急性低氧时Wistar大鼠与高原鼠兔肺组织内皮型一氧化氮合酶基因表达的变化

目的探讨内皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase, eNOS)在高原动物适应高原低氧环境中的作用.方法通过模拟4000m、6000m高原低氧,运用免疫组织化学技术,分别检测Wistar大鼠和高原鼠兔肺血管内皮和肺内气道上皮内皮型一氧化氮合酶蛋白表达水平的变化.结果无论是在肺血管内皮,还是肺内气道上皮,Wistar 大鼠eNOS蛋白表达在模拟4000m与6000m高原低氧处理2h后,均显著升高,而高原鼠兔基本保持不变,但高原鼠兔气道上皮eNOS的基础表达水平显著高于Wistar大鼠.结论相比Wistar大鼠,高原鼠兔eNOS基因表达在模拟高原低氧时增加较少甚或无明显增加,eNOS是急性高原低氧耐受过程中的一个重要机制.     

高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔肺细叶的结构特征

高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔是青藏高原土著动物,对低氧具有很好的适应性.为了探讨在低氧环境中两者肺细叶结构的适应特征,应用体视学方法测量了肺细叶相关指标.结果发现 :高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔肺单位面积肺泡数显著高于SD大鼠,单个肺泡面积和弹性纤维/肺实质比显著低于SD大鼠;高原鼢鼠肺泡隔厚度最厚,高原鼠兔最薄,且三种动物具显著差异; 高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔气-血屏障的算术平均厚度(Ta)和调和平均厚度(Th) 均显著低于SD 大鼠;在三个级别的微血管中,高原鼠兔中膜肌层厚度显著低于高原鼢鼠,两种高原动物均显著低于SD大鼠;高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔的微血管密度(MVD)显著高于SD大鼠.以上结果表明,高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔肺细叶结构特征表现出一定趋同,这些特征有利于在低氧条件下提高肺气体扩散容量;但是,肺泡隔厚度和微血管中膜肌层厚度/血管外径比又表现出明显的差异,可能是不同生境造成的[动物学报 54(3):531-539,2008].     

低氧暴露下高原鼠兔肺组织间隙连接蛋白40表达分析

低氧性肺血管收缩反应钝化是高原鼠兔适应低氧环境的重要策略,但参与该生理代偿反应的功能基因尚不明确。间隙连接蛋白40 (Connexin40, Cx40) 在哺乳动物肺血管内皮表达。本研究对生活在海拔3 200 m的高原鼠兔进行28 d模拟海拔5 000 m低氧处理,以Sprague Dawley (SD) 大鼠为对照,采用免疫组化法分析模拟低氧处理后高原鼠兔和SD大鼠肺组织形态结构,qPCR和蛋白印记法检测Cx40基因和蛋白表达量变化,探究Cx40在高原鼠兔低氧性肺血管收缩反应钝化中的潜在作用。结果显示,低氧处理后,高原鼠兔肺泡呈空泡囊状,Cx40蛋白在支气管和肺血管中均表达,Cx40 基因mRNA水平随着低氧暴露而升高,但其蛋白质水平呈下降趋势,肺支气管Cx40蛋白无明显变化。SD大鼠肺血管和肺支气管表达的Cx40蛋白均无明显变化。暗示生活在高海拔低氧环境中的高原鼠兔,Cx40蛋白下调可抑制血管收缩信号,减弱低氧性肺血管收缩反应,使低氧性肺血管收缩反应钝化,以适应高原缺氧环境。研究结果可为高原土著动物适应高寒缺氧环境提供基础理论数据。     

血管活性物质对大鼠低氧性肺血管结构重建作用的研究

目的：探讨内皮素-1（ET-1）、血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）在低氧性肺血管结构重建中的调节作用。方法：将2260m处的Wistar大鼠带到3417m的高度饲养24h,2周、3周后进行实验并和在当地捕捉到的高原鼠兔进行比较。取血,测定血液中的ET-1、VEGF的含量,然后取肺组织固定切片染色,40倍光镜下计数整个切片内的肺泡水平位上直径小于100μm的肌性动脉（AM）、部分肌性动脉（PAM）和非肌性动脉（NMA）的数目,分别计算它们各占肺小血管总数的百分比。左右心室室间隔分别称重．计算右室／左室＋室间隔。结果：高原鼠兔与缺氧不同时间大鼠VEGF及ET-1经组间方差分析均有显著差异（P〈0．01,随着缺氧时间的延长,大鼠MA及PMA的比例增加,NMA减少,RV／LV＋S逐渐增加（和高原鼠免比P〈0．01）,经组间方差分析亦有显著差异（P〈0．01）。结论：低氧环境下VEGF及ET-1共同参与了肺小血管的肌化过程,在低氧性肺动脉高压的发生发展中起到了重要作用,但在高原鼠兔体内仅具有维持组织器官发育和维持其正常功能的作用。     

PH-LHD大鼠模型中肥大细胞聚集与脱颗粒的规律和时间相关性研究

该文探讨左心疾病所致的肺动脉高压(pulmonary hypertension in left heart disease,PHLHD)大鼠模型中肥大细胞(mast cell,MC)聚集与脱颗粒的规律和时间相关性。实验选取66只雄性未成年Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠,随机分对照组(6只)、假手术组(6只)和模型组(54只),对照组大鼠未做任何处理,当天即进入实验程序;假手术组大鼠行假手术后64 d进入实验程序;模型组大鼠通过实施升主动脉缩窄手术来制备左心疾病所致的肺动脉高压模型,模型组造模成功后分别在术后第1、3、5、8、15、22、36、50、64 d进入实验程序。该实验行肺组织的固定和切取并制作成病理切片,观察肺血管周边肥大细胞的聚集与脱颗粒。结果显示,20~50μm和50~100μm的肺血管周边,在第36 d时均发生明显的肥大细胞聚集现象,且以脱颗粒状态为主,并引起了整个肺组织肥大细胞密度的明显增加。100μm的肺血管周边肥大细胞的聚集发生比较迟(第50 d),且以成颗粒状态的肥大细胞为主。在PH-LHD大鼠模型的形成过程中,肥大细胞起到了至关重要的作用。其中直径100μm的肺肌性动脉周边的肥大细胞对肺高压形成的影响较小,而20~50μm和50~100μm的肺细血管周边的肥大细胞明显参与了肺高压的形成。     

高原鼠兔下丘脑促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子的放射免疫测定

高原鼠兔已被我们选定为研究高原低氧适应机制的模型动物。我们过去的研究从器官水平乃至细胞和亚细胞水平均已证明该动物对高原低氧是不敏感的,属于高原低氧完全适应型动物。在研究下丘脑神经肽对高原低氧神经内分泌系的调控作用时,我们用大 鼠下丘脑促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子(Corticotropin releasing factor,CRF)的抗原、抗体放射免疫方法测定高原鼠免下丘脑CRF水平,获得了满意的结果,其灵敏度范围为3—200微微克/管,批间和批内变异系数分别为2.69％和7.24％。高原鼠兔下丘脑正中隆起处(Median eminence,ME)的提取物等的稀释液显示出与合成的大鼠CRF及其抗体间放射免疫反应的标准曲线,有很好的平行关系。高原鼠兔和大鼠ME处CRF的水平用此法测定分别为10.13±3.05和17.22±3.88微微克/毫克蛋白。大鼠ME处CRF水平随模拟海拔高度的增加而降低,而高原鼠兔不变化。随着肾上腺双侧切除,下丘脑ME之CRF下降,血浆皮质酮水平急剧下降,本结果提示,高原鼠兔的下丘脑确实含有与大鼠相类似结构与组成的CRF。此测定方法的确立,为研究高原鼠兔低氧神经内分泌适应机理,开拓了新路。     

自发性高血压大鼠心肌胶原与血管紧张素Ⅱ的关系

目的　观察成年 (16周龄 )自发性高血压大鼠 (spontaneouslyhypertensiverat,SHR)与同龄对照组 (WKY)大鼠之间细胞外基质成分的差异及血管紧张素Ⅱ (AngiotensinⅡ ,AngⅡ )在SHR大鼠左室肥厚形成过程的作用。方法　用尾袖法间接测定大鼠血压 ;检测左心室组织及血浆中的血管紧张素转化酶 (angiotensinconvertingenzyme ,ACE)活性 (紫外分光光度法 ) ;放免法测定左室心肌AngⅡ含量。免疫组化测定左室心肌胶原含量 ,用3H -Proline掺入量测定体外培养心肌成纤维细胞 (cardiacfibroblast,CFB)胶原的合成率。结果　 (1) 16周龄SHR大鼠血压明显高于对照组 (WKY)大鼠 ,分别为 (2 7.6 3± 2 .6 7)kPa和 (16 39± 0 54)kPa ,P <0 .0 5;(2 )SHR大鼠左室心肌AngⅡ含量明显高于WKY组 ,分别为 (2 6 6± 75)pg/ 10 0mg和 (134± 4 1)pg/ 10 0mg ,P <0 .0 5;(3)左室重量 (Leftventricalarmass,LVM)SHR明显高于WKY组 ,分别为 (10 14.3± 6 2 .1)mg和 (895.7± 86 .4 )mg ,P <0 .0 5;(4 )心体比 (Letventricrlarmass/bodyeight,LVM/BW )SHR明显高于WKY组 ,分别为 (3.4 4± 0 .15)mg/g和 (2 .17± 0 .11)mg/g ,P <0 .0 5;(5)体外细胞培养的心肌成纤维细胞3H -Proline掺入量随着AngⅡ浓度升高而增加 ,1μmol/L的AngⅡ使SH     

高原鼢鼠、鼠兔及大鼠心肌和骨骼肌乳酸脱氢酶活力及同工酶谱

为了探讨高原鼢鼠和鼠兔的低氧适应机理,用紫外分光光度法测定了高原鼢鼠、鼠兔及大鼠心肌和骨骼肌乳酸脱氢酶(Lactate Dehydrogenase,LDH)的活力,通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离了LDH同工酶.结果显示:鼢鼠、鼠兔、大鼠心肌LDH活力分别为16.90±2.00 U/mg pro,20.55±2.46 U/mg pro,38.26±6.78 U/mg pm,鼢鼠和鼠兔差异不显著(P>0.05),大鼠与鼠兔差异显著(P<0.05),大鼠与鼢鼠差异极显著(P<0.01);骨骼肌LDH活力,鼢鼠、鼠兔、大鼠分别为39.34±3.74 U/mg pro,78.33±9.54 U/mg pro,67.80±10.89 u/mg pr0,大鼠和鼠兔差异不显著(P>0.05),二者均极显著高于鼢鼠(P<0.01).高原鼠兔与鼢鼠LDH同工酶M亚基的迁移率较为相近,而H亚基差别较大;鼢鼠和大鼠H亚基的迁移率较为相近,而M亚基差别较大.鼢鼠和鼠兔心肌LDH同工酶亚基组成以H亚基为主,M亚基含量较低,而骨骼肌LDH同工酶亚基组成以M业基为主,H业基含量较低.大鼠心肌和骨骼肌LDH同工酶H亚基和M亚基含量均很丰富.说明高原鼢鼠和鼠兔虽然生活在极其缺氧的环境中,但它们的组织并不缺氧;高原鼢鼠和鼠兔以不同的策略适应高原缺氧.     

高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔心脏对低氧环境的适应

为了探讨高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔心脏对低氧环境的适应机制,以Sprague-Dawley (SD)大鼠为对照,测量三者的心脏/体重比(HW/BW)、右心室/(左心室 室间隔)重量比[RV/(LV S)];应用免疫组织化学方法测定心肌微血管密度(microvessel density, MVD);通过显微体视学技术比较线粒体的面数密度(NA,单位面积中线粒体数目)、体密度(Vv,单位体积心肌纤维中线粒体的体积密度)、面密度(Sv,单位体积心肌纤维中线粒体外膜的面积密度)、比表面(δ,线粒体外膜面积与其自身体积的比);用分光光度法测定心肌中的肌红蛋白(myoglobin, Mb)含量、乳酸(lactic acid, LD)含量和乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)活力;聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳观察LDH同工酶谱.结果显示:高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔HB/WB显著大于SD大鼠(P<0.05), RV/(LV S)显著小于SD大鼠(P<0.05).高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔和SD大鼠心肌MVD和线粒体NA依次递减(P<0.05);高原鼢鼠线粒体Vv显著低于高原鼠兔和SD大鼠(P<0.05),高原鼠兔与SD大鼠之间没有明显差异;高原鼢鼠线粒体Sv显著高于SD大鼠(P<0.05),与高原鼠兔相比无明显差异;高原鼠兔和SD大鼠的线粒体δ无显著差异,但均明显低于高原鼢鼠(P<0.05).高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔心肌Mb含量显著高于SD大鼠(P<0.05);高原鼢鼠心肌LD含量显著高于高原鼠兔和SD大鼠(P<0.05);两种高原动物心肌LDH活力显著低于SD大鼠(P<0.05).同工酶谱显示,高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔和SD大鼠的LDH中H亚基所占比例依次递减.以上结果提示,高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔通过增加心肌线粒体Sv、MVD以及Mb含量提高其在低氧环境获取氧的能力;同时,由于生境和习性上的不同,两者线粒体指标又表现出差异性.     

缺血预处理对大鼠肺缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 :观察缺血预处理 (IPC)对大鼠肺缺血 /再灌注 (I/R)损伤的保护作用 ,并初步探讨其作用机制。方法 :建立离体大鼠肺灌流模型 ,36只wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、I/R组和IPC组 ,处理完毕后分别测定平均肺动脉压(MPAP)、肺组织湿 /干重比、支气管肺泡灌洗液中肺表面活性物质磷脂及表面张力改变 ,肺组织标本送电镜检查。结果 :①电镜下观察IPC组肺损伤明显减轻。②肺组织湿 /干重比值IPC组为 4.41± 0 .2 4,显著低于I/R组 ,但仍高于缺血前 (P <0 .0 1) ;③IPC组大鼠缺血 1h后MPAP为 ( 1.88± 0 .2 9)kPa ,明显低于I/R组 (P <0 .0 1) ;④IPC组支气管肺泡灌洗液中总磷脂为 ( 2 33 .42± 14.0 5 ) μg/kg ,大聚体为 ( 10 5 .39± 6 .17) μg/kg ,与I/R组相比显著增高 ,但低于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ,三组之间小聚体含量没有显著差异 ;⑤IPC组表面张力为 ( 36 .88± 3.49)mN/m ,显著低于I/R组 ,与对照组相比则无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :缺血预处理对大鼠肺I/R损伤有保护作用 ,保护机制可能与促进肺表面活性物质 (PS)磷脂分泌、改善PS组成 ,从而提高PS功能有关。     

微流控芯片技术在细胞生物学研究中的应用进展

20世纪90年代以来,微流控芯片技术得到了快速发展。由于具有小型化、集成化、高通量、低消耗、分析快速等特点,微流控芯片作为一种新型的生物学研究平台,能够提供传统方法不具备的精细和可控制的细胞研究条件,在细胞生物学研究领域中得到了广泛关注。该文主要介绍其在细胞培养、分选、裂解、计数、凋亡检测、迁移、单细胞捕获、细胞间作用等方面的研究进展。     

The role of glutamine, serum and energy factors in growth of enterocyte-like cell lines

Background: Glutamine is routinely added to most cell cultures. Glutamine has been found to be the preferential nutrient to the rapidly replicating intestinal mucosa, but whether this is a metabolic effect or due to other properties of this amino acid is not determined. To study the importance of glutamine on the growth of two enterocyte-like cell lines, the effects of depriving the media or supplementing it with glutamine were assessed in media with different serum and energy supplements. Methods: CaCo-2 and HT-29 cells were grown in serum-free medium, with fetal bovine or synthetic serum, and with or without glucose or galactose. The glutamine content was varied between 0 and 4 mM. All growth assays were performed in triplicate by counting in a hemocytometer. Results: Both cell lines were dependent of serum factors for growth, but displayed distinct requirements on glutamine supplementation. Glutamine was an obligate supplement with dose-dependent correlation to growth (r=0.87, p<0.01) for CaCo-2 cells cultured in synthetic, but not in fetal bovine serum. In HT-29 cells, the correlation between glutamine and growth was significant (r=0,68, p<0,05) only in fetal bovine serum in the absence of galactose. Conclusion: This study shows that glutamine has different growth stimulating effects on two enterocyte-like cell lines studied. This could reflect different modes of action of glutamine on proliferation and differentiation in an enterocyte cell population.     

哺乳动物体细胞核移植中供体细胞的研究进展

在哺乳动物体细胞核移植中,供体细胞是影响其效率的主要因素之一。供体细胞的类型、细胞周期、细胞的培养代数、冷藏与冷冻处理,以及供体动物的性别、年龄等都可能影响核移植胚胎的发育。根据现有资料,简要综述了在哺乳动物体细胞核移植中有关供体细胞的研究进展。     

Besides Purkinje cells and granule neurons: an appraisal of the cell biology of the interneurons of the cerebellar cortex

Ever since the groundbreaking work of Ramon y Cajal, the cerebellar cortex has been recognized as one of the most regularly structured and wired parts of the brain formed by a rather limited set of distinct cells. Its rather protracted course of development, which persists well into postnatal life, the availability of multiple natural mutants, and, more recently, the availability of distinct molecular genetic tools to identify and manipulate discrete cell types have suggested the cerebellar cortex as an excellent model to understand the formation and working of the central nervous system. However, the formulation of a unifying model of cerebellar function has so far proven to be a most cantankerous problem, not least because our understanding of the internal cerebellar cortical circuitry is clearly spotty. Recent research has highlighted the fact that cerebellar cortical interneurons are a quite more diverse and heterogeneous class of cells than generally appreciated, and have provided novel insights into the mechanisms that underpin the development and histogenetic integration of these cells. Here, we provide a short overview of cerebellar cortical interneuron diversity, and we summarize some recent results that are hoped to provide a primer on current understanding of cerebellar biology.     

微囊化K562细胞生长周期及代谢特性的研究

以K562细胞为模型,分别进行微囊化和游离培养,运用流式细胞术考察两种培养体系下细胞周期和生长代谢变化;建立数学模型,模拟了两种培养体系下细胞的生长活性和代谢特性。实验发现：微囊化培养过程中的K562细胞处于DNA合成期（S期）的百分含量显著高于游离培养,并且细胞保持较高的增殖活性。模型计算表明,所建模型动力学参数能够很好地描述微囊化和游离两种培养体系下细胞的代谢情况;对细胞活性的理论计算表明,微囊化的细胞具有较高的增殖和代谢活性,同时细胞能够较长时间保持此活性;模型参数表明,两种培养体系下,葡萄糖对细胞生长的影响无显著差别 (k^Free_L≈k^APA_L),乳酸对游离培养细胞的生长具有明显抑制作用,但对微囊化培养细胞抑制作用较小(kFreeL>≈kAPAL)。     

Ultrastructural evidence for two-cell and three-cell neural pathways in the tentacle epidermis of the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida.

Sensory and ganglion cells in the tentacle epidermis of the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida were traced in serial transmission electron micrographs to their synaptic contacts on other cells. Sensory cell synapses were found on spirocytes, muscle cells, and ganglion cells. Ganglion cells, in turn, synapsed on sensory cells, spirocytes, muscle cells, and other neurons and formed en passant axo-axonal synapses. Axonal synapses on nematocytes and gland cells were not traced to their cells of origin, i.e., identified sensory or ganglion cells. Direct synaptic contacts of sensory cells with spirocytes and sensory cells with muscle cells suggest a local two-cell pathway for spirocyst discharge and muscle cell contraction, whereas interjection of a ganglion cell between the sensory and effector cells creates a local three-cell pathway. The network of ganglion cells and their processes allows for a through-conduction system that is interconnected by chemical synapses. Although the sea anemone nervous system is more complex than that of Hydra, it has similar two-cell and three-cell effector pathways that may function in local responses to tentacle contact with food.     

Of mice, frogs and flies: generation of membrane asymmetries in early development

Embryonic development begins with cleavage of the fertilized egg. Cleavage comprises two major processes: cytokinesis and formation of a polarized epithelial cell layer. The focus of this review is comparison of the generation of membrane polarity during embryonic cleavage in three different developmental model systems. In mammalian embryos, as exemplified by analysis of the mouse, generation of distinct membrane domains is uncoupled from cleavage divisions and is initiated in a specific developmental phase, called compaction. In Xenopus laevis embryos, generation of polarized blastomeres occurs simultaneously with cytokinesis. The origin of specific membrane domains of X. laevis polar blastomeres, however, can be traced back to oogenesis. Finally, in Drosophila melanogaster, generation of polarized cells occurs at cellularization. The relevance of cell adhesion, cell junctions and cytocortical scaffolds will be discussed for each of the model systems. Despite enormous morphologic differences, the three models share many common features; in particular, many important molecular interactions are conserved.     

Mammalian testis: a target of in vivo electroporation

Mammalian spermatogenesis consists of three biologically significant processes: stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, meiosis, and haploid cell morphogenesis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these processes might provide clues to the puzzle of species preservation and evolution, and to treatments for male infertility. However, few useful in vitro systems exist to investigate these processes at present. To elucidate these mechanisms, in vivo electroporation of the testis might be a convenient option. Since DNA solution can be injected into the seminiferous tubule via the rete testis, similar to germ cell transplantation, it is easy to transfect expression vectors into various differentiated germ cells and supporting Sertoli cells with adequate electric shock. Unfortunately, it is difficult to create transgenic animals using this method because of its low efficiency. However, gain- and loss-of-function assays, promoter assays, and tagged-protein behavior assays can be conducted with this technique, as in in vitro culture systems.     

牛脂肪间充质干细胞的分离、培养与鉴定

为了给组织工程提供种子细胞,对牛间充质干细胞(Adipose-derived stem cells,ADSCs)进行体外分离培养。首先应用胶原酶消化法分离牛ADSCs,进行体外培养、连续传代,并观察细胞的形态变化,通过细胞计数绘制生长曲线,细胞压片进行染色体分析,采用细胞免疫荧光化学方法检测细胞表面标记,利用成骨分化和成脂分化检测其分化能力。结果显示牛ADSCs体外培养时细胞形态呈成纤维细胞样,增殖稳定;Vimentin、CD49d、CD13表达呈阳性,CD34表达呈阴性;成骨诱导条件下的细胞碱性磷酸酶活性高,茜素红染色呈阳性;成脂诱导条件下细胞周围脂滴明显,油红-O染色呈阳性。结果证明牛ADSCs体外生长稳定、增殖速度快、定向分化能力强,简易的体外分离培养及诱导方法为其在组织工程中的应用奠定了基础。     

Towards the development of a minimal cell model by generalization of a model of Escherichia coli: use of dimensionless rate parameters.

A model of a minimal cell would be a valuable tool in identifying the organizing principles that relate the static sequence information of the genome to the dynamic functioning of the living cell. Our approach for developing a minimal cell model is to first generalize an existing model of Escherichia coli by expressing reaction rates as ratios to a set of reference parameters. This generalized model is a prototype minimal cell model that will be developed by adding detail to explicitly include each chemical species. We tested the concept of a generalized model by testing the effect of scaling all enzyme-catalyzed reactions in the E. coli model. The scaling has little effect on cellular function for a wide range of kinetic ratios, where the kinetic ratio is defined as the rate of all enzyme-catalyzed reactions in a given model relative to those in the E. coli model.