底栖动物功能摄食类群对酸性矿山废水的响应

为研究底栖动物功能摄食类群对酸性矿山废水的响应机理及高岚河硫铁矿对香溪河生态环境的影响状况,2006年9月、11月及2007年1月、3月、5月、7月对高岚河3个河段12个样点(受损河段G1—G3、恢复河段G4—G8、对照河段D1—D4)底栖动物进行了调研,同时测定了各样点水体金属含量(Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、Zn、Fe、Al、Ca和Mg)、pH值、电导、水温、总溶解性固体、盐度、溶氧、流速、水深、水面宽度等理化指标。对3个河段底栖动物群落功能摄食类群群落结构及理化指标进行了对比分析,结果表明,受酸性矿山废水的影响,受损河段金属含量及电导、总固体悬浮物明显高于对照河段和恢复河段,受损河段pH值显著低于其他河段;而对照河段和恢复河段各项理化指标不存在明显差异。共采集底栖动物213种,隶属7纲,59科,四节蜉(Baetis sp.)、侧枝纹石蛾(Ceratopsyche sp.)、锯形蜉(Serratella sp.)和扁蜉(Heptagenia sp.)为研究区域优势类群;功能摄食类群相对丰度收集者最大,刮食者和滤食者次之,捕食者和撕食者最小,分别为48.8%、20.6%、17.0%、9.0%、4.7%。受损河段底栖动物各功能摄食类群密度和生物多样性指数明显低于对照河段和恢复河段,且组成相对单一;刮食者对酸性矿山废水反应最为敏感。非度量多维标度排序和多响应置换过程分析表明,受损河段底栖动物各功能摄食类群群落结构同对照河段和恢复河段存在较大差异,而对照河段和恢复河段群落结构相似性较高。典型对应分析发现,矿山酸性废水的排放是影响底栖动物功能摄食类群分布的主要因素。     

硫铁矿酸性矿山废水对大型底栖动物群落结构的影响

2006年11月和2007年1月通过金属和生物指标的量化监测,就酸性矿山废水对大型底栖动物群落结构的影响及高岚河污染现状进行研究。典型对应分析表明：酸性废水对高岚河上游大型底栖动物群落结构影响最大。对高岚河大型底栖动物群落结构和功能摄食类群进行分析,研究硫铁矿酸性矿山废水对河流大型底栖动物群落的影响,结果表明：高岚河自矿源起约16km河段,大型底栖动物群落结构已经遭到严重破坏;多足摇蚊Polypedilum tritum和真凯氏摇蚊Eukiefferiellab rehmi对酸和金属均具有较强的耐受力;捕食者和刮食者对矿山酸性废水带来的污染反应最为敏感。逐步回归分析表明：大型底栖动物生物多样性受Al、Ca、Cd、Fe、Mg、Mn等金属影响最大;密度受Ca、Cr和Mg的影响最大。     

珊瑚藻类对南麂列岛潮间带底栖生物群落多样性的影响

为了解南麂列岛潮间带珊瑚藻类对于其他大型藻类和底栖动物的影响, 在南麂列岛国家级海洋自然保护区布设了4条潮间带断面, 于2012年5月至2013年2月对其生物状况进行了逐季调查, 分别分析了中低潮区大型藻类、非珊瑚藻大型藻类、底栖动物的物种多样性和均匀度, 并计算了大型底栖动物的功能多样性指数Rao's Q。主要结果如下: (1)共采集和鉴定出大型藻类52种, 其中珊瑚藻科藻类有5种; (2)珊瑚藻类在高潮区没有分布, 在中低潮区均占据优势, 占潮间带藻类生物量的68.9%。四季中低潮区大型藻类的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数范围为1.638-4.044, 非珊瑚藻大型藻类的多样性指数范围为1.495-3.809, 底栖动物为5.289-6.917; 大型藻类的Pielou均匀度指数范围为0.819-0.971, 非珊瑚藻大型藻类的均匀度指数范围为0.830-0.973, 底栖动物为0.967-0.988; (3)大型藻类物种多样性和均匀度指数的降低与珊瑚藻类优势度的增加相关, 但珊瑚藻类优势度与底栖动物物种多样性指数、均匀度指数和功能多样性指数均没有显著相关性; (4)底栖动物功能多样性与珊瑚藻类优势度均呈低潮区高于中潮区的变化规律, 但相关性分析表明两者间并无直接联系。推测珊瑚藻类通过竞争占据了其他藻类的生存空间, 从而降低了南麂列岛潮间带大型藻类的物种多样性和均匀度。底栖动物则因其自身生活特点而使得珊瑚藻类的扩张未能影响其多样性水平。     

三峡库区不同水文类型支流大型底栖动物对蓄水的响应

为探究三峡水库修建对库区不同水文类型支流大型底栖动物的影响,于2015年7月和2016年1月对三峡水库四条支流的大型底栖动物进行调研,分别对周期性受蓄水影响支流的非回水区与回水区和长期受蓄水影响支流的非回水区与回水区大型底栖动物群落结构进行比较研究,结果表明:⑴7月份三峡水库145米低水位时期共采集到底栖动物655头计59种(属),在受蓄水影响河段采集到底栖动物4种共40头,优势种为日本沼虾(占受蓄水影响区域的57.5%); 1月份三峡水库175米蓄水时期共采集到底栖动物1123头计69种(属),在受蓄水影响河段采集到16种238头,优势种为锯齿新米虾(占受蓄水影响区域的14.2%)。⑵周期性受蓄水影响支流的非回水区与回水区底栖动物密度、生物量和多样性指数无显著差异(P0.05);长期受蓄水影响支流的非回水区与回水区之间底栖动物密度和Pielou均匀度指数无显著差异(P0.05),但非回水区底栖动物生物量显著高于回水区(P0.05),底栖动物多样性和丰富度极显著高于回水区(P0.01)。⑶7月份影响底栖动物分布的主要环境因子共6个,分别是水深、流速、硝态氮、溶解氧、水温和电导率; 1月份影响底栖动物分布的主要环境因子共7个,分别是水温、溶解氧、总磷、流速、深度、电导率和透明度。     

广东横石水河流域溪流大型底栖动物漂流的昼夜节律

比较了广东横石水河流域二条相邻的3级溪流大型底栖动物的漂流种类组成及昼夜节律,其中一条溪流受广东大宝山矿外排的酸性矿山废水严重污染,水体pH值仅为3.45且重金属严重超标,而另一条为相邻的清洁溪流.结果表明：清洁溪流中大型底栖动物的数量和种类远比受酸性矿山废水污染的溪流丰富.在清洁溪流中共采获漂流底栖动物6 871头,隶属10目52类群,其中水生昆虫的数量和种类占绝对优势 (99.5%).但总漂流密度占优势的类群（相对多度超过5%）不多,主要集中在以下几种水生昆虫：七鳃假二翅蜉 (28.5%)、宜兴似动蜉 (13.8%)、短脉纹石蛾(13.2%)、白背锯形蜉（7.5%)、摇蚊科(6.5%) 和肖扁泥甲(5.0%).蜉蝣目种类和数量最多,占全部漂流底栖动物总个体数的65%,其中又以四节蜉科居多,占蜉蝣目总个体数的63%.毛翅目昆虫的数量（18%）仅次于蜉蝣目.大型底栖动物的漂流表现出明显的昼夜节律,漂流主要在夜间进行,未发现有日漂者.漂流密度高峰出现在21:00和2:00,漂流密度分别为（70.3±10.8）和（289.0±124.6） 头·100 m^-3.大多数优势种类漂流高峰出现的时段略有不同,但有些优势种类（如摇蚊科和肖扁泥甲）并未表现出明显的漂流昼夜差异.在受酸性矿山废水污染的溪流中,漂流动物只有1种嗜酸性的多足摇蚊,其漂流活动也在夜间进行,并有3个明显的漂流高峰,分别出现在19:00、0:00和4:00,最高漂流密度仅为（6.7±5.2)头·100m^-3.说明酸性矿山废水不仅降低了溪流中漂流底栖动物的物种多样性和数量,也改变了其漂流模式.     

永定河流域大型底栖动物群落分布格局及其影响因子

人类干扰造成了全球河流生态系统的普遍退化。流域尺度的水生生物分布特征及其影响因素研究对于河流生态系统的保护与恢复具有重要意义。本研究以永定河流域大型底栖动物群落为研究对象,分别于2017年春季(3月)、夏季(7月)、秋季(11月)开展全流域尺度的大型底栖动物调查。研究表明: 永定河流域以摇蚊科为主,优势类群包括直突摇蚊属、摇蚊属、雕翅摇蚊属以及多足摇蚊属。聚类分析表明,大型底栖动物群落结构存在显著的空间差异性,按照群落相似性可分为2组: 组1主要包含桑干河和东洋河水系,以直突摇蚊为主要优势种;组2主要包含洋河、妫水河以及永定河干流部分河段,以雕翅摇蚊为主要优势种。单因素方差分析表明,组2生物量、Shannon指数、Margalef指数、Pielou均匀度指数以及物种丰富度均显著高于组1,指示了该区域内更好的生态状况。大型底栖动物的季节差异显著,夏季的密度、生物量和各多样性指数均显著低于春季和秋季。典范对应分析显示,影响永定河大型底栖动物空间分布的环境因子主要包括水温、铵氮、pH、溶解氧和总磷。从水文因子的角度,流量和流速与主要生物参数存在显著相关性。组2中流速和流量与大型底栖动物密度和EPT%存在显著的正相关关系,表明急流生境有利于EPT(蜉蝣目、襀翅目、毛翅目)敏感类群的生存;但流量和流速与多样性指数呈负相关关系,表明过高流量和流速的生境条件不利于大型底栖动物多样性的维持。总之,水环境因子、水文因子都显示出了对大型底栖动物群落结构和多样性特征的影响,表明永定河流域生态系统受到多类型人为活动的影响。减少水质污染、适度恢复部分河段的流量是永定河流域生态系统修复的重要环节。     

新薛河底栖动物物种多样性与功能多样性研究

研究功能多样性与物种多样性关系及其随环境梯度的变化规律,有助于理解生物在群落中的共存机制;然而,二者间关系的研究在淡水生态学中尚鲜见报道。通过对新薛河典型河段(A缓流河段、B断流河段、C有机污染河段、D对照河段、E人为干扰河段)底栖动物季节性调查,就物种多样性和功能多样性时空动态及关系进行了研究。结果表明:在空间序列上,物种多样性指数在B河段均最低,表明间歇性断流对物种多样性影响重大。功能丰富度在D河段最高,A河段最低;功能均匀度在A河段高于其他河段;功能分离度在A、B河段最高,D河段最低。在时间序列上,物种丰富度和Shannon指数均值在10月份最低,4月份最高;均匀度指数在12月份最低,10月份最高。3个功能多样性指数于各季节间差异显著、相互独立,主要受水文条件和底栖动物生活史影响。相关分析表明,功能多样性指数间无显著相关性;功能丰富度同物种丰富度和Shannon指数相关显著,功能均匀度同物种均匀度相关显著。逐步回归分析发现,功能丰富度受物种丰富度和Shannon指数影响显著,功能均匀度受物种均匀度影响显著;功能多样性和物种多样性指数间拟合度总体不高。研究结果进一步表明:相对物种多样性,功能多样性对生境梯度变化响应更加全面。     

南水北调中线水源区溪流生态系统健康评价

2007年7月—2008年5月,对南水北调中线水源区丹江口水库若干入库溪流的河流水文、河流形态、河岸带、水体理化和底栖生物进行调查并应用河流健康综合评价指数进行评价。结果表明,位于上游的溪流生态系统健康状况较好,而位于城镇下游的溪流生态系统健康状况较差,主要体现在河流形态的改变、底栖藻类自养指数升高和底栖动物多样性减小。提出维持丹江口入库溪流生态系统健康的建议,除了对上游地区要进行生态环境保护外,更要对中游地区受破坏的河流形态进行恢复。     

不同生态恢复阶段无瓣海桑人工林湿地中大型底栖动物群落的演替

对广东省珠海市淇澳岛红树林自然保护区恢复背景相同的6个月林龄、3a林龄、6a林龄无瓣海桑人工林和光滩湿地中的大型底栖动物群落进行了比较研究。结果显示:处于不同生态恢复阶段的无瓣海桑人工林林地中大型底栖动物优势种(Y>0.02)存在差异;相似性分析检验(One-Way ANOSIM)表明4种生境间大型底栖动物群落结构差异显著。等级聚类和非参数多变量标序也显示4种生境间的大型底栖动物群落结构差异显著。相似性百分比分析(SIMPER)显示,各生境动物群落主要特征及群落间的差异主要是受各生境大型底栖动物优势种所决定。研究结果还表明:光滩、6个月林龄、3a林龄无瓣海桑人工林湿地中大型底栖动物群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数呈上升趋势,这说明无瓣海桑种植的前3a,随着植被的迅速恢复,大型底栖动物多样性增加明显。BIOENV分析结果表明:3a林龄之前的无瓣海桑人工林湿地中,大型底栖动物物种多样性主要受植被特征的影响,快速恢复的植被提供了荫蔽,既减轻了高温和水分蒸发对大型底栖动物的胁迫,又给动物提供了一个躲藏和逃避敌害的场所。而相对于植被的快速恢复,无瓣海桑人工林林地土壤理化性质的改变要缓慢和滞后得多。但随着恢复时间的延长,6a林龄无瓣海桑人工林湿地中的大型底栖动物群落的上述3个物种多样性指数反而明显下降。这是由于6a林龄无瓣海桑人工林林地土壤已具有红树林酸性硫酸盐土的基本特征,林地土壤理化性质的显著变化影响了大型底栖动物群落,还可能与无瓣海桑提供了和乡土红树植物不同营养水平(如C/N比)和单宁含量的"凋零物"食物源有关,具体机制还需进一步研究。     

珠海淇澳岛红树林和芦苇湿地底栖硅藻群落比较

研究了珠海淇澳岛红树林湿地和芦苇湿地2007年3月至2008年1月间底栖硅藻群落的结构及其动态特征.结果表明,两种湿地共有底栖硅藻28属113种(变种),其中红树林中检出23属95种(变种),明显高于芦苇湿地的21属42种(变种).底栖硅藻的丰度为14.3～553.5 celk cm-3,不同样地和采样期的多样性指数和均匀度指数不同,但红树林湿地高于芦苇湿地.两种湿地底栖硅藻群落的属种结构存在显著差异,红树林湿地中多以羽纹藻类,如布纹藻属(Gyrosigma)、斜纹藻属(Pleurosigma)和羽纹藻属(Pinnularia)等占优势,而芦苇湿地主要以中心藻类,如圆筛藻属(Coscinodiscus)和小环藻属(Cyclotella)等占优势.相似性分析显示,样地基质对底栖硅藻群落的影响大于季节变化的影响.     

THE EFFECT OF SEASON ON A BIOTIC WATER QUALITY INDEX: A CASE STUDY OF THE YELLOW JACKET AND MAZOWE RIVERS,ZIMBABWE.

Summary

The effect of season on the South African Scoring System (SASS) biotic index for rapid assessment of water quality using benthic macroinvertebrates was investigated using the Yellow Jacket and Mazowe Rivers in Zimbabwe as a case study. Several impacts in the area degraded water quality. These were habitat destruction, acid mine drainage and organic pollution. SASS score at all sites changed with season. At and downstream from polluted sites, water quality determined using SASS was best at the end of the rainy season and it deteriorated steadily into the dry season. SASS scores from sites upstream of pollution appeared to improve towards the end of the rainy season. Average Score Per Taxon indices did not have a significant pattern of seasonal variation. SASS was designed to monitor water quality in South African rivers, so when implementing any monitoring programme, selection of sampling season and the interpretation of results in areas with similar climate patterns should take seasonal effects into account, It must be appreciated that water quality at impacted sites is a dynamic variable related both to the activities of polluters and to season.     

Effect of sulfuric acid discharge on river water chemistry in peat swamp forests in central Kalimantan,Indonesia

To estimate the range of area that is affected by sulfuric acid pollution after pyrite oxidation, the surface water chemistry of two rivers in peat swamp forests in central Kalimantan, Indonesia, was surveyed at 1.0- to 3.0-km intervals in September 2003 and 2004 (dry season) and March 2004 and 2005 (rainy season). Water discharged from canals into the main stream of the Sebangau River and the Kahayan River showed lower pH compared to the mainstream water of the rivers, implying sulfuric acid loading from the canal to the main stream of the rivers. The ratio of concentrations of sulfate ion/chloride ion, which was used as a parameter for estimating the contribution of pyritic sulfate to river water chemistry, showed that sulfuric acid loading from pyrite oxidation occurred from the river mouth up to 150 km upstream in both rivers. Water of the main stream of the rivers as well as water discharged from artificial canals into the main stream in the rainy season showed much higher acidity and a higher ratio of sulfate ion/chloride ion than that in the dry season. This result implies that the discharge of pyritic sulfate from peat swamp forests to the limnological system is much higher in the rainy (high water table) season than the dry (low water table) season. Water in the canal in the rainy season was found to be highly acidic (pH = 2.0–3.0). Pyrite oxidation after peatland development causes not only acidification of soil but also acidification of the limnological ecosystem.     

Periphyton community responses to elevated metal concentrations in a Rocky Mountain stream

The effects of elevated metals on stream periphyton in the Eagle River, a mining impacted river in central Colorado, were assessed in 1991 and 1992 using assemblage information (taxa richness, community similarity) and non-taxonomic measures (biomass, chlorophyll a, autotrophic index). The number of periphyton genera collected ranged from 2 at a site adjacent to abandoned mining operations to 21 at a downstream site, but was not significantly correlated with dissolved metals concentrations. Fragilaria and Achnanthes were the dominant genera at all sites, with Fragilaria dominating the less impacted sites and Achnanthesdominating at the more impacted sites. Taxonomic similarity was greatest among those sites receiving the greatest inputs of metals from mining operations, where the coefficient of similarity ranged from 0.87 to 0.99. Cluster analyses revealed significant differences among sites adjacent to the mine and either the upstream or downstream sites. Chlorophyll a content of periphyton and the autotrophic index in both years showed significant downstream decreases associated with increasing dissolved metals concentrations. Overall, the periphyton community data were able to separate metal contaminated sites from reference or less impacted sites, and responded in predictable ways to increasing metal concentrations of Eagle River water.     

Impacts of Mine Drainage and Other Nonpoint Source Pollutants on Aquatic Biota in the Upper Powell River System,Virginia

The Clinch-Powell River system of Virginia and Tennessee, USA, is among the most biologically diverse ecosystems in the world, and has been identified as a conservation priority of national importance. Other researchers have attributed declines in Powell River freshwater mussel populations to coal mining-related activities. The objectives of this paper are to synthesize the results of several studies aimed at assessing acid mine drainage (AMD) impacts in the Powell River watershed, and to describe the relative roles of AMD, nutrient loading, and urban runoff in structuring the benthic macroinvertebrate communities of the Powell River. Impacts ranged from acute toxicity due to the combination of acid and metals, acute aluminum toxicity in circumneutral pH waters, and physical impacts from solid ferrihydrite, to decreased clam growth due to urban runoff. These findings support the concern that AMD negatively impacts aquatic biota in the Powell River watershed in a variety of ways, and emphasize the importance of taking measures to properly reclaim areas that are producing mine drainage. However, past-mining related pollutants are not the only source of aquatic-community impact in these watersheds, as nutrient loading and urban runoff both were associated with substantial changes in community structure and clam growth.     

Temporal and spatial variation in ecosystem metabolism and food web carbon transfer in a wet‐dry tropical river

1. High light availability and stable base flow during the dry season promote primary production in perennial rivers of the wet–dry tropics, in contrast to production during the wet season which is often limited by turbidity and scouring. The Mitchell River of northern Queensland (Australia) was studied to understand controls on aquatic production and respiration in the dry season in relation to spatial and temporal gradients of light and temperature. 2. At three sites along the river, whole‐ecosystem gross primary production (GPP) and respiration (ER) were measured from diel changes of dissolved oxygen using the open‐channel single station method. Using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis, aquatic consumers and their potential basal food resources were also assessed to determine food web relationships at the beginning and end of the dry season. 3. Nutrient limitation of aquatic net primary production was implied from the oligotrophic conditions and high algal C:N ratios. Rates of GPP were comparable with other tropical and temperate rivers and were regulated by light availability. 4. Respiration rates were high and similar to other tropical and subtropical rivers. Up to 52% of temporal variation of ER was explained by temperature, while P/R was lowest at the downstream site. 5. Benthic algae were the major carbon source for primary and secondary benthic consumers (insects) in the dry season but not for higher consumers (fish and crustaceans). Despite high rates of ER, which were probably supported by decaying terrestrial C3 plant material, this carbon source was not identified as contributing to animal consumer biomass. 6. While benthic algal production in the dry season sustained benthic invertebrates, the importance of external subsidies of carbon along the river, probably from the floodplain, was emphasised for fish and large invertebrates, which evidently were feeding on carbon sources not present in channel waterholes during the dry season.     

Climatic effects on vertical mixing and deep-water oxygen content in the subalpine lakes in Italy

Acidification has adversely affected freshwater ecosystems in many areas, and recovery from acidification is often interrupted by acidic events. We lack detailed information about how benthic algae react to short-term acidic events and long-term recovery from acidification. We sampled 15 stream sites in the Czech Republic to study the effects of (a) water pH, aluminium and lead concentrations, (b) short-term acidic events, (c) 20 years of recovery from acidification and (d) high phosphorus concentrations combined with low pH on soft-bodied benthic algae. Water pH and aluminium concentrations affected benthic algal assemblages, but the acidification index periphyton (AIP) mainly reflected pH. Benthic algal assemblages reflected recent acidic events more closely than maximum or average pH. Our results indicate that the reaction of benthic algae to pH results from a fast effect of pH minima that cause sensitive species to disappear within a few months, and a slower process of dispersal and competition for resources during periods of higher pH. After an acidic event, recolonization of stream sites by sensitive species had started within 2 years, and was largely completed after 9 years. Our data indicate that acidification may mask the effect of enhanced phosphorus concentrations on benthic algal eutrophication indices.     

广东横石水河大型底栖动物群落与环境因子的关系

应用典范对应分析(CCA)对横石水河流域14个样点中的大型底栖动物与环境因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明,枯水期和丰水期的物种与环境因子的相关性均在90%以上,说明大型底栖动物在横石水河的分布很大程度上受到环境因子的影响。化学需氧量(COD)和pH值是影响枯水期大型底栖动物分布的两个主要因子,浊度和重金属Cu、Pb浓度对大型底栖动物分布也有一定程度的影响。在丰水期,重金属Cu、Pb浓度和pH值是影响大型底栖动物分布的关键因子。从种类水平看,耐污种类如蠓类、摇蚊和大蚊的丰富度与COD和重金属浓度的环境轴呈正相关,而敏感种类如腹足纲、毛翅目以及蜉蝣目昆虫与COD和重金属浓度的环境轴呈负相关。     

Long-term recovery from mine drainage disturbance of a macroinvertebrate community in the Ichi-kawa River,Japan

The effects of mine drainage on a benthic macroinvertebrate community and its recovery have been investigated for 25 years in the Ichi-kawa River in western Japan, focusing especially on change in community structure. Concentrations of arsenic, copper and zinc in the water were distinctly higher at sites just below the drainage than an upstream reference site before mine closure in 1973. Benthic communities there were severely damaged, as evidenced by reductions in the number of families and biomass. Chironomidae and a mayfly, Epeorus latifolium, predominated at the impacted sites, whereas stenopsychid caddisflies were dominant at the reference site. After mine closure, zinc concentrations significantly decreased downstream, although they remained higher than at the reference site. Following this, family richness and biomass of benthic communities clearly increased. In addition, the percentage of Trichoptera increased and, finally, Stenopsychidae became the dominant family in 1996 at all sites except just below the drainage. Therefore, the dominance of Stenopsychidae at the impacted sites is expected to be an indicator of complete recovery of the benthic community from the effect of mine drainage.