganisms to those species of highly resistant Pseudomonas spp and Candida spp that are of increasing concern with device-related infections, and (b) the recent research showing the dynamic interaction of P. aeruginosa and C. albicans in patients with cystic fibrosis. An understanding of these two opportunistic pathogens in the context of their ecosystems/biofilms also has significant potential for the development of novel and effective approaches for the control and treatment of device-associated infections.     

A reconsideration of the genusRabdosiella (Lamiaceae,Nepetoideae, Ocimeae)

The two generaPlectranthus andIsodon are compared and found to be very dissimilar.Isodon ist considered to be misplaced inOcimeae subtribePlectranthinae and apparently is more closely related to subtribeHyptidinae. The disjunct genusRabdosiella is compared to these two genera and regarded to be polyphyletic. The AfricanR. calycina (Benth.)Codd is returned toPlectranthus and calledP. calycinus Benth., while the AsianR. ternifolia (D. Don)Codd is placed inIsodon sect.Pyramidium and calledI. ternifolius (D. Don)Kudo.     

Novel glycopeptides,containing desmosine and isodesmosine,isolated from porcine aorta

Intima-media of porcine thoracic aorta were digested with pronase, after extraction of the saline-soluble matters and fat. A glycopeptide fraction was precipitated with 90% (vol/vol) ethanol from the 80% ethanol-soluble fraction of the trichloroacetic acid (7%)-soluble fraction of the pronase digest. The glycopeptide fraction was fractionated by affinity chromatography on concanavalin A (Con A)-Sepharose 4B, yielding 4 fractions (FA, FB, FC and FD). The most carbohydrate-rich fraction (FB) was further purified to a homogeneous state. The purified FB (FB-0.1) and all other fractions contained desmosine and isodesmosine. The major sugars in the fractions without or with low affinity for Con A (FA, FB, and FB-0.1) were glucosamine, galactose, mannose and sialic acid, while those in the fractions with high affinity for this lectin (FC and FD) were glucosamine, glucose and mannose. All the fractions contained glycine, aspartic acid (and/or asparagine), serine, proline, threonine, glutamic acid (and/or glutamine) and alanine as the major amino acids, amounting to approximately 80% of the total.     

Species-specific albumin in fossil bones from Orce, Granada, Spain

A skull fragment (VM-0) from Orce, Granada, Spain, dated palaeomagnetically at about 1.6 Myr, is thought by some palaeontologist to be hominid, while others maintain it is equid. If hominid, it would be by far the oldest evidence ofHomo in Europe. Immunological studies on residual albumin in this fossil were carried out independently, and with different immunological methods, at the University of California, San Francisco (radioimmunoassay), and at the University of Granada, Spain (enzyme immunoassay). Other fossils attributed to hominids also studied wereVM1960 from Venta Micena, andCV-1 from Cueva Victoria, Murcia, Spain. Undisputed equid and bovid fossils from the same deposits and dated to a similar period as the Orce skull were also analyzed. Our results showed that species-specific albumin can be detected in 1.6 Myr-old hominid, equid and bovid fossils. The albumin from the Orce skull fragment and fromVM-1960 was immunologically closer to human albumin. These findings support the contention that theVM-0 andVM-1960 are hominid and that members of the genusHomo occupied southern Spain 1.6 Myr ago.