中国壳斗科植物属的空间多样性格局及其指标研究

通过植物专业网站及已发表的论文论著,查找每一种壳斗科植物在中国的具体分布地点(县),并采用地理信息系统技术,以县为空间数据的基本单元,以壳斗科植物为研究对象,从空间上获取多样性格局指标,定量研究中国壳斗科植物的属、类型的空间多样性格局。结果表明:(1)中国壳斗科植物中青冈属、栎属、锥属、柯属的斑块丰富度、多样性指数、斑块总数、总形状指数明显高于三棱栎属、栗属、水青冈属,而三棱栎属因只有一个斑块,属与种的空间多样性格局相同,与其他属明显不同。(2)中国壳斗科植物中属的空间多样性格局指标之间有一定的相关性,斑块丰富度、多样性指数、斑块总数、总形状指数相互之间、总面积与斑块总数、多样性指数、总形状指数之间呈显著正相关关系,总的最大斑块指数与均度指数之间呈显著负相关关系。(3)除三棱栎属外,其他属的斑块类型所占面积、占属面积的比例、斑块数目、最大斑块指数、形状指数各指标,基本上均随所在属斑块类型值的增加其相应指标依次降低,斑块类型与其他指标呈显著负相关关系。(4)中国壳斗科植物在青冈属、栎属、锥属、柯属中,每一个属种数为1~7的斑块类型所占面积之和、斑块数目之和分别占其属对应总指标的值均高于80%,表明种数较少的斑块类型构成了属的主要分布区,而种数较多的斑块类型,其各指标值均较低,分布范围很狭窄,但物种多样性高。     

中国壳斗科植物属的分布区定量研究

通过植物专业网站及发表的论文论著,收集每一种壳斗科植物在中国的具体分布地点（县）,并采用地理信息系统技术,以县为空间数据的基本单元,以壳斗科植物为研究对象,制作属的空间分布图,从图中定量地提取斑块的数目、面积、周长,计算形状指数、最大斑块指数,以及属的Shannon均匀度指数、Simpson均匀度指数,分析中国壳斗科植物属的空间分布及其特点,为植物区系空间分布定量研究提供依据。结果表明：（1）中国壳斗科植物属的空间分布呈现连续分布或间断分布,间断分布有星散分布、主次分布区、主分布区3种类型,以图形和定量的方式体现出属在空间上的分布差异。（2）中国壳斗科植物属的分布区或最大斑块的分布区在中国亚热带,能连续分布到热带,但在温带斑块分散,面积小,由此推断中国亚热带植物区系应划分为古热带植物区。（3）根据三棱栎属、锥属、柯属在世界和中国的分布,推断它们均为热带亚洲和热带美洲洲际间断分布。     

中国壳斗科植物属的空间多样性及差异

该文采用地理信息系统技术,以县为空间数据的基本单元,以壳斗科植物为研究对象,制作属的空间分布图,计算空间相似性系数,分析壳斗科各属的空间多样性及其差异。结果表明,三棱栎属为连续分布,与其他属的空间分布最不相似,其他属均为间断分布,其中锥属、青冈属、柯属空间分布最相似,这3个属的多样化中心均有云南南部,水青冈的多样化中心比前3个属偏北,栎属多样化中心是四川西南部和云南西北部,西北地区东南部是联系南方与北方栎属植物的重要通道。     

山地乔灌木斑块空间分布格局及其多样性沿海拔梯度的变化规律

探索山地乔灌木斑块的空间分布格局及其多样性与海拔的关系，对于揭示区域植物的环境适应性、实施区域生物多样性保护和生态系统修复具有重要意义。基于第三次林业普查数据，借助地理信息系统的分析方法，分析了横断山脉北段一二级阶梯过渡带乔灌木斑块的空间分布格局及其多样性沿海拔梯度的变化规律。结果表明：(1)过渡带的乔灌木总计37科72属103种，乔木(56种)略多于灌木(47种),乡土物种占比99.03%,中国特有物种占比22.33%。过渡带中的优势树种为：冷杉、云杉、高山松、高山栎、矮桦和落叶松；优势灌木为：高山杜鹃、灌状高山栎、杯腺柳、杜鹃、忍冬和野蔷薇。(2)水平格局显示，灌木斑块总面积约为乔木斑块的1.24倍，优势地位明显，但破碎化程度高于乔木。灌木斑块集中连片分布于过渡带的北部、中部和西部。乔木斑块则沿金沙江、雅砻江和大渡河等流域呈现带状分布。海拔梯度显示，在过渡带的低海拔、高海拔和极高海拔区域，灌木斑块所占面积均高于乔木斑块，但在中海拔区域乔木斑块所占面积约为灌木斑块面积的1.80倍。(3)多样性分析显示，过渡带的乔灌木多样性较好，且乔木的多样性优于灌木。其东部区域的乔灌木多样性最好，其...     

云南地区种子植物多样性分布格局和多样性分化特点研究

利用大尺度的植物分布信息结合地理信息系统和数理统计分析,探讨了云南种子植物多样性的地理分布格局和多样性分化特点。结果表明,从科到属和种,植物多样性和区系分化强度的数据集离散程度均呈递增趋势。相对属和种而言,科的多样性的空间分异和高值区域并不明显,这可能与科、属、种所代表的不同地质历史时期有关;南部地区属和种的多样性明显高于除滇西北以外的大部分地区。种的多样性分布中心主要集中在滇西北地区、云南南部地区、哀牢山、无量山地区和昆明地区,这可能与生境异质性和热量条件有关。相对科而言,属的区系分化强度的空间分异更为明显,并与物种多样性的分布格局比较接近,暗示着植物多样性与区系分化之间的密切联系。相对科而言,属的区系分化中心高值区域更为明显。总体上,云南地区植物多样性的分布格局及其分化可能与其生境、热量条件和地质历史有关。     

中国大陆北热带及亚热带地区樟科、壳斗科物种多样性及其生物地理格局分析

以中国大陆北热带及亚热带地区优势科樟科、壳斗科植物为研究对象,利用专著发表大量的样方数据和物种分布数据,分析樟科、壳斗科与群落构建的关系、它们各大属的地理分布格局,探讨影响其分布的可能历史原因。结果表明:中国大陆北热带及亚热带地区森林乔木层优势科为樟科、壳斗科、山茶科、杜鹃花科。樟科、壳斗科物种丰富度均与其所在群落的物种丰富度呈现一定的正相关,樟科对群落构建的贡献较大。樟科、壳斗科植物种的空间多样性分布中心均出现在我国亚热带中部偏南地区。樟科的厚壳桂属、琼楠属以及壳斗科的锥属物种多样性分布中心主要在南亚热带及北热带区域,以广西、云南省份的南部为主。樟科的樟属、新木姜子属、润楠属、木姜子属及壳斗科的柯属、青冈属主要分布在我国大陆北热带及亚热带中部偏南的地区,其多样性分布中心与樟科、壳斗科科水平的物种多样性分布中心极为相似。樟科的山胡椒属、楠属、黄肉楠属,壳斗科的栎属主要分布在研究区域中部以西的地区。研究结果佐证物种的生态学特性以及生物地理学历史综合作用导致目前樟科和壳斗科植物的生物多样性分布格局。     

中国桑科植物属的空间分布及多样性

该研究以FRPS《中国植物志》全文电子版网站、中国在线植物志(eFlora)网站和国家标本资源共享平台(NSII)网站收录的全部中国桑科植物数据为基础,以部分省的植物志以及正式发表的论文为补充,查找每一个桑科植物的具体分布地点(精确到县一级),并采用地理信息系统技术,以县为空间数据的基本单元,以桑科12属的植物为研究对象,制作属的空间分布图,计算空间相似性系数,分析桑科植物各属的空间多样性及其差异。结果表明:(1)中国桑科植物中桑属的分布最广,橙桑属的分布最狭窄。(2)橙桑属与其他属的空间分布相似性系数均较低(0~0.0444),其中橙桑属与见血封喉属和牛筋藤属的相似性系数均为0,表明橙桑属与其他属的分布几乎没有重叠区;榕属与构属和柘属的空间分布相似性系数分别为0.7394和0.6795,表明这3属的空间分布有较多的重叠区;见血封喉属的分布范围较广,从热带到亚热带地区均有。(3)中国桑科植物属的多样化中心(保护区域)集中在热带和亚热带地区,其中波罗蜜属和葎草属的多样化中心均在云南,鹊肾树属的多样化中心在海南,柘属的多样化中心从热带、南亚热带扩大至中亚热带地区;榕属在中国有98个种,多样化中心分布在甘肃东南部、贵州东北部、云南南部、广西西南部、台湾南部和海南西部;桑属(11个种)的多样化中心分布在重庆南部、湖北南部、湖南西北部、贵州中南部、云南东部和广西西部。研究认为,中国桑科植物属的多样化中心各有特点,基于县的空间分布及多样性研究结果能够具体确定中国桑科植物属的最小保护区域;且该研究结果支持贵州地区是桑属植物的分化中心和过渡中心。     

景观多样性分析及其制图研究

景观多样性是生物多样性研究的主要内容之一。景观多样性是指景观结构、功能和动态的多样性和复杂性。本文讨论了景观多样性的概念、测度和空间制图。提出了景观多样性包括类型多样性、格局多样性和斑块多样性。景观多样性可用多样性指数、优势度、相对丰富度、修改的分维数等指数来测定。一个多样性指数Ｄ＿ｉ＝（ｉ－１）／（ｍ－１）×１００％被给出用于景观多样性制图,黄土高原泉家沟流域被选为研究区域。在地理信息系统的支持下,通过时栅格化的土地利用类型图进行分析操作产生出了研究区域的景观多样性图。对景观多样性进行空间制图有助于分析景观生态过程,研究结果可直接用于景观和土地利用规划、野生动植物保护及立地分析。     

近40年来若尔盖高原高寒湿地景观格局变化

基于Apack软件,通过选取景观面积指数、景观多样性指数和景观破碎化指数等景观格局指数,从景观水平上研究了近40a来若尔盖高原高寒湿地景观空间分布格局特征的动态变化过程.结果表明:(1)高寒湿地景观空间格局以自然湿地景观为主要特征,自然湿地景观的斑块数和平均斑块面积均明显高于人工湿地景观.沼泽湿地景观斑块数最多,面积最大,所占比例高于95%;(2)高寒湿地景观具有高度的空间异质性.若尔盖县湿地景观的面积最大,占该区湿地景观总面积的近50%,湿地率也居五县之首;红原县和玛曲县次之;阿坝县和碌曲县最小;(3)高寒湿地景观面积呈先减少后增加的变化趋势.但与20世纪60年代相比,2000年湿地景观面积仍呈萎缩状态,总面积减少59857.83 hm2;(4)近40a来,若尔盖高原湿地景观呈集中连片分布,聚集度均高于0.95;优势度水平较高,但多样性指数水平较低.湿地景观的斑块数呈先下降后持平的变化趋势,而平均斑块面积则表现为增加的变化趋势;湿地景观分布质心也发生了明显的空间位移,经历了先向西北方向偏移12.54km;再向东南方向偏移了11.33km;最后又向北偏移了1.1km.     

上海市城市绿地景观空间格局研究

以上海市为研究区域,以遥感与地理信息系统为技术手段,基于2003年航空影像,分别按照景观类型和斑块大小两方面对城市绿地景观进行了类型划分,建立了城市绿地景观空间数据库;并将研究区域划分为8个空间单元,运用景观生态学以及空间分析方法,分别从斑块水平、类型水平、景观镶嵌结构等方面研究了上海市城市绿地景观格局的总体布局特征;选择斑块数量、斑块面积标准差、面积均值、周长均值、分维数等若干景观生态学指数来研究城市绿地景观镶嵌结构的数量特征,探讨了城市绿地景观在城市扩展与城市景观格局演变过程中所呈现的时空规律,旨在为城市规划与发展提供决策依据。     

西南地区壳斗科物种丰富度和特有性分布格局模拟及其环境解释

如何准确地模拟物种宏观丰富度格局和特有性中心是生物多样性保护工作的重点,也是生物地理学的热点话题。西南地区是我国壳斗科植物最丰富的地区之一,但物种多样性格局及环境驱动机制尚不清楚。本研究基于西南地区161种壳斗科植物7258个分布点位数据,利用点格局法和物种分布模型两种方式构建了物种丰富度、加权特有性指数和校正加权特有性指数的分布格局,并采用空间自回归模型(SAR)分析上述3个多样性指数与环境因子间的关系。总体上看,物种分布模型模拟的3个指数在空间上比点格局法更为连续,但数值高低分布情况具有相似性: 两种方式模拟的物种丰富度高值区主要分布在滇南边缘、桂北部和桂西南部地区(62～89种);加权特有性指数最大值集中在滇南和桂西地区(1.77～5.02);藏东南、秦岭-大巴山、桂西南部和滇东南地区具有最高的校正加权特有性指数(0.07～0.17)。SAR模型结果显示:最干月降雨量、温度季节性变化标准差、海拔变幅和土壤有机碳含量对物种丰富度的影响均显著,最干月降雨量、温度季节性变化标准差、潜在蒸散量和海拔变幅对加权特有性有着显著影响,温度季节性变化标准差、最干月降雨量、历史温度变化、增强型植被指数变异系数和海拔变幅对校正加权特有性的影响显著;SAR模型对物种丰富度、特有性指数和加权特有性指数的拟合效果(R²=0.857、0.733、0.593)分别优于普通线性模型(R²=0.689、0.425、0.422)。综上,水分可获得性、气候季节性、生境异质性、历史气候变化和土壤状况是制约西南地区壳斗科丰富度和特有性分布的最重要因素。滇南、滇东南、桂西南、桂西、秦岭-大巴山以及藏东南地区是壳斗科物种丰富度中心或特有性中心,应受到重点关注和保护。     

Identifying hotspots of endemic woody seed plant diversity in China

Aim This study aimed to detect distribution patterns and identify diversity hotspots for Chinese endemic woody seed plant species (CEWSPS). Location China. Methods Presence of 6885 CEWSPS throughout China was mapped by taking the Chinese administrative county as the basic spatial analysis unit. The diversity was measured with five indices: endemic richness (ER), weighted endemism (WE), phylogenetic diversity (PD), phylogenetic endemism (PE) and biogeographically weighted evolutionary distinctiveness (BED). Three levels of area (i.e. 1, 5 and 10% of China’s total land area) were used to identify hotspots, but the 5% level was preferred when both the total area of the hotspots identified and the diversity of CEWSPS reached by the hotspots were considered. Results Distribution patterns of CEWSPS calculated with the five indices are consistent with each other over the national extent. However, the hotspots do not show a high degree of consistency among the results derived from the five indices. Those identified with ER and PD are very similar, and so are those with WE and BED. In total, 20 hotspots covering 7.9% of China’s total land area were identified, among which 11 were identified with all the five indices, including the Hengduan Mountains, Xishuangbanna Region, Hainan Island, and eight mountainous areas located in east Chongqing and west Hubei, in east Yunnan and west Guangxi, in north Guangxi, south‐east Guizhou and south‐west Hunan, in north Guangdong and south Hunan, in south‐east Tibet, and in south‐east Hubei and north‐west Jiangxi. Taiwan Island was also identified as a major hotspot with WE, PE and BED. Main conclusions Hotspots of CEWSPS were identified with five indices considering both distributional and phylogenetic information. They cover most of the key areas of biodiversity defined by previous researchers using other approaches. This further verifies the importance of these areas for China’s biodiversity conservation.     

A latitudinal gradient in large-scale beta diversity for vascular plants in North America

Species turnover, or beta diversity, has been predicted to decrease with increasing latitude, but few studies have tested this relationship. Here, we examined the beta diversity–latitude relationship for vascular plants at a continental scale, based on complete species lists of native vascular plants for entire states or provinces in North America (north of Mexico). We calculated beta diversity as the slope of the relationship between the natural logarithm of the Jaccard index (ln J ) for families, genera or species, and both geographic distance and climate difference within five latitude zones. We found that beta diversity decreased from south to north; within latitude zones, it decreased from species to genera and families. Geographic and climatic distance explained about the same proportion of the variance in ln J in zones south of c. 50°N. North of this latitude, nearly all the explained variance in ln J was attributable to geographic distance. Therefore, decreasing beta diversity from south to north reflects decreasing climate differentiation within more northerly latitude zones, and primarily post-glacial dispersal limitation north of 50°N.     

Spatial analysis of taxonomic and genetic patterns and their potential for understanding evolutionary histories

Aim The aim of this research is to develop and investigate methods for the spatial analysis of diversity based on genetic and taxonomic units of difference. We use monophyletic groups of species to assess the potential for these diversity indices to elucidate the geographical components of macro‐scaled evolutionary processes. Location The range occupied by Pultenaea species in temperate and sub‐tropical eastern Australia, extending from western South Australia (133° E–32° S) to Tasmania (146° E–43° S) to coastal central Queensland (148° E–20° S). Methods We applied a series of both spatially explicit and spatially implicit analyses to explore the nature of diversity patterns in the genus Pultenaea, Fabaceae. We first analysed the eastern species as a whole and then the phylogenetic groups within them. We delineated patterns of endemism and biotic (taxon) regions that have been traditionally circumscribed in biogeographical studies of taxa. Centres of endemism were calculated using corrected weighted endemism at a range of spatial scales. Biotic regions were defined by comparing the similarity of species assemblages of grid cells using the Jaccard index and clustering similar cells using hierarchical clustering. On the basis that genetically coherent areas were likely to be more evolutionary informative than species patterns, genetic indices of similarity and difference were derived. A matrix of similarity distances between taxa was generated based on the number of shared informative characters of two sections of trnL‐F and ndhF chloroplast nuclear regions. To identify genetically similar areas, we clustered cells using the mean genetic similarities of the species contained within each pair of cells. Measures of the mean genetic similarity of species in areas were delineated using a geographically local multi‐scalar approach. Resultant patterns of genetic diversity are interpreted in relation to theories of the evolutionary relationships between species and species groups. Results Centres of Pultenaea endemism were defined, those of clades 1 congruent with the spatially separated centres of clades 2 and 3. The taxonomic classification analysis defined cells with shared groups of species, which in some cases clustered when plotted in geographic space, defining biotic regions. In some instances the distribution of biotic regions was congruent with centres of endemism, however larger scale groupings were also apparent. In clade 1 one set of species was replaced by another along the extent of the range, with some connectivity between some geographically disjunct regions due to the presence of widespread species. In the combined analysis of clade 2 and 3 species the major biotic (taxonomic) groups with geographic coherence were defined by species in the respective clades, representing the geographic separation of these clades. However distinctive biotic regions within these main groupings of clades 2 and 3 were also apparent. Clustering cells using the mean genetic similarities of the species contained within each pair of cells indicated that some of the taxonomically defined biotic boundaries were the result of changes in composition of closely related species. This was most apparent in clades 1 and 2 where most cells were highly genetically similar. In clade 3 genetically distinct groups remained and were in part defined by sister taxa with disjunct distributions. Gradients in mean genetic similarity became more apparent from small to larger scales of analysis. At larger scales of analysis, regions of different levels of genetic diversity were delineated. Regions with highest diversity levels (lowest level of similarity) often represented regions where the ranges of phylogenetically distinctive species intergraded. Main conclusions The combined analysis of diversity, phylogeny and geography has potential to reveal macro‐scaled evolutionary patterns from which evolutionary processes may be inferred. The spatial genetic diversity indices developed in this study contribute new methods for identifying coherent evolutionary units in the landscape, which overcome some of the limitations of using taxonomic data, and from which the role of geography in evolutionary processes can be tested. We also conclude that a multiple‐index approach to diversity pattern analysis is useful, especially where patterns may be the result of a long history of different environmental changes and related evolutionary events. The analysis contributes to the knowledge of large‐scale diversity patterns of Pultenaea which has relevance for the assessment of the conservation status of the genus.     

中国西部干旱地区啮齿动物多样性分布格局

在系统整理我国西部干旱地区啮齿动物的分布资料,获得物种分布范围的基础上,应用GIS软件,基于等面积栅格系统,研究啮齿动物的等级多样性,探讨啮齿动物物种的区域分化特征。结果表明,祁连山地和北塔山、伊犁天山、阿拉套山和阿尔泰山地,以及贺兰山地等处的啮齿动物的属数最高;塔里木盆地中心和藏北高原的属数最低。阿尔泰山南麓、伊犁天山和东祁连山地的啮齿动物科数最多;塔里木盆地中心和藏北高原的科数较少。在青藏高原的周边,寒漠与温性荒漠、荒漠与山地、高原与盆地、荒漠与草原、山地与草原等景观的交界处,多样性指数较高。蒙新荒漠区的啮齿动物的属科数比相对较高,青藏高原的属科数比值较低,但青藏高原的种属数比值相对较高,而且GF指数亦较高。     

戴云山物种多样性与系统发育多样性海拔梯度分布格局及驱动因子

生物多样性的海拔分布格局是生态学研究的热点。海拔作为综合性因子驱动着植物群落的物种、系统发育与功能多样性的空间分布。以戴云山南坡900-1600 m森林植物群落为研究对象,探讨物种多样性、系统发育指数与环境驱动因子的相互关系以及环境因子在群落构建与多样性维持中的重要意义。结果表明：（1）森林植物群落的系统发育多样性与物种多样性沿海拔均呈现中间高度膨胀格局。（2）物种多样性Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数与系统发育多样性指数呈显著正相关,表明物种多样性越高,系统发育多样性也越高。Shannon-Wiener指数与物种多样性指数（Margalef、Pielou、Simpson指数）、系统发育多样性及系统发育结构都存在显著相关性,一定程度上Shannon-Wiener指数可以代替其他指数。Pielou指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数与系统发育结构NRI （Net relatedness index）指数、NTI （Net nearest taxa index）指数存在显著正相关,表明群落优势度、均匀度与系统发育结构相关性较强。（3）土壤全磷含量是影响系统发育多样性和物种多样性的主要驱动因子,土壤含水量是影响Shannon-Wiener、Pielou、Simpson指数的最显著因子,海拔是影响群落系统发育结构的主要因素。海拔是影响系统发育结构变化的主要环境因子,而土壤因子是影响物种多样性与系统发育多样性的主要因素,进一步验证了物种多样性与系统发育多样性的高度相关,结果旨在揭示物种群落空间分布规律。