生态旅游及其规划的研究进展

以自然资源为基础的生态旅游作为一种促进可持续发展的旅游形式日益为旅游决策者、研究者及规划人员所重视。本文从生态旅游的定义分析入手,对目前国内外就其内涵、特征、功能分区及规划模式和管理的研究现状作出了评价。在此基础上,提出了生态旅游的可操作性定义与实施措施,并强调文脉(地理背景)特征及产品形象策划对生态旅游规划的重要意义。     

生态旅游与保护区管理

作为一种非消耗性的资源利用方式,生态旅游具有既可达到保护目的,又能促进地区发展的潜力。 1 生态旅游定义探险与旅游学会(1994:2)将生态旅游定义为:对环境负责的、对一定地区自然或人文景观进行有利于促进保护和地区经济发展的旅游观光。该定义不仅考虑到了旅游对环境的影响,而且     

《生态旅游规划原理与方法》评介

近 2 0年来 ,生态旅游得到了迅速发展 ,己成为新世纪旅游业的重要方向。世界旅游组织 (WTO )2 0 0 0年的估算显示 ,全球用于生态旅游的花费每年增长 2 0 % ,大约相当于整个旅游业平均增长率的 5倍。 2 0 0 2年是联合国命名的国际生态旅游年 ,得到了各国政府、各类国际组织和私人团体的响应与支持 ,更加预示着生态旅游的光明前景。生态旅游研究工作己引起了旅游界、生态学界及有关学科领域专家的关注 ,相关研究报道频频出现 ,而生态旅游规划是关注的焦点之一。我国在 1999年开展“生态环境游”主题年活动后 ,生态旅游作为一种思想观和旅游…     

广东内伶仃自然保护区生态旅游规划

1 概述内伶仃岛位于珠江口,由于特殊的时空因素,该岛受人为干扰少,保持着较好的自然环境,1988年被国务院公布为“内伶仃—福田自然保护区”,列入国家级森林和野生动物类型的自然保护区。全岛面积4.83平方公里,现有国家二级保护动物猕猴10群250余只,并以沙滩、阳光、植     

生态旅游研究方法综述

生态旅游研究成为当前热门研究领域之一 ,但尚未形成自己独特的研究方法体系 ,缺乏深入研究的技术支撑。回顾近 2 0年生态旅游乃至旅游学科 ,使用过或具有应用前景的研究方法主要有 :定性描述方法、生态实验方法、环境监测方法、理化分析方法、数理统计方法、客流量测方法、抽样调查方法、图表分析方法、“3S”技术方法、图象数据分析处理、计算机模拟、数学建摸方法、会议研讨等等。首先从分析生态旅游研究方法构成出发 ,逐步剖析国内生态旅游研究方法的应用、国外研究方法及其演变、生态旅游实证研究等核心问题。简洁地勾勒出生态旅游研究方法的历史轨迹和现时轮廓。最后提出了生态旅游研究方法中出现的主要问题及方法论建设的措施 :(1)稳定并壮大锲而不舍的研究队伍 ;(2 )加强生态旅游特殊矛盾的针对性 ;(3)注重研究方法的可操作性 ;(4 )重复实验或检测已有方法的普适性 (5 )及时总结、研讨 ,不作重复研究。     

厦门生态旅游及其可持续发展

分析了厦门发展生态旅游的有利条件和制约因素,提出了厦门生态旅游可持续发展的战略目标、对策和措施。研究表明,由于厦门自然旅游资源和人文旅游资源具有不可再生性,实现生态旅游的可持续发展需要做到旅游资源的开发与保护相结合,要保持厦门整体景观的和谐之美,合理规划和管理土地资源以及实施全面的生态管理和规划。     

自然保护区生态旅游存在的问题及其管理对策

自然保护区内开展生态旅游,可提高公众的环保意识,增加保护区的经济收入,但也会对保护区的生态平衡和动植物资源造成一定的负面影响。如何处理好自然保护与旅游开发的关系日益引起人们的关注,该文对国内外开展生态旅游的自然保护区进行了调查分析,结论认为,在自然保护区内开展生态旅游,必须采取切实有效的管理措施,进行科学规划,完善管理制度和监测体系,以达到不破坏生态环境和旅游资源永续利用的目的。     

西南喀斯特石漠化型生态旅游景区开发模式构建及其规划思路综述

喀斯特山区是我国西南典型的生态脆弱区及农村人口集中地,在自然因素和人为因素共同作用下导致喀斯特石漠化,从而引发耕地资源减少、森林生态系统受损及自然灾害频发等生态环境恶化和区域贫困问题。石漠化地区的治理模式主要侧重于生态恢复,如生物、工程和农业治理模式,治理工程的实施初步遏制了石漠化的扩张,但相对缺少在生态文明建设背景下旅游模式治理研究。生态旅游作为具有生态性、经济型双层属性的一种可持续旅游发展模式,为喀斯特石漠化地区治理提供了新思路。基于对典型地区的喀斯特生态旅游景区开发模式分析和西南喀斯特自然和人文景观资源,探讨了西南喀斯特石漠化型生态旅游景区保护性开发模式,提出西南喀斯特石漠化生态旅游模式修复治理下的规划思路,为西南喀斯特石漠化治理、生态旅游和区域经济发展提供参考。     

国内外生态旅游研究的问题及进展

从生态旅游的概念和内涵入手,介绍了国内外生态旅游研究的主要问题和进展,包括自然区保护、区域经济发展、政府组织和非政府组织的作用、主办社区、旅游业和游客等6个方面。针对国内生态旅游研究中存在问题,从方法、广度、深度和层次4个角度,提出国内生态旅游研究的具体思路和方向。     

生态旅游观的发展及其应用

综述了生态旅游观的发展及其应用。分析不同的生态旅游观及其对社会环境的正面和负面效应。探讨生态旅游的深刻内涵,强调生态旅游应从概念化向观念化转变,说明正确的生态旅游观对生态旅游开发者和管理者的意义。     

四川喇叭河景区生态旅游发展与对策研究

以四川天全县喇叭河旅游景区为研究案例,通过对资料统计整理和问卷调查分析,研究了2004~2006年景区生态旅游经济、旅游客体结构、生态旅游动机与意识等方面的发展变化趋势,并针对存在的突出问题,提出了喇叭河生态旅游可持续发展的有效对策。     

Integrated planning and management of freshwater habitats,including wetlands

Freshwater habitats play a very important role in sustaining human activities. Natural functions of wetlands, and other freshwater habitats, generate a wide array of resources that directly or indirectly support the economic and social welfare of diverse groups of people. This role is being seriously weakened as a result of inappropriate planning and management approaches which fail to maintain the functional integrity of the freshwater ecosystems with the result that the flow and quality of resources is degraded. This paper illustrates some of the major functions of wetlands and presents a case for developing integrated planning and management practices that protect the health and productivity of freshwater wetlands and seek to optimise the sustainable use of the flows of resources they generate.     

景观中心度及其在生态网络规划与管理中的应用

构建连续性生态网络已成为生物多样性保护、生态环境安全管理、游憩和历史文化资源保护的重要景观规划策略,其规划与管理已受到广泛关注.关键景观组分的识别是生态网络规划与管理的重点和难点,为解决这一问题,本文借鉴图论网络分析理论提出了景观中心度的概念及度量方法,并探讨了景观中心度在生态网络规划与管理中的应用内容和框架.景观中心度方法虽然可为景观规划与管理中关键景观要素的确定和连续生态网络的构建提供新途径,但仍需从指标的生态意义、实验数据的分析和简单通用的分析软件等方面对该方法进行验证和完善.     

矿区可持续生态环境管理规划方法研究

矿区生态规划理论与方法研究可为矿区的可持续发展提供具体的理论指导和技术支持．作为矿区生态规划的重要组成部分之一的矿区可持续的生态环境管理规划,贯穿于矿区整个开发生产过程．以可持续的生态环境建设和管理的思想为基础,建立了矿区生态环境管理体系框架,对生态环境管理指标的确定、生态环境因素的识别以及生态环境管理方案的决策提出了具体的方法．     

Making parks make a difference: poor alignment of policy,planning and management with protected-area impact,and ways forward

Policy and practice around protected areas are poorly aligned with the basic purpose of protection, which is to make a difference. The difference made by protected areas is their impact, defined in program evaluation as the outcomes arising from protection relative to the counterfactual of no protection or a different form of protection. Although impact evaluation of programs is well established in fields such as medicine, education and development aid, it is rare in nature conservation. We show that the present weak alignment with impact of policy targets and operational objectives for protected areas involves a great risk: targets and objectives can be achieved while making little difference to the conservation of biodiversity. We also review potential ways of increasing the difference made by protected areas, finding a poor evidence base for the use of planning and management ‘levers’ to better achieve impact. We propose a dual strategy for making protected areas more effective in their basic role of saving nature, outlining ways of developing targets and objectives focused on impact while also improving the evidence for effective planning and management.     

Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act: A programmatic application of adaptive management

The Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act (CWPPRA), commonly referred to as ‘The Breaux Act’, has provided some of the resources necessary to begin implementing a comprehensive, large-scale, long-term coastal wetland restoration program for Louisiana USA. Due to the dynamic nature of this ecosystem and the uncertainty associated with large-scale restoration, adaptive management principles were embedded throughout CWPPRA’s organizational structure, planning process, project implementation, and monitoring program to facilitate achieving the mandates associated with the Breaux Act. Feedback loops were established within and between each of the programmatic components to encourage continuous learning, which is central to adaptive management. The knowledge gained has led to institutionalized change in projects as well as the program. This paper describes how the formation of the CWPPRA Task Force and associated committees and groups resulted in an integrated coast-wide process for planning, selection, construction, operation, maintenance, monitoring, and scientific evaluation of 84 restoration projects implemented or scheduled for implementation throughout coastal Louisiana.     

Ecotourism and biodiversity conservation in Jozani–Chwaka Bay National Park, Zanzibar

This study is based on a study undertaken to assess how ecotourism has influenced biodiversity conservation in Jozani–Chwaka Bay National Park (JCBNP). It involved two communities surrounding the park, namely Pete and Kitogani. Field data were collected using structured questionnaires, key informant interviews and field observations. Questionnaires were administered to 76 households, whereas key informant interviews were conducted with foresters and JCBNP officials. Data analysis was undertaken using standard statistical methods. Findings from the study show that biodiversity management in the JCBNP has improved considerably after the introduction of ecotourism. The number of endemic colobus monkeys ( Piliocolobus kirkii ) and other rare species has increased. However, this achievement has been attained by restricting surrounding communities from using forest resources without providing alternative sources of livelihood. Findings also show that the benefits from ecotourism do not reach individual households, but the community as whole, in form of various social services. This has caused some resentment among the local people leading to their reluctance to reduce their direct use of ecosystem services available in the JCBNP, claiming that they cannot sustain their livelihood without such services. This has become a major source of conflict between the JCBNP and surrounding communities. Increased awareness and knowledge on biodiversity conservation would be needed for the communities surrounding the park to realize the potential and long-term benefits of ecotourism, and hence the need for their increased involvement in biodiversity management.     

面向生态系统服务的森林生态系统经营:现状、挑战与展望

森林生态系统是地球陆地生态系统的主体,它具有很高的生物生产力和生物量以及丰富的生物多样性,对全球生态系统和人类经济社会发展起着至关重要和无可替代的作用。伴随着人口的不断增长和经济社会的迅猛发展,对森林资源和森林生态系统服务的需求不断高涨,而且人类对森林资源价值的认识也发生了很大程度的改变。推进森林资源可持续经营,增加森林总量、提高森林质量、增强生态功能,已成为中国林业可持续发展乃至推进中国生态文明建设和建设美丽中国的战略任务。本文全面综述了森林生态系统经营发展历程,分析了森林生态系统经营的现状和存在问题,在此基础上,提出整合基于生态系统管理与满足现代人类福祉对森林多重需求的新的森林生态系统经营理念,面向生态系统服务的森林生态系统经营理念是未来的发展趋势。森林经营发展战略表现为:1)从单纯的森林面积数量扩张,转变到提高单位面积的森林生产力和森林质量;2)从单一追求木材生产逐步转变为多目标经营,将森林林产品单一的经营目标转变为广泛的生态、经济和社会等多目标经营;3)森林经营重点从林分水平转变为森林景观的经营,强调森林景观的时空异质性和动态变化,权衡和协同多种生态系统的服务功能,倡导森林景观的多样性和连通性,提高森林与其它土地利用模式镶嵌构成的复合景观的可持续性和稳定性,增强森林生态系统对气候变化影响的适应能力;4)森林生态系统经营将从依赖传统经验的主观决策转变为信息化、数字化和智能化的决策,发展森林生态系统经营决策支持系统和森林景观恢复与空间经营规划系统。     

四川白水河国家级大熊猫自然保护区生态旅游发展战略研究

通过对白水河国家级自然保护区生态旅游资源的参与式调查与评估,确定了白水河生态旅游的可行的优先区域,比选出本区生态旅游资源特色,提出了白水河生态旅游“以大熊猫栖息地探秘、观鸟、生态教育与体验为核心的生态旅游目的地”的主题定位,以及“飞来的大熊猫原生栖息地”等形象定位,以及生态旅游活动布局,价格策略、营销策略、管理策略等战略。     

Vegetation bioshields for tsunami mitigation: review of effectiveness, limitations, construction, and sustainable management

Coastal vegetation has been widely recognized as a natural method to reduce the energy of tsunami waves. However, a vegetation barrier cannot completely stop a tsunami, and its effectiveness depends on the magnitude of the tsunami as well as the structure of the vegetation. For coastal rehabilitation, optimal planning of natural coastal systems, and their maintenance, we need to quantitatively elucidate the capacity of vegetation to reduce the energy of tsunami waves. The limitations of coastal forests in relation to the magnitude of a tsunami and the maintenance of forests as natural disaster buffer zones have to be understood correctly for effective coastal vegetation planning. Demerits of coastal forests have also been revealed: for example, an open gap in a forest (i.e., a road, river, difference in elevation, etc.) can channel and amplify a strong current by forcing it into the gap. Floating debris from broken trees also can damage surrounding buildings and hurt people. However, many studies have revealed that these demerits can be overcome with proper planning and management of mangroves and coastal forests, and that coastal vegetation has a significant potential to mitigate damage in constructed areas and save human lives by acting as buffer zones during extreme natural events. However, mangrove forests have been damaged by anthropogenic activities (i.e., tourism, shrimp farming, and industrial development), making coastal areas increasingly vulnerable to tsunamis and other natural disasters. The effectiveness of vegetation also changes with the age and structure of the forest. This highlights the fact that proper planning and management of vegetation are required to maintain the tsunami buffering function of coastal forests. Although many government and nongovernmental organizations have implemented coastal vegetation projects, many of them have been unsuccessful due to a lack of proper maintenance. A pilot project in Matara City, Sri Lanka, revealed that participation and support from local authorities and communities is essential to make the planting projects successful. An integrated coastal vegetation management system that includes utilization of the materials produced by the forest and a community participation and awareness program are proposed to achieve a sustainable and long-lasting vegetation bioshield.