肌球蛋白轻链激酶CaM结合位点突变体的构建

目的:平滑肌肌球蛋白轻链激酶(myosin light chainkinase,MLCK)具有激酶活性和非激酶活性,在平滑肌收缩过程中起着关键酶调控的作用.为探寻MLCK的非激酶活性区域对MLCK活性的影响,本实验利用分子生物学技术构建了肌球蛋白轻链激酶CaM结合位点突变体,并纯化出重组的MLCK表达的蛋白质,为深入研究MLCK的非激酶活性在调节平滑肌收缩过程中的分子机制提供了实验基础.方法:利用野生型MLCK全长的cDNA序列设计CaM结合位点的突变引物,利用PCR技术进行定点突变,获得CaM结合位点的突变体(△CaM/MLCK).在大肠杆茵中表达重组CaM结合位点的突变体(△CaM/MLCK),通过亲和层析及凝胶过滤进行分离纯化重组蛋白,SDS-PAGE检测表达及纯化的重组蛋白.结果:构建重组MLCK钙调蛋白结合位点突变体(△CaM/MLCK),△CaM/MLCK在大肠杆菌中以可溶形式大量表达并得到纯化.结论:成功构建重组MLCK钙调蛋白结合位点突变体(△CaM/MLCK)并获得纯化的表达蛋白质.     

核苷二磷酸激酶A的定点突变及C4S突变体的制备和活性研究

目的:对核苷二磷酸激酶A(NDPK-A)二硫键异构的关键残基C4进行定点突变,构建、表达并纯化C4S突变体,测定其磷酸转移酶活性和DNase活性,研究二硫键异构对NDPK-A活性的影响。方法:以pBV220-nm23-H1质粒作为模板,通过设计合适的引物对NDPK-A进行定点突变,将第4位半胱氨酸突变为丝氨酸,构建NDPK-AC4S突变体;在大肠杆菌BL21中表达,DEAE-sepharose Fas tFlow与Cibacron Blue 3GA Sepharose CL-4B纯化目的蛋白,获得均一重组蛋白,纯度达到98%;DNA序列测定及重组蛋白的肽质量指纹图谱(PMF)分析均证明构建正确突变体;高效液相色谱法(HPLC)与DNA消化法分别测定野生型NDPK-A与C4S突变体的磷酸转移酶活性与DNase活性差异。结果:NDPK-AC4S突变体的磷酸基转移酶与DNase酶活性均高于野生型NDPK-A。结论:NDPK-A缺失二硫键后,活性增高。NDPK-A形成链内二硫键可能是其活性负调控模式之一。     

莫洛尼鼠白血病病毒逆转录酶的原核表达纯化及其生物学活性

利用基因重组技术及简易的纯化方法快速制备莫洛尼鼠白血病病毒逆转录酶(MMLV-RT)。设计带有酶切位点的引物, PCR获得MMLV-rt基因片段; 再通过定点突变将目的基因的五个可溶性位点进行突变, 测序正确后, 插入到表达载体pET15b中构建成重组表达质粒pET15b-MMLV-rt; 表达产物的纯品通过金属离子(Ni3+)配体亲和纯化系统得到。用SDS-PAGE分析所纯化产物的大小和纯度, 再用RT-PCR 对其活性进行鉴定。构建的重组表达质粒pET15b-MMLV-rt 经IPTG诱导得到N端带有6His的RT融合蛋白, 通过Ni3+的亲和层析得到纯品蛋白, SDS-PAGE分析表明其纯度可达96%, RT-PCR实验表明具有较高的生物学活性。由此得出利用原核表达及简易的纯化系统可获得纯度为96%的逆转录酶纯品, 为大规模生产该酶提供了可靠的保证。     

莫洛尼鼠白血病病毒逆转录酶的原核表达纯化及其生物学活性

利用基因重组技术及简易的纯化方法快速制备莫洛尼鼠白血病病毒逆转录酶(MMLV-RT)。设计带有酶切位点的引物, PCR获得MMLV-rt基因片段; 再通过定点突变将目的基因的五个可溶性位点进行突变, 测序正确后, 插入到表达载体pET15b中构建成重组表达质粒pET15b-MMLV-rt; 表达产物的纯品通过金属离子(Ni3+)配体亲和纯化系统得到。用SDS-PAGE分析所纯化产物的大小和纯度, 再用RT-PCR 对其活性进行鉴定。构建的重组表达质粒pET15b-MMLV-rt 经IPTG诱导得到N端带有6His的RT融合蛋白, 通过Ni3+的亲和层析得到纯品蛋白, SDS-PAGE分析表明其纯度可达96%, RT-PCR实验表明具有较高的生物学活性。由此得出利用原核表达及简易的纯化系统可获得纯度为96%的逆转录酶纯品, 为大规模生产该酶提供了可靠的保证。     

抗PAI抑制作用的纤溶酶原激活剂突变体的活性研究

目的:重组表达抗PAI抑制作用的t-PA突变体,经诱导表达、复性、纯化后进行生物学活性和酶动力学分析。方法:构建pBV220-tpa重组表达质粒,经DNA测序确认后,转化至大肠杆菌DH5a,温控诱导表达,凝胶过滤法对包涵体蛋白进行初步纯化,复性后,过刺桐胰蛋白酶亲和层析柱纯化,酶动力学分析其活性。结果:测序证实,t-PA突变体的DNA序列正确,表达蛋白占总菌体蛋白的30%,经纯化后纯度达90%以上,比活性为7.0×108IU/mg,t-PA突变体与PAI-1反应后,其活性未受到抑制。t-PA突变体酶的米氏常数Km为0.5298,最大水解速度Vmax为0.0595。结论:经生物学活性测定,表达蛋白能够明显抵抗PAI的抑制作用,并具有良好的生物活性,该突变体有可能成为用量更少、疗效更佳的新型溶栓药物。     

重组人胱抑素C的原核表达及鉴定

目的构建重组人胱抑素C（cystatinC,CysC）的原核高效表达质粒,诱导表达并纯化获得CysC重组蛋白。方法根据大肠埃希菌编码蛋白的特性设计CysC编码基因序列,人工合成目的基因克隆至pET-22b（＋）表达载体中,测序及酶切鉴定正确后诱导其在大肠埃希菌BL21中表达,所获得的包涵体蛋白经亲和层析纯化后采用SDS—PAGE及Western印迹鉴定。结果酶切结果证实构建的表达质粒结构正确;测序结果显示克隆的基因序列所编码的蛋白与GenBank中的CysC氨基酸序列相符;SDS-PAGE及Western印迹结果证实获得的重组CysC融合蛋白分子量约为16kD,经NP亲和层析纯化获得纯度大于90％的目的蛋白。结论建立了重组人CysC的原核高效表达系统并获得了CysC重组蛋白。     

SARS冠状病毒蛋白酶3CLpro N-finger多肽是酶活性所必需

构建了SARS冠状病毒主要蛋白酶3CL^pro及其缺失N端七肽即N-finger的突变体3CL^pro（△1-7）融合表达质粒,并于大肠杆菌表达系统中表达。得到的融合蛋白经肠激酶酶切,亲和层析,最终得到纯化的3CL^pro。及其突变体3CL-（△1-7）。酶活性实验显示,去除N-finger多肽的突变体3CL^pro（△1-7）丧失了3CL^pro所具有的对含有其自动水解位点的荧光底物的水解活性,表明处于非酶活性中心的N—finger多肽是酶活性所必需的。利用固相合成法,进一步合成了N—finger七肽。酶抑制实验表明N—finger七肽表现了对3CL^pro部分竞争抑制活性。     

人乳头瘤病毒18型L1蛋白的包涵体和可溶性表达及纯化

目的:原核表达系统表达人乳头瘤病毒18型(HPV18)L1蛋白,建立包涵体和可溶性表达的L1蛋白的纯化方法。方法:构建重组表达质粒p GEX-4T-1-HPV18 L1,在大肠杆菌BL21中以包涵体和可溶性方式表达HPV18 L1蛋白。通过超声波破碎菌体、洗涤包涵体、碱变性、透析复性和谷胱甘肽(GST)琼脂糖凝胶4B亲和层析纯化包涵体蛋白;在菌体中加入三磷酸腺苷(ATP)和3.5 mol/L尿素孵育后,GST 4B亲和层析纯化可溶性蛋白,凝血酶酶切。SDS-PAGE和Western印迹鉴定表达和纯化产物。结果:SDS-PAGE结果表明,HPV18 L1蛋白以包涵体和可溶性方式在大肠杆菌BL21内高效表达,均产生相对分子质量约为86 000的HPV18 L1-GST融合蛋白。Western印迹结果显示,包涵体纯化后获得的融合蛋白降解条带较多;而可溶性蛋白纯化后获得的融合蛋白未降解,凝血酶酶切后得到HPV18 L1蛋白,可与HPV18 L1蛋白单克隆抗体结合。结论:采用原核系统表达了HPV18 L1-GST融合蛋白,分别建立了包涵体和可溶性蛋白的纯化方法,获得HPV18 L1蛋白,为其进一步应用奠定了基础。     

东亚三角涡虫胰蛋白酶Djtry的表达和酶活分析

通过对东亚三角涡虫胰蛋白酶Djtry氨基酸序列比对分析,发现保守的催化三联体结构中第一位的His被Lys所取代。为了探究这种突变是否会对胰蛋白酶的活性有影响,文章构建了原核表达重组质粒pET-28a-Djtry,转化到E.coli BL21中,利用IPTG诱导表达,对表达的重组蛋白进行变性、复性、纯化以及Westernblotting鉴定,获得成分均一的活性蛋白。利用牛胰蛋白酶为标准品,胰蛋白酶特异性底物BAEE,检测Djtry酶活力与比活力。SDS-PAGE电泳表明诱导表达的融合蛋白为包涵体,分子量约为26 kDa,Western blotting结果显示为目的蛋白,对复性纯化的目的蛋白进行酶活检测发现,突变型胰蛋白酶Djtry仍然保持了胰蛋白酶催化性质,但是催化活性相对较弱。     

乙型肝炎病毒靶向核糖核酸酶及其突变体的原核表达和活性分析

目的：研究原核表达的乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）靶向核糖核酸酶（RNase）及其突变体（点突变失去RNase活性）的活性。方法：将构建的靶向核糖核酸酶及其突变体基因克隆入原核表达载体pET32a（＋），转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3），以IPTG诱导融合蛋白（HBV核心蛋白与人嗜酸性粒细胞来源的神经毒素的融合蛋白）的表达；表达产物经包涵体纯化、SDS-PAGE和Western印迹鉴定，将纯化的蛋白用透析方法复性；以酵母tRNA为作用底物，应用复性的蛋白进行RNase活性分析。结果：纯化和复性了HBV靶向核糖核酸酶及其突变体；复性的HBV靶向核糖核酸酶可以降解酵母tRNA且具有剂量依赖性，而复性后的突变的靶向核糖核酸酶体不具有RNase活性。结论：原核表达的HBV靶向核糖核酸酶具有较强的RNase活性，为探索HBV靶向核糖核酸酶抑制乙肝病毒复制的机理奠定了基础。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418