生物技术在兽医领域的研究应用

当今环境污染日益严重,危害人类的疾病时有发生,这对畜牧兽医业的现状与发展影响越来越大,对兽医工作是严峻的挑战。对此,采用现代生物技术研究和解决兽医领域的问题是兽医行业的发展方向。从预防兽医、临床兽医和兽医制药三方面综述生物技术在兽医领域的研究应用与发展趋势。     

生物技术进展

办刊宗旨《生物技术进展》是由农业农村部主管,中国农业科学院茶叶研究所和生物技术研究所联合主办,以传播生物技术前沿科学,引领生物技术发展潮流为目标的学术期刊。于2011年7月创刊,双月刊,国内外公开发行。《生物技术进展》立足国内,面向国际,围绕分子生物学、遗传学、生物化学、生物信息学、基因组学、合成生物学等基础研究,关注生物技术领域的发展动态和产业应用成果,促进相关学科学术交流与发展,及时刊载生物技术在农、林、畜牧兽医、食品、工业、医药、生态与生物安全等领域的应用进展和研究成果。主要设置进展评述、研究论文、技术与方法等栏目。     

生物技术在兽医领域的应用

生物技术是一门十分古老的科学,从很早以前人们就已掌握的发酵、酿酒技术到近代抗菌素的应用,说明这门技术伴随人类已经几千年了。直到现代,限制性内切酶的发现、基因体外重组以及分子克隆技术的建立给这门古老的科学带来了光明的前景。现在,生物学、医学、兽医、植物、环保等许多学科和领域的研究者都在竭力使生物技术与各自所研究的课题相联系,并取得了很多令人鼓舞的结果。本文将要介绍的是生物技术在兽医领域的应用及主要影响。     

征稿启事

《生物技术进展》是由农业部主管,中国农业科学院茶叶研究所和生物技术研究所联合主办的学术期刊,于2011年7月创刊,双月刊,单月出版,国内外公开发行,中国科技核心期刊。本刊立足国内,面向国际,围绕分子生物学、遗传学、生物化学、生物信息学、基因组学等基础研究,关注生物技术领域最新发展动态和成果,促进相关学科学术交流与发展,及时刊载生物技术在农、林、畜牧、兽医、食品、工业、医药、生态与生物安全等领域的应用进展和研究成果,注重理论、技术和方法的新颖性和创新性。     

征稿启事

正《生物技术进展》是由农业部主管,中国农业科学院茶叶研究所和生物技术研究所联合主办的学术期刊,于2011年7月创刊,双月刊,单月出版,国内外公开发行。2015年入选中国科学核心期刊。本刊立足国内,面向国际,围绕分子生物学、遗传学、生物化学、生物信息学、基因组学等基础研究,关注生物技术领域最新发展动态和成果,促进相关学科学术交流与发展,及时刊载生物技术在农、林、畜牧、兽医、食品、工业、医药、生态与生物安全等领域的应用进展和研究成果,     

征稿启事

正《生物技术进展》是由农业部主管,中国农业科学院茶叶研究所和生物技术研究所联合主办的学术期刊,于2011年7月创刊,双月刊,单月出版,国内外公开发行,中国科技核心期刊。本刊立足国内,面向国际,围绕分子生物学、遗传学、生物化学、生物信息学、基因组学等基础研究,关注生物技术领域最新发展动态和成果,促进相关学科学术交流与发展,及时刊载生物技术在农、林、畜牧、兽医、食品、工业、医药、生态与生物安全等领域的应用进展和研究成果,注重理论、技     

征稿启事

正《生物技术进展》是由农业部主管,中国农业科学院茶叶研究所和生物技术研究所联合主办的学术期刊,于2011年7月创刊,双月刊,单月出版,国内外公开发行。2015年入选中国科学核心期刊。本刊立足国内,面向国际,围绕分子生物学、遗传学、生物化学、生物信息学、基因组学等基础研究,关注生物技术领域最新发展动态和成果,促进相关学科学术交流与发展,及时刊载生物技术在农、林、畜牧、兽医、食品、工业、医药、生态与生物安全等领域的应用进展和研究成果,     

征稿启事

正《生物技术进展》是由农业部主管,中国农业科学院茶叶研究所和生物技术研究所联合主办的学术期刊,于2011年7月创刊,双月刊,单月出版,国内外公开发行。2015年入选中国科学核心期刊。本刊立足国内,面向国际,围绕分子生物学、遗传学、生物化学、生物信息学、基因组学等基础研究,关注生物技术领域最新发展动态和成果,促进相关学科学术交流与发展,及时刊载生物技术在农、林、畜牧、兽医、食品、工业、医药、生态与生物安全等领域的应用进展和研究成果,     

征稿启事

正《生物技术进展》是由农业部主管,中国农业科学院茶叶研究所和生物技术研究所联合主办的学术期刊,于2011年7月创刊,双月刊,单月出版,国内外公开发行。2015年入选中国科学核心期刊。本刊立足国内,面向国际,围绕分子生物学、遗传学、生物化学、生物信息学、基因组学等基础研究,关注生物技术领域最新发展动态和成果,促进相关学科学术交流与发展,及时刊载生物技术在农、林、畜牧、兽医、食品、工业、医药、生态与生物安全等领域的应用进展和研究成果,     

征稿启事

正《生物技术进展》是由农业部主管,中国农业科学院茶叶研究所和生物技术研究所联合主办的学术期刊,于2011年7月创刊,双月刊,单月出版,国内外公开发行,中国科技核心期刊。本刊立足国内,面向国际,围绕分子生物学、遗传学、生物化学、生物信息学、基因组学等基础研究,关注生物技术领域最新发展动态和成果,促进相关学科学术交流与发展,及时刊载生物技术在农、林、畜牧、兽医、食品、工业、医药、生态与生物安全等领域的应用进展和研究成果,注重理论、技     

Linking marine biology and biotechnology

Studies of biological systems in which there is a direct link between the challenges faced by marine organisms and biotechnologies enable us to rationally search for active natural compounds and other novel biotechnologies. This approach is proving successful in developing new methods for the prevention of marine biofouling and for the identification of new lead compounds for the development of ultraviolet sunscreens.     

Humic Acids Interfere with Nutrient Sensing in Plants Owing to the Differential Expression of TOR

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - The environmental consequences of industrial agriculture have increasingly called attention to new biotechnologies. The use of biostimulants based on humic...     

Case studies on the use of biotechnologies and on biosafety provisions in four African countries

This review is based on a study commissioned by the European Commission on the evaluation of scientific, technical and institutional challenges, priorities and bottlenecks for biotechnologies and regional harmonisation of biosafety in Africa. Biotechnology was considered within four domains: agricultural biotechnologies (‘Green’), industrial biotechnologies and biotechnologies for environmental remediation (‘White’), biotechnologies in aquaculture (‘Blue’) and biotechnologies for healthcare (‘Red’). An important consideration was the decline in partnerships between the EU and developing countries because of the original public antipathy to some green biotechnologies, particularly genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and food from GM crops in Europe. The study focus reported here was West Africa (Ghana, Senegal, Mali and Burkina Faso).The overall conclusion was that whereas high-quality research was proceeding in the countries visited, funding is not sustained and there is little evidence of practical application of biotechnology and benefit to farmers and the wider community. Research and development that was being carried out on genetically modified crop varieties was concentrating on improving food security and therefore unlikely to have significant impact on EU markets and consumers. However, there is much non-controversial green biotechnology such as molecular diagnostics for plant and animal disease and marker-assisted selection for breeding that has great potential application. Regarding white biotechnology, it is currently occupying only a very small industrial niche in West Africa, basically in the sole sector of the production of liquid biofuels (i.e., bio-ethanol) from indigenous and locally planted biomass (very often non-food crops). The presence of diffused small-scale fish production is the basis to develop and apply new (Blue) aquaculture technologies and, where the research conditions and the production sector can permit, to increase this type of production and the economy of this depressed areas. However, the problems bound to environmental protection must not be forgotten; priority should be given to monitor the risks of introduction of foreign species. Red biotechnologies potentially bring a vast domain of powerful tools and processes to achieve better human health, most notably improved diagnostics by molecular techniques, better targeting of pathogens and a better knowledge of their sensitivities to drugs to permit better treatment.Biosafety regulatory frameworks had been initiated in several countries, starting with primary biosafety law. However, disparate attitudes to the purpose of biosafety regulation (e.g., fostering informed decision-making versus ‘giving the green-light for a flood of GMOs’) currently prevent a needed consensus for sub-regional harmonisation. To date, most R&D funding has come from North America with some commercial interests from Asia, but African biotechnology workers expressed strong desire for (re-)engagement with interested parties from the European Union. Although in some of the visited countries there are very well qualified personnel in molecular biology and biosafety/regulation, the main message received is that human resources and capacity building in-house are still needed. This could be achieved through home-based courses and capacity-building including funds for post-degree research to motivate and retain trained staff.     

A review on reproductive biotechnologies for conservation of endangered mammalian species

This review describes the use of modern reproductive biotechnologies or assisted reproductive techniques (ART) including artificial insemination, embryo transfer/sexing, in vitro fertilization, gamete/embryo micromanipulation, semen sexing, genome resource banking, and somatic cell nuclear transfer (cloning) in conservation programs for endangered mammalian species. Such biotechnologies allow more offspring to be obtained from selected parents to ensure genetic diversity and may reduce the interval between generations. However, the application of reproductive biotechnologies for endangered free-living mammals is rarer than for endangered domestic breeds. Progress in ART for non-domestic species will continue at a slow pace due to limited resources, but also because the management and conservation of endangered species is biologically quite complex. In practice, current reproductive biotechnologies are species-specific or inefficient for many endangered animals because of insufficient knowledge on basic reproduction like estrous cycle, seasonality, structural anatomy, gamete physiology and site for semen deposition or embryo transfer of non-domestic species.     

Bioethical aspects of regenerative and reproductive medicine

The birth announced in 1997 of Dolly, the lamb cloned from the somatic mammary cells of an adult ewe, and the discovery of human embryonic stem cells in 1998 have been the most exciting developments in the biological sciences in the past decade. Reproductive somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in additional species has been inefficient in that relatively few births, harmful side effects and high fetal and neonatal death rates have resulted from many attempts. Ongoing debates about the ethics of reproductive SCNT have revealed that some researchers regard human reproductive SCNT as morally unacceptable in all circumstances, others see merit in reproductive SCNT in certain circumstances and others await more information before making judgment about the ethical status of the procedure. Regenerative medicine and emerging biotechnologies started to revolutionize the practice of medicine. Advances in stem cell biology, including embryonic and postnatal somatic stem cells, have made the prospect of tissue regeneration a potential reality. Mammal cloning experiments have provided new impetus to the prospect of regenerative medicine through stem cell research. The procedure of SCNT could be used to create the raw material to replace defective or senescent tissue as a natural extension of the biology of stem cells. Researchers working in reproductive medicine should consider the potential hope given to many patients against the requisite and ethically contentious creation of human blastocysts for therapeutic intent.     

Raising the social yield of research: challenge facing biotechnology.

The biological revolution is the latest in a series of scientific revolutions that have ushered in a new era in physics, chemistry, industry, and composite materials. The latest instruments of life - bioengineering for and by the living - challenge mankind with a number of fundamental questions, while offering an unprecedented series of opportunities. Alternative biotechnologies, biological agriculture for the environment, genomics applied to preventive medicine, genetic engineering are just a few of the benefits mankind may reap from bioengineering. Modern society demands more knowledge, and it is up to public authorities to invest in outreach programs to make public the latest scientific activities and findings. In the case of biotechnologies, it is particularly true that the product of research is not complete until its benefits are returned to society.     

Biotechnology as the engine for the Knowledge-Based Bio-Economy

Abstract

The European Commission has defined the Knowledge-Based Bio-Economy (KBBE) as the process of transforming life science knowledge into new, sustainable, eco-efficient and competitive products. The term “Bio-Economy” encompasses all industries and economic sectors that produce, manage and otherwise exploit biological resources and related services. Over the last decades biotechnologies have led to innovations in many agricultural, industrial, medical sectors and societal activities. Biotechnology will continue to be a major contributor to the Bio-Economy, playing an essential role in support of economic growth, employment, energy supply and a new generation

FP7 provides the research community with funding certainty over the next few years. One of the FP7 thematic priorities is dedicated to the strengthening the European knowledge-based bio-economy bringing together science, industry and relevant stakeholders from Europe and the rest of the world. The conditions are, therefore, favourable towards the sustainable development and deployment of biotechnologies as an engine for the knowledge-based bio-economy.     

New biotechnologies: spin-off on health and society

New biotechnologies and the new biology deriving from them are having a revolutionary impact on economy and society and are consequently transforming the role of researchers, which is changing continually to meet the competence required. The advances in human genetics on the other hand make it necessary to look for different approaches and new rules in bioethics. Comprehensive views and careful considerations are therefore needed in order that this new biology may have a positive impact on health, being respectful of the social and ethical principles of human beings.     

Globalization of biotechnology: The agglomeration of dispersed knowledge and information and its implications for the political economy of technology in developing countries

This study examines a contradictory development in the era of globalization wherein country-specific economic and socio-political institutional environment limits the global flow of technological knowledge and information, particularly in the biotechnology sector. International collaborations for developing new biotechnologies has increased significantly in recent years, but these have virtually bypassed firms in developing countries. The international flow of technologies tends to agglomerate in developed economies particularly in the US, where an appropriate mix of economic choices, social regulation and state action fostered institutional environments that facilitated the development and commercialization of biotechnologies. Moreover, with the heightening competition in the global economy, state and firms of developed economies have evolved into a relationship of close partnership. This shows that, far from being irrelevant, the state remains a political entity that structures the innovation system in order to promote the well-being of its firms. This calls for a re-thinking of the role of the state in technological and economic development, particularly among the developing economies.     

Preservation of the wild European mouflon: the first example of genetic management using a complete program of reproductive biotechnologies

Although the potential use of reproductive biotechnologies for safeguarding endangered wildlife species is undoubted, practical efforts have met with limited success to date. In those instances in which modern technologies have been adapted to rescuing rare or endangered species, procedures have been applied piecemeal, and no consistent breeding program based on reproductive biotechnologies has been undertaken. Here we describe for the first time the rescue of an endangered species, the European mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon), by the application of an integrated package of reproductive biotechnologies. This genetic management extended from the initial collection of gametes, through the in vitro production of embryos and interspecific transfer, to the birth of healthy mouflon offspring. In addition, a genetic resource bank for the European mouflon was established, with cryopreserved sperm, embryos, and somatic cells.