金线蛙入蛰时几顶生理常数间的关系研究

本文统计学分析处理,表明金钱蛙入蛰时的体长与体重,胴体重和体重与肝重,脂肪体重,生殖腺重之间均存在非常显著的线性相关关系。     

金线蛙入蛰时几项生理常数间的关系研究

本文经统计学分析处理,表明金钱蛙（Ｒａｎａｐｌａｎｃｙｉ）入蛰时的体长与体重、胴体重和体重与肝重、脂肪体重、生殖腺重之间均存在非常显著的线性相关关系。     

无蹼壁虎入蛰时和出蛰时几项生理常数间的关系

本文揭示了无蹼壁虎（Gekkoswinhonis）入蛰时和出蛰时,雌性、雄性之体长、嗣体重、脂肪体重及生殖腺重与体重之间均呈显著的正相关关系。肥满度和躯体肥满度两个指标适用于无蹼壁虎这类爬行动物;肝系数、脂肪体系数及生殖腺系数也适用于无蹼壁虎这类爬行动物。冬眠期间雄性与雌性在躯体物质及脂肪体的消耗上存在显著差异。     

花背蟾蜍冬眠期几项生理常数间的关系

本文揭示了花背蟾蜍ＢｕｆｏｒａｄｄｅｉＳｔｒａｕｃｈ冬眠前、后雌性和雄性之体长、胴体重、肝重、脂肪体重以及生殖腺重与体重之间,均呈显著的正相关,回归系数ｔ检验表明,雌雄间差异显著,且冬眠期间雌性主要消耗物来自躯体和脂肪体,雄性来自躯体、肝脏和脂肪体。     

黑斑蛙蛰眠前后形态生理生态变化初探

本文回归分析,表明黑斑蛙（Ｒａｎａ ｎｉｇｒｏｍａｃｕｌａｔａ）出蛰、入蛰时体长与体重、胴体重和体重与肝重、脂肪体重、生殖原重之间均存在非常显著的线性相关关系;通过对一些生理常数的显著性检验,右知蛰眠后的肥满度、脂肪体系数、肝系数显著减小,生殖腺系数啬非常显著,躯体肥满度无明显变化。     

锡林郭勒草原布氏田鼠体重和体长关系的研究

1991～ 1998年对内蒙古阿巴嘎旗那仁宝力格苏木布氏田鼠 (Microtusbrandti)体长、体重和胴体重资料进行了调查和分析 ,得到如下结论 :田鼠体长、体重、胴体重的均值在低密度回升期均逐年增高 ;雌性越冬鼠的胴体重均值低于雄性越冬鼠且有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;秋季雄鼠与雌鼠的 3项指标的均值无显著差异(P >0 10 ) ,体长、体重和胴体重间相关极显著 (P =0 0 0 0 1)。分别给出了体重与体长 :胴体重与体长的模型W =aLb,其中W为体重或胴体重 ,L为体长 ;胴体重与体重的关系适合于模型NW =W / (a bW ) ,其中NW为胴体重 ,W为体重。     

无蹼壁虎冬眠期的生态及形态生理研究

本文观察研究了无蹼壁虎冬眠期的生态和形态生理状况。冬眠期无蹼壁虎喜在墙缝及岩缝中过冬。冬眠对体长和尾长无影响,而其体重显著减少。冬眠期温度的变化与冬眠活动关系密切。经过冬眠,其肥满度、脂肪体系数、肝系数平均明显减少,变化非常显著,而生殖腺系数的变化不显著。冬眠前雌性组肝脏和脂肪体的均重都大于雄性组。     

中华大蟾蜍水晶体快速剥离法

有关年龄结构的鉴别以水晶体干重为主要指标．并参考体长、胴体及生殖腺特征较为准确。笔者在采用此法鉴定年龄时参照有关资料,摸索出一套快速剥离中华大蟾蜍（Bufo bufo gargarizans）水晶体的方法。     

洞庭平原黄胸鼠种群年龄组的划分

根据胴体重的频次分布和每５ｇ胴体重组的鼠所对应的发育与繁殖状况,将黄胸鼠分为５个年龄组,Ⅰ,幼年组：胴体重≤３５ｇ;Ⅱ。亚成年组,３６－６５ｇ;Ⅲ。成年一组：６６－１００ｇ;Ⅳ．成年二组：１０１－１３５ｇ;Ⅴ．老年组;〉１３５ｇ。经ｔ检验,各组间的胴体重,体重,体长尾长都有显著性的差异。各年龄组间的体重与胴体重存在显著的正相关前３个年龄组的体长和尾长与胴体重之间有极显著相关性。各年龄组的雌性比变化     

昆明地区昭觉林蛙生殖及附属器官的年周期变化

解剖2006年4—12月自昆明东北郊采集到的体长大于40.0mm的昭觉林蛙(Rana chaochiaoensis)标本73只(♀39,♂34),测量其体长、体重、肝重、脂肪体重、卵巢重、精巢重、输卵管重和直径、卵径等。以体长(或体重)为协变量做协方差分析(ANCOVA),结果显示,输卵管直径、卵径,雌性的肝重、脂肪体重、卵巢重和输卵管重和雄性的精巢重在年周期内差异极显著。相关性检验显示,雌性卵巢重分别与肝重、输卵管重、输卵管直径、卵径均显著正相关,即它们的发育完全同步,但与脂肪体重不相关。各月雌体卵巢重和雄体精巢重的发育极显著正相关,即雄性与雌性的性腺发育同步。据解剖、检验分析及野外观察结果分析证明,昆明地区昭觉林蛙的繁殖时间在10月完成,且一年只有一个繁殖期。脂肪体在雌性个体生殖腺发育过程中起供能作用。在卵巢发育过程中,肝供能作用不明显,但在雌性个体抱对和产卵过程中起供能作用。在雄性性腺发育的过程中,肝和脂肪体的供能作用不如雌性明显,耗能极低。可见昭觉林蛙雄性个体的生殖投入少于雌性个体。一些雌性个体推迟冬眠时间,主要是为觅食和补充能量,以便安全越冬。此外,新生昭觉林蛙蝌蚪期在冬季度过,随后的发育和变态面临旱季缺水环境。所以,加强对昭觉林蛙产卵高峰期、蝌蚪越冬期和渡过干旱缺水期等生活周期中脆弱环节的环境保护,有利于种群的延续。     

Change in knee contact force with simulated change in body weight

The relationship between obesity, weight gain and progression of knee osteoarthritis is well supported, suggesting that excessive joint loading may be a mechanism responsible for cartilage deterioration. Examining the influence of weight gain on joint compressive forces is difficult, as both muscles and ground reaction forces can have a significant impact on the forces experienced during gait. While previous studies have examined the relationship between body weight and knee forces, these studies have used models that were not validated using experimental data. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between changes in body weight and changes in knee joint contact forces for an individual's gait pattern using musculoskeletal modeling that is validated against known internal compressive forces. Optimal weighting constants were determined for three subjects to generate valid predictions of knee contact forces (KCFs) using in vivo data collection with instrumented total knee arthroplasty. A total of five simulations per walking trial were generated for each subject, from 80% to 120% body weight in 10% increments, resulting in 50 total simulations. The change in peak KCF with respect to body weight was found to be constant and subject-specific, predominantly determined by the peak force during the baseline condition at 100% body weight. This relationship may be further altered by any change in kinematics or body mass distribution that may occur as a result of a change in body weight or exercise program.     

Growth and body weight of European hares in southern Sweden

Body weight and growth of European hares Lepus europaeus Pallas in relation to environmental conditions, population density, age, sex, and reproduction were studied in three populations in southern Sweden on the basis of hares shot during October-December. There were no significant differences in mean body weight of juveniles in the three areas. Differences in juvenile growth, as indicated by the correlation between eye lens weight (age indicator) and body weight, between areas and years were related to variations in nutrient conditions, in an island population it was probably also related to population density. Adult body weights did not differ between two mainland areas despite differences in food supply and population density, whereas island adult hares were, on average, significantly lighter than mainland hares. Also this difference was ascribed to nutrient conditions and/or population density. There were no significant differences in body weight between adult hares of different age classes. But reproductive females showed a significant positive correlation between number of litters produced annually and body weight. This relation indicates that reproduction is favoured by large body size and body weight, which also might explain the average higher mean body weight in females than in males. Juvenile hares showed no clear tendency in sex dimorphism of body weight.     

What do changes in prematch vs. postmatch, 1, 2, and 3 days postmatch body weight tell us about fluid status in English Premiership rugby union players?

This study investigated changes in body weight pre and postmatch and 1, 2, and 3 days postmatch. Thirty-six players contracted to an English Premiership rugby union club had their pre and postmatch body weight and 1, 2, and 3 day postmatch body weight recorded across 14 matches played (10 at home and 4 away) during the official 2003-2004 professional rugby union season, representing a total of 262 player appearances. Body weight was recorded using a set of calibrated Seca digital scales with players wearing underwear only and toweled dry of all sweat (postmatch). Players were allowed to ingest fluid ad libitum throughout each match. A number of players recorded pre to postmatch reductions of body weight of >2% with some as high as 4.9%. Significant position-specific mean reductions in prematch to postmatch body weight (±SD) were found for both forwards (1.94 ± 0.14 kg) and backs (1.04 ± 0.17 kg). The mean gain in postmatch to 1-day postmatch body weight was significant for forwards (1.40 ± 0.27 kg) but not for backs (0.76 ± 0.30 kg). There were no significant mean differences between prematch and 2 or 3 days postmatch body weight for either forwards or backs. Forwards on average lost a significantly greater proportion of their weight pre to postmatch than backs (p = 0.005). Forwards were on average 99.5% of the prematch weight at 1 day postmatch, whereas backs were 99.7% (p = 0.598). Forwards were 99.6% of their prematch weight at 3 days postmatch, whereas backs were 100.4% (p = 0.035). Changes in fluid status can be effectively monitored by recording changes in body weight and is useful where players are undertaking training sessions within 1, 2, or 3 days after their last match as a measure of rehydration status.     

Implications of individual growth status on the future sex of the European eel

Sex-related differences in growth status was demonstrated in eels Anguilla anguilla reared indoors at 17, 20 or 26° C, from the elver stage. Growth status was defined as length increase, weight increase and length–weight relationship. Eels attaining at least 10 g body weight (180–220 mm body length) were tagged with Passive Integrated Transponders (PIT). Length and weight were measured at 6-week intervals, until individuals stopped growing or had attained 150 g weight (380–450 mm). Sex-specific data from potentially undifferentiated eels were provided by retrospective classification of sex. Comparisions between sexes were made within groups graded by length or weight data from the beginning of each 6-week period. There was no consistent difference in absolute length increase between small males and females, but below 40–60 g initial body weight, males displayed on average a higher weight increase than females. Males also had lower length at weight than females, even in the smallest weight groups. Early growth status may influence the future sex of undifferentiated eels, but other approaches are needed for distinction between cause and effect.     

Socioeconomic position at different stages of the life course and its influence on body weight and weight gain in adulthood: a longitudinal study with 13-year follow-up

Socioeconomic inequalities in body weight have been demonstrated in numerous cross-sectional studies; however, little research has investigated these inequalities from a life course and longitudinal perspective. We examined the association between child- and adulthood socioeconomic position (SEP) and BMI and overweight/obesity in 1991 (baseline) and changes in BMI and the prevalence of overweight and obesity between 1991 and 2004. Data from the 1991 and 2004 waves of the longitudinal Dutch GLOBE study were used. Participants (n = 1,465) were aged 40-60 years at baseline. BMI was calculated from self-reported height and weight collected by postal questionnaire. Retrospective recall of father's occupation was used as childhood socioeconomic indicator, and adulthood SEP was measured by the occupation of the main income earner of the household. The findings showed that among women, childhood SEP exerted a greater influence on body weight than SEP in adulthood: at baseline, women from disadvantaged backgrounds in childhood had a higher BMI and were more likely to be overweight or obese, and they gained significantly more weight between baseline and follow-up. In contrast, adult SEP had a greater impact than childhood circumstances on men's body weight: those from disadvantaged households had a higher mean BMI and were more likely to be overweight or obese at baseline, and they gained significantly more weight between 1991 and 2004. The findings suggest that exposure to disadvantaged circumstances at critically important periods of the life course is associated with body weight and weight gain in adulthood. Importantly, these etiologically relevant periods differ for men and women, suggesting gender-specific pathways to socioeconomic inequalities in body weight in adulthood.     

Variation in length and body weight of the red squirrel(Sciurus vulgaris) in two different habitats

Body measurements of squirrel populations are described. The relation between body length and body weight was examined and factors causing individual or seasonal variation in body weight were studied.     

The effects of three different dietary protein levels on the fecundity in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Peters)

Experiments were performed to investigate the influences of dietary protein on fecundity in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata . No significant differences in total body length and standard length were found between females given food with different protein levels. A significantly higher total body weight was found both in females fed on 47% and 31% protein compared with females given 15% protein. The frequencies of females with only intrafollicular embryos or with only ova or both embryos and ova in the ovary were not significantly different between populations given different protein amounts. There was a significantly lower frequency of females without embryos and ova but with previtellogenic oocytes in the group given highest protein (47%) compared with the group fed on 31%. Significantly higher values of ovarian length, width and gonad weight were found among females given 47% protein compared with females fed on 15% protein. The ovarian height was significantly higher only in females given the highest protein amount when compared with the group fed on 31% protein. No significant difference of ovarian volume was found between groups given different protein contents. The average gonadosomatic ratio was highest in the groups fed on 47% protein. Significant correlations were found between gonad weight and total body weight of females in each group. Ovarian volume versus total body weight as well as versus gonad weight also yielded significant correlations in all groups. No significant differences of fecundity were found either between females given 47% and 31% protein or between females fed on 47% and 15% protein. A somewhat higher number of ova per individual fish was, however, observed among females given 31% when compared with females fed on 15% protein. The ovum size remained the same between groups given different protein contents. No significant correlation was found between fecundity and ovum diameter in the groups.     

Growth curves of body weight changes in laboratory-bred female African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)

Nonlinear growth models having three or four parameter family were applied to individual weight data of female African green monkeys for estimating their growth pattern. The body weight was measured continuously from birth to six years of age with five female laboratory-bred monkeys. A total of 95 weight data were collected from each monkey. The average body weight was 330 g with the standard deviation of +/- 15 g at birth, and 2.71 +/- 0.33 kg at four years of age. The body weight of female African green monkeys was judged to reach a plateau after about four years of age. Five growth models (Gompertz, Logistic, Richards, Bertalanffy, Brody) were applied to these weight to age data. The most suitable coefficient of determination between growth data and growth model was obtained by the application of Gompertz equation. Three parameters of Gompertz equation, mature size (A), rate of maturing (K) and inflexion point (e-1 A) were analyzed in relation to age of menarche. Strong correlations between age of menarche and maturing rate, as well as between age of menarche and inflexion point were observed.