新红星苹果果实着色期几种色素含量变化及其相关性（简报）

新红星苹果果实在果皮着色前果皮内叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量降至最低。果皮着色过程中,随果皮内花青素含量迅速增加,叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量也出现增加趋势,果色由淡红变为深红。自然着色前在果皮伤害处理情况下可明显刺激果皮内花青素、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量的一致提高。     

甜橙辣椒红/辣椒玉红素合成酶同源基因的克隆(简报)

类胡萝卜素是由8个类异戊二烯单位组成的一类碳氢化合物及其氧化衍生物。它存在于所有植物中,并在光合作用及光保护等生理过程中起着重要作用。同时,类胡萝卜素也使果实呈现各种色泽。柑桔成熟果实的果皮及果汁色泽也主要是由于类胡萝卜素引起。果皮中类胡萝卜素种类及含量决定了     

红富士苹果品质与生态气象因子关系的研究

通过对我国不同生态类型区红富士苹果果实品质的调查和实验室分析,应用多元统计分析,研究了不同生态类型区红富士果实品质差异及影响果实品质的主要气象因子．红富士苹果在我国陕西渭北、甘肃陇东和山东渤海湾地区呈现出果实大、果面光洁、果色鲜艳的特征;而在西南高地果色暗红;黄河故道地区果面粗糙、着色差、果肉松;宁夏地区果实偏小．经典范相关分析筛选出影响苹果品质因素的主要气象因子,不同品质因素受气象因子的影响各异,果实花青素含量主要受年总降雨量、１０月平均温度、７月平均最高气温、９月平均最低气温、９月日照时数等气象因子的影响     

番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)类胡萝卜素降解关键基因筛选

类胡萝卜素衍生挥发物对提升番茄风味至关重要。为筛选调控类胡萝卜素衍生挥发物合成的关键基因,以90个番茄自交系中香气寡淡的TI4001和香气浓郁的CI1005为材料,分析了番茄类胡萝卜素裂解双加氧酶(SlCCDs)基因在不同组织及不同发育期果实中的表达量,果实不同成熟期类胡萝卜素及其衍生挥发物的含量。发现在7个SlCCDs基因中,SlCCD1A和SlCCD1B基因在番茄果实中表达量最高,且随着果实发育成熟表达量显著升高。果实中类胡萝卜素及其衍生挥发物含量也显著升高。SlCCD1A和SlCCD1B基因表达量与类胡萝卜素及其衍生挥发物含量之间极显著正相关。推测SlCCD1A和SlCCD1B基因是裂解类胡萝卜素合成挥发物的关键基因。     

套袋对苹果发育过程中果皮色素及果肉糖含量的影响

以富士苹果'长富2号'品系为试材,研究了套袋后果实生长发育过程中果皮色素含量、果肉糖含量及取袋后果皮色素、糖含量和PAL活性等品质形成因子的变化规律.结果显示:套用双层纸袋能显著降低红富士苹果果皮叶绿素含量,并以叶绿素a降低幅度较大,且与总叶绿素含量呈基本一致的下降变化趋势,而果皮类胡萝卜素降低幅度较小;果皮的花青苷含量取袋前显著低于对照,取袋后迅速上升,并在取袋后6 d超过对照,采收时超过对照1倍以上;果实PAL酶活性取袋后呈先升后降的趋势,取袋后4 d活性超过对照,取袋后6 d活性达到最高值;套袋不同程度地降低了果实可溶性总糖和还原糖含量,取袋后可溶性总糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量上升,蔗糖含量在取袋后4 d内迅速上升而后下降,但套袋果始终低于对照果.研究表明,套袋可以显著降低果皮中叶绿素的含量,促进花青苷积累,从而减少叶绿素对果实着色的干扰,提高果实外观品质,但同时也部分减少了果实总糖的含量,对果实内在品质有一定负面影响.     

辣椒果实类胡萝卜素生物合成研究进展

辣椒是全世界广泛栽培的蔬菜作物之一,成熟的辣椒果实中含有α-胡萝卜素、β-胡萝卜素、玉米黄质、叶黄素、隐黄质、辣椒红素及辣椒玉红素等多种不同的类胡萝卜素;由于类胡萝卜素生物合成途径存在差异调控方式,最终在辣椒果实中积累不同成分和含量的类胡萝卜素,从而导致不同辣椒果实颜色的形成。同时,辣椒果实含有的各种类胡萝卜素因具有重要保健及经济价值,也越来越受到育种家重视。本文系统概述了辣椒果实颜色与类胡萝卜素组分、类胡萝卜素生物合成途径、关键酶基因的功能及相关转录调控机制等方面的研究进展,总结了当前研究中存在的问题,并提出相应的研究展望,对今后高类胡萝卜素辣椒新品种选育、人为调控类胡萝卜素生物合成、改善辣椒果实品质具有重要的意义。     

外源蔗糖和ABA对草莓生物活性物质及抗氧化能力的影响

蔗糖和脱落酸是能有效促进草莓果实成熟的两种物质。本研究以"红颜"草莓为研究材料,分别用外源蔗糖、脱落酸和二者的混合液喷施浅绿期的草莓果实,拟探讨其在缩短草莓果实生长期的前提下,对草莓果实生长发育过程中主要生物活性物质含量和抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,外施蔗糖、脱落酸及二者的混合液会显著加速草莓果实发育过程中花青素和类胡萝卜素的积累以及总酚、黄酮和抗氧化能力的下降,但不会影响成熟草莓果实的花青素、总酚含量和抗氧化能力。然而,蔗糖和混合处理以及蔗糖和ABA处理却能分别提高成熟草莓果实中的类胡萝卜素和抗坏血酸含量。综上所述,外施蔗糖、ABA及二者的混合液在有效缩短草莓果实的成熟期的前提下不会影响成熟草莓果实的主要生物活性物质含量和抗氧化能力。同时,对成熟草莓果实的类胡萝卜素和抗坏血酸含量的提高有积极作用。     

光照对柑橘果皮类胡萝卜素和色泽形成的影响

以“红柿柑”为试材,在柑橘果实膨大末期通过套袋遮光处理以抑制果皮光合作用,研究光照对果皮糖、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素及果实外观色泽的影响。结果表明,遮光后果皮叶绿素含量迅速下降引起果实转色提早,但各种类胡萝卜素含量及总量并未提高,而是显著下降;至果实成熟时由于遮光与光照处理的果皮叶绿素均消失,遮光果实类胡萝卜素含量低颜色变淡,与光照处理相比,遮光前期果皮糖含量下降不大,而后期下降明显;若在后期去袋照光,果皮糖含量上升,与此相应,类胡萝卜素,尤其是β-隐黄质的积累增加,颜色加深,表明光对果皮类胡萝卜素合成尤其是β-隐黄质的积累有促进作用,其原因是光以环境信号的方式影响果皮的类胡萝卜素形成。     

1-MCP对‘粉红女士’苹果冷藏期间品质变化和香气形成的影响

以'粉红女士'苹果为试验材料,研究了1 μL/L 1-MCP(1-甲基环丙烯)对苹果冷藏期间乙烯释放速率、呼吸速率、果实硬度以及香气成分和相对含量的影响.结果表明,1-MCP处理可显著抑制'粉红女士'苹果冷藏期间呼吸作用和乙烯释放,有效延缓果实硬度的下降.冷藏期内'粉红女士'苹果香气物质主要有醇类、醛类、酯类、烯类、酸类和烷烃类等,并以酯类香气为主(占46.15%);1-MCP能显著减少果实贮藏期间酯类、醇类和烷烃类香气成分种类和相对含量,处理果中酯类和醇类香气成分种类比同期对照分别减少了50%和78%,主要香气成分丁酸己酯在处理和对照果实的相对含量分别为1.12%～1.73%和1.87%～5.18%.可见,1-MCP处理对'粉红女士'苹果具有良好保鲜效果,也显著地抑制了贮藏期间香气的形成.     

两大优势产区‘富士’苹果园土壤养分与果实品质关系的多变量分析

探讨环渤海湾和黄土高原两大苹果产区土壤养分对‘富士’苹果品质的影响,筛选不同产区影响果实品质特性的主要土壤养分因子,明确优质‘富士’苹果的土壤养分含量指标等,为两大苹果产区果园合理施肥、提高果实品质等提供理论依据.于2010—2011年分别在我国环渤海湾和黄土高原两大苹果产区各选择22个县,每个县3片果园,共计132个乔砧‘富士’苹果园,对每个果园的土壤养分含量和果实品质指标进行调查和分析,应用偏最小二乘回归方法筛选不同产区影响果实品质的主要土壤养分因子,并建立果实品质因素与土壤养分含量关系的回归方程,线性规划求解不同产区优质‘富士’苹果的土壤养分含量优化方案.结果表明: 环渤海湾产区的土壤碱解氮、有效磷、钙、铁和锌含量极显著高于黄土高原产区,而土壤pH,有效钾含量显著低于黄土高原产区;黄土高原产区的果实可溶性固形物含量显著高于环渤海湾产区,而固酸比显著低于环渤海湾产区.土壤有效硼含量对两产区果实单果质量影响的正效应最大,而土壤总氮与两产区果实硬度呈负效应;环渤海湾产区的果实可溶性固形物含量主要受土壤总氮和有效硼的负、正效应影响,黄土高原产区主要受土壤有效钙和碱解氮正、负效应的影响.环渤海湾产区优质乔砧‘富士’苹果的土壤养分含量需求为高的土壤有效硼和pH,适宜的土壤有效钾;黄土高原产区为低的土壤全氮,高的碱解氮、有效钾和有效铁,适宜的土壤有效锌和硼.环渤海湾产区优质乔砧‘富士’苹果的土壤养分管理技术措施为增加土壤有效硼含量和调高土壤pH、调整土壤有效钾含量;而黄土高原产区为提高土壤碱解氮、有效钾和有效铁含量,降低果园土壤pH,适当调整土壤有效锌和有效硼含量.     

Profiles of gene family members related to carotenoid accumulation in citrus genus

Citrus fruit are an important reservoir of carotenoids. Numerous studies have been carried out to identify and profile the members of gene families involved in carotenoid biosynthetic pathway to explain the diversity of coloration in citrus fruit. It was found that gene expression analysis could not always explain the changes in carotenoid content and composition, indicating that other unknown genes and mechanisms should be operative. This review summarizes and updates the current knowledge on gene families involved in the citrus carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and their roles on the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis, as well as provides insightful questions leading to future experimentation.     

枸杞子中类胡萝卜素的组成及含量

枸杞子(ＦｒｕｃｔｕｓＬｙｃｉｉ)为宁夏枸杞(ＬｙｃｉｕｍｂａｒｂａｒｕｍＬ.)的成熟果实,有补肾养肝、润肺明目的功效。枸杞子中的类胡萝卜素已有一些研究[1,2],但只对其中个别类胡萝卜素提取液皂化后进行了鉴定,不能真正代表其组成。本文采用ＨＰＬＣ法对6种不同产地...     

类胡萝卜素生物合成途径及其控制与遗传操作

类胡萝卜素在真菌和植物细胞胞液／内质网上是由乙酰CoA经甲羟戊酸途径合成的,在细菌与植物质体中由磷酸甘油醛与丙酮酸经1-脱氧木酮糖-5-磷酸途径合成。形成的异戊烯基焦磷酸经多次缩合生成第一个类胡萝卜素八氢番茄红素,再经脱氢、环化、羟基化、环氧化等转变为其它类胡萝卜素。类胡萝卜素生物合成中涉及的酶都是膜结合的或整合入膜中的。类胡萝卜素合成是通过底物可利用性与环化分支方式进行控制的。白色体到叶绿体的转变以及花与果实成熟时类胡萝卜素合成增加是在基因转录水平调节的。进行类胡萝卜素合成酶基因的转化,可增加转化体类胡萝卜素的积累。     

Carotenoid Accumulation and Carotenogenic Genes Expression During Two Types of Persimmon Fruit (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Diospyros kaki</Emphasis> L.) Development

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.), belonging to the Ebenaceae family, has been used not only as a fresh fruit, but also for many medicinal uses. Carotenoids are the main pigment in persimmon fruit, which contribute significantly to fruit color and nutritional quality due to their composition and content. In this study, fruit quality indices, carotenoid contents and expression of carotenogenic genes were analyzed in two types of persimmon fruit. The results demonstrated that there was a positive correlation between fruit color and the contents of main composition and total carotenoids. Carotenoid accumulation in persimmon fruit resulted from the interaction of carotenogenic genes, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for accumulation of carotenoids in two types of persimmon fruit had a few differences. As a complete unit, the relatively low expression level of phytoene synthase gene (DkPSY) in “Niuxinshi” resulted in low carotenoid contents or even under the detection limit at the early fruit developmental stages; but low carotenoid contents in “Nishimurawase” were due to the relatively low expression level of carotenogenic genes other than DkPSY. At the late fruit developmental stages, increased expression levels of DkPSY, phytoene desaturase gene and beta-carotene hydroxylase gene (DkBCH) induced elevated carotenoid contents; because all carotenogenic genes strongly expressed in “Nishimurawase”, a large amount of carotenoids were accumulated. In addition, β-cryptoxanthin was the main composition whose content increased with the fruit maturity changes, which was mainly because of DkBCH which might lead more conversion of β-carotene to β-cryptoxanthin.     

Time- and media-dependent secondary carotenoid accumulation in Haematococcus pluvialis

The green microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis synthesizes secondary carotenoids after exposure to environmental stress, a process that is used for the biotechnological production of astaxanthin (Ax). This study reports, for the first time, the medium-dependent changes in the carotenoid pattern throughout the cultivation process as well as the exact composition of carotenoids and their fatty acid mono- and diesters using LC-MS. Secondary carotenoid formation started immediately upon exposure to nutrient depletion and high light conditions. Ax and its corresponding mono- and diesters were detected simultaneously. After 15 days of cultivation, no significant changes were detected in carotenoid composition; however, the ratio between carotenoid mono- and diesters still varied. Main carotenoids were identified as Ax linolenate and Ax oleate, but also five adonirubin and one lutein monoester were detected. The influence of three different autotroph media was studied on carotenoid content, which reached a maximum 16.1 mg/g dry weight. The results indicate that media composition has an influence on the ratio of Ax mono- to diester but not on the qualitative composition of secondary carotenoids in H. pluvialis. Beside the pathway via echinenone, canthaxanthin and adonirubin the results indicate that Ax biosynthesis takes place via another route: from beta-carotene via beta-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin and adonixanthin.     

Characterization of Pinalate,a novel Citrus sinensis mutant with a fruit-specific alteration that results in yellow pigmentation and decreased ABA content

The characterization of a novel mutant, named Pinalate, derived from the orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) Navelate, which produces distinctive yellow fruits instead of the typical bright orange colouration, is reported. The carotenoid content and composition, and ABA content in leaf and flavedo tissue (coloured part of the skin) of fruits at different developmental and maturation stages were analysed. No important differences in leaf carotenoid pattern of both phenotypes were found. However, an unusual accumulation of linear carotenes (phytoene, phytofluene and zeta- carotene) was detected in the flavedo of Pinalate. As fruit maturation progressed, the flavedo of mutant fruit accumulated high amounts of these carotenes and the proportion of cyclic and oxygenated carotenoids was substantially lower than in the parental line. Full-coloured fruit of Pinalate contained about 44% phytoene, 21% phytofluene, 25% zeta-carotene, and 10% of xanthophylls, whereas, in Navelate, 98% of total carotenoids were xanthophylls and apocarotenoids. The ABA content in the flavedo of Pinalate mature fruit was 3-6 times lower than in the corresponding tissue of Navelate, while no differences were found in leaves. Other maturation processes were not affected in Pinalate fruit. Taken together, the results indicate that Pinalate is a fruit-specific alteration defective in zeta-carotene desaturase or in zeta-carotene desaturase-associated factors. Possible mechanisms responsible for the Pinalate phenotype are discussed. Because of the abnormal fruit-specific carotenoid complement and ABA deficiency, Pinalate may constitute an excellent system for the study of carotenogenesis in Citrus and the involvement of ABA in fruit maturation and stress responses.     

Effect of prolonged root hypoxia on the antioxidant content of tomato fruit

Tomato fruit quality depends on its metabolite content, which in turn is determined by numerous metabolic changes occurring during fruit development and ripening. The aim of this work was to investigate whether flooding affects the nutritional quality of tomato fruit, focusing on compounds essential to human health: carotenoids and ascorbate. To this end, tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv Micro-Tom) were submitted to prolonged root hypoxia (1–2% O₂) at first flower anthesis. Fruits were harvested at five stages of the ripening process and analysed for their carotenoid and ascorbate contents. Our results showed that the ripening of fruits that developed on hypoxia treated plants was not inhibited. However, root hypoxia significantly limits carotenoid and ascorbate accumulation in pericarp during fruit ripening, the strongest effects being observed at late stages of ripening. Limitation of both carotenoids and ascorbate accumulation seems to be primarily mediated by the reduced level of expression of genes of the corresponding metabolic pathway.     

Metabolic and gene expression analysis of apple (Malus x domestica) carotenogenesis

Carotenoid accumulation confers distinct colouration to plant tissues, with effects on plant response to light and as well as health benefits for consumers of plant products. The carotenoid pathway is controlled by flux of metabolites, rate-limiting enzyme steps, feed-back inhibition, and the strength of sink organelles, the plastids, in the cell. In apple (Malus × domestica Borkh), fruit carotenoid concentrations are low in comparison with those in other fruit species. The apple fruit flesh, in particular, begins development with high amounts of chlorophylls and carotenoids, but in all commercial cultivars a large proportion of this is lost by fruit maturity. To understand the control of carotenoid concentrations in apple fruit, metabolic and gene expression analysis of the carotenoid pathway were measured in genotypes with varying flesh and skin colour. Considerable variation in both carotenoid concentrations and compound profile was observed between tissues and genotypes, with carotenes and xanthophylls being found only in fruit accumulating high carotenoid concentrations. The study identified potential rate-limiting steps in carotenogenesis, which suggested that the expression of ZISO, CRTISO, and LCY-ε, in particular, were significant in predicting final carotenoid accumulation in mature apple fruit.