漂白废水中关键有毒物质鉴别的实例研究

以纸张漂白废水为研究对象,采用毒性鉴别评价（TIE,Toxicity Identification Evaluation）技术对其生态毒性原因作了鉴别研究,结果表明,废水对大型蚤（Daphnia magna）具有急性毒性,曝气可去除废水的部分毒性,硫代硫酸钠的投加可去除废水毒性,同时用DPD试剂盒比色法可测出激离态氯气一一价氧化态氯化物,通过毒性鉴别评价3阶段的研究,揭示了导致废水毒性的关键毒物是氯气、次氯酸和次氯酸根。     

水环境毒物污染点源的生态风险管理现状与展望

评述了发达国家和我国在这一领域的进展和前景。目前国内外常用的基于水质标准／废水排放标准的特征化学污染物法,并不能有效控制组分复杂的废水中的有机毒物排放。因此,仅应用这一传统方法对水环境有机毒物污染点源难以实现有效的生态风险管理。同时采用全废水的生态毒性法可就弥补这一缺陷,根据生态风险管理要求可有效控制组份复杂的废水中有毒有机污染物的排放。鉴别出导致废水生态毒性的关键有机毒物的毒性鉴别评价,是毒物污染点源的生态风险管理核心。本文还对毒性鉴别评价方法学的发展以及全废水毒性法应用于我国水环境毒物污染点源生态风险管理的前景作了评述。     

化工废水生态毒性原因鉴别的实例研究

以南京市某一化工厂排出的废水为对象,对其生态毒性原因作了鉴别研究．结果表明,废水对Ｄａｐｈｎｉａｍａｇｎａ具有急性毒性,Ｃ１８固相提取可去除废水毒性,存在的主要毒物为非极性有机化合物．废水经Ｃ１８固相提取,发现废水中的主要可疑毒物为苯并吡喃酮和苯酚,是导致废水毒性的关键污染物,对废水毒性的贡献率分别为４４．６％和３２．９％．     

应用选育菌种处理梯恩梯(a-TNT)和黑索金(RDX)混合弹药废水的研究

从长期受RDX污染的土壤中和污水中分离筛选到六株棒状杆菌,这些菌既能好氧降解RDX,又具有转化TNT的能力。首次应用该选育菌种在处理装置中接种挂膜,采用兼性好氧——好氧两步生化法处理TNT-RDX混合弹药废水取得成功。混合废水在静置生化反应器中可去除90％以上的TNT及少部分RDX,再经接触氧化反应器可去除85％以上的RDX,90％以上的CODcr和BOD205。生化处理后的出水,各项水质主要指标均低于国家排放标准。再经活性炭过滤脱色后,出水清亮无鱼、无臭。经鱼类急性毒性试验证明,生化处理后的出水毒性极低或基本无毒,并能循环使用,为处理该类废水提供了新的有效途径。     

流加菌种对厌氧氨氧化工艺的影响

厌氧氨氧化工艺具有很高的容积氮去除速率,现已成功应用于污泥压滤液等含氨废水的脱氮处理,容积氮去除速率高达9.5 kg/(m3·d)。但由于厌氧氨氧化菌为自养型细菌,生长缓慢,对环境条件敏感,致使厌氧氨氧化工艺启动时间过长,运行容易失稳,并且不适合处理有机含氨废水和毒性含氨废水,极大地限制了该工艺的进一步推广应用。为了克服厌氧氨氧化工艺实际应用中存在的问题,结合发酵工业中常用的菌种流加技术,提出了一种新型的菌种流加式厌氧氨氧化工艺,研究了该新型工艺在厌氧氨氧化工艺的启动过程、稳定运行以及处理有机含氨废水和毒性含氨废水等方面的应用情况。结果表明,通过向反应器内补加优质厌氧氨氧化菌种,可提高厌氧氨氧化菌数量及其在菌群中的比例,强化厌氧氨氧化功能。据此研发的菌种流加式厌氧氨氧化工艺不仅可以实现快速启动,而且可以稳定运行,并突破了有机物和毒物所致的运行障碍,拓展了厌氧氨氧化工艺的应用范围。     

微藻降解废水污染物的研究进展

微藻在废水处理方面有着很好的开发潜能和极大的优势,在去除氮、磷、富集重金属和降解有毒有机物质的同时,还能作为食品添加原料和养殖饲料等。重点针对微藻的特点及类型、水处理体系的优缺点、废水中的应用及氮磷的去除、重金属离子的富集和难降解有机物的降解机理进行了介绍,并阐述了微藻处理废水中存在的问题及展望了该领域今后的研究方向。     

用PFU微型生物群落监测技术评价化工废水的静态毒性

化工废水的排放是导致水环境毒物污染的重要来源,以原生动物为靶生物的微型生物群落监测——PFU法因能快速而真实地评价水体受污染程度而被广泛应用.盐城沿海化工园区是至今江苏省环保部门批准建设的苏北地区规模最大的以发展精细化工和医药化工为主导的专业园区,以该园区附近清洁水源中的原生动物为种源,用PFU法评价该园区化工废水的静态毒性.结果表明,原生动物群落对化工废水效应浓度(EC)变化非常敏感.在低的化工废水EC下,原生动物群落群集的物种多样性指数和群集种类均随毒性时间的延长而快速增加,群集速度也较快;随着化工废水EC的增加,原生动物群落群集的物种多样性指数随毒性时间的延长而增加缓慢甚至下降,群集种类则明显减少,群集速度也减缓,说明化工废水EC有较强的生物胁迫效应.在反映原生动物群集过程的3个参数Seq、G和T90％中,Seq与化工废水EC均呈负相关,而G随化工废水EC增加先呈负相关后呈正相关.根据其回归方程Seq=-0.141 EC+19.05 (R2=0.941,P＜0.01)推算出该化工废水的效应浓度EC5、EC20和EC50分别为7.1％、27.3％和67.7％.最终确定盐城沿海化工园区化工废水对其附近清洁水源原生动物群落的安全浓度为7.1％,最大允许浓度为27.3％.盐城沿海化工园区化工废水必须处理至其毒性削减72.7％以上才能排放.     

EMBR技术处理工业园区综合废水试验研究

国内工业园区排放的综合废水中会产生复合污染且污染物具有多样性,致使目前常用的废水处理工艺难以达到国家废水处理的标准。本研究在膜生物反应器的基础上构建了电场-膜生物反应器,研究了电流密度和冲击负荷对COD_(cr)、氨氮和TN的影响。发现了电流密度对电场-膜生物反应器去除COD_(cr)效率没影响,而对TN去除率有很大的影响,冲击负荷对氨氮的去除效率没有影响。经过63 d连续运行,中试试验结果显示:电场-膜生物反应器的耦合对解决工业园区综合废水处理的难题有明显的效果,出水水质基本达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)的一级B标准。     

发光细菌法快速监测和评价工业废水综合毒性

以汞、镉、铅、砷和六价铬的混合后对发光细菌的综合毒性为参照标准,对工业废水进行快速监测和毒性分级的研究,实验得出上述混合毒物与发光细菌的发光强度的相关关系是y＝40.9131-23.7200lnx,r-0.995。根据工业废水的相对发光强度,建议将工业废水划分为微毒,低毒、中等毒,高毒和剧毒五个毒性级别,并可根据上述线性关系,推算出有毒物质的浓度范围和相当于国家标准的倍数。应用此法对22份工业废水进行了实际测定与评价;还对四个企业工业废水处理前后的毒性进行了测定与毒性比较,结果表明处理后较处理前的毒性的毒性明显降低。     

化学品植物毒性的评价和鉴别

简述了进行化学品植物毒性评价和鉴别的种类、方法和意义,强调有毒化学品对维管束植物的毒性和严重后果,呼吁加强我国在这方面的研究并尽快建立相应的评价方法和标准,以完善我国化学品生物毒性鉴别和评价方法及标准体系,为保护环境质量,提高人们生活水平,维护我国的生态安全服务。虽然过去由于我国工业化程度较低而没有出现什么问题,但现在必须及时给予重视,防患未然,以免重走西方发达国家的弯路。     

Combination ecotoxicity and testing of common chemical discharges to sewer using the<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Vibrio fischeri</Emphasis> luminescence bioassay

In order to investigate possible synergistic or antagonistic (more or less than additive) toxicity effects, mixtures of chemicals were tested in water using a microbial bioassay. Ten toxicants (3,4-dichloroaniline, 3,5-dichlorophenol, cadmium, chromium, copper, Lindane, linear alkylbenzene sulphonate, pentachlorophenol, toluene, zinc) were chosen on the basis of their common occurrence in industrial effluents within local waste water treatment plants. These toxicants also cover a wide range of modes of toxic action, namely, polar and non-polar narcosis, membrane disruption, respiratory disruption, uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, biochemical disruption and enzyme inhibition. Efficient screening for possible combination toxicity between toxicants involved testing the chemicals both singly and in triplet combinations. The triplets were based on four replicates of a balanced incomplete block design (BIB). A standardised Vibrio fischeri rapid toxicity bioluminescence assay was used. The combinations tested showed that only one mixture was found to be significantly more toxic than expected from the pure single-toxicant results. Two triplets were significantly less toxic. Further tests on the more toxic triplet showed that the effect was due to only one of the 45 pairs originally screened. It is concluded that synergistic effects in combinations of toxicants are rather rare in bioluminescence systems utilising common effluents discharged to sewer. Electronic Publication     

Heavy metal pollution induced due to coal mining effluent on surrounding aquatic ecosystem and its management through naturally occurring aquatic macrophytes

Three aquatic plants Eichhornia crassipes, Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhhiza were used in laboratory for the removal of heavy metals from the coal mining effluent. Plants were grown singly as well as in combination during 21 days phytoremediation experiment. Results revealed that combination of E. crassipes and L. minor was the most efficient for the removal of heavy metals while E. crassipes was the most efficient in monoculture. Significant correlations between metal concentration in final water and macrophytes were obtained. Translocation factor i.e. ratio of shoot to root metal concentration revealed that metals were largely retained in the roots of aquatic macrophytes. Analytical results showed that plant roots have accumulated heavy metals approximately 10 times of its initial concentration. These plants were also subjected to toxicity assessment and no symptom of metal toxicity was found therefore, this method can be applied on the large scale treatment of waste water where volumes generated are very high and concentrations of pollutants are low.     

Efficiency of combined process of ozone and bio-filtration in the treatment of secondary effluent

The present work was aimed at studying the efficiency of the combined process of biofiltration with ozonation to improve the quality of secondary effluent. The secondary effluent from the Dinapur Sewage Treatment Plant Varanasi, India was used in this work. The process of biofiltration with the plant species of Eichornia crassipes and Lemna minor, at a flow rate of 262 ml min⁻¹ and plant density of 30 mg L⁻¹ for 48 h, in combination with the process of ozonation with ozone dose of 10 mg L⁻¹ and contact time of 5 min was applied. Results revealed that combined process was statistically most suitable for the highest degradation of physico-chemical and microbial parameters with improving BDOC value. The biofiltration process is able to remove highest percentage of toxic heavy metals from the secondary effluent without production of toxicity. This technique is highly recommendable for tropical wastewater where sewage is mixed with industrial effluents.     

Chromium removal from a real tanning effluent by autochthonous and allochthonous fungi

Heavy metals represent an important ecological and health hazard due to their toxic effects and their accumulation throughout the food chain. Conventional techniques commonly applied to recover chromium from tanning wastewaters have several disadvantages whereas biosorption has good metal removal performance from large volume of effluents. To date most studies about chromium biosorption have been performed on simulated effluents bypassing the problems due to organic or inorganic ligands present in real industrial wastewaters that may sequestrate the Cr(III) ions. In the present study a tanning effluent was characterized from a mycological point of view and different fungal biomasses were tested for the removal of Cr(III) from the same tanning effluent in which, after the conventional treatments, Cr(III) amount was very low but not enough to guarantee the good quality of the receptor water river. The experiments gave rise to promising results with a percentage of removed Cr(III) up to 40%. Moreover, to elucidate the mechanisms involved in biosorption process, the same biomasses were tested for Cr(III) removal from synthetic aqueous solutions at different Cr(III) concentrations.     

Impact of fluorides on the removal of heavy metals from an electroplating effluent using a flocculent brewer’s yeast strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract

Besides several toxic heavy metals, electroplating effluents can have in solution different cations and anions, which may influence heavy metals removal by the biomass. Among them, fluorides are commonly used in the electroplating industries and thus can be found in the respective wastewaters. In the present work, the effect of the presence of fluorides in the efficiency of chromium(III), copper(II) and nickel(II) removal, from an effluent, by heat-inactivated cells of a brewing flocculent strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was evaluated. The presence of fluorides severely decreased (>60%) the removal of chromium(III) by yeast biomass. This effect impaired the effective treatment of the effluent according to the US Environmental Protection Agency and the Portuguese law; conversely, a higher removal of copper(II) and nickel(II) was observed. This behaviour can be understood by metal speciation. In the presence of fluorides, chromium(III) was mainly complexed, becoming unavailable for yeast accumulation; this effect decreased the efficiency of chromium(III) removal. Thus, in the presence of fluorides, less chromium(III) is associated with biomass and consequently more yeast binding sites remain available for the uptake of other metals present in solution. This fact explains the increase of copper(II) and nickel(II) removal in the presence of fluorides.     

Reduction of heavy metal contents in liquid effluents by vermicomposts and the use of the metal-enriched vermicomposts in lettuce cultivation

The removal of Cu, Ni and Zn from electroplating effluents by adsorption in cattle manure vermicompost has been discussed. A glass column 38 cm long and 7 cm i.d. was loaded with cattle manure vermicompost and effluents were passed through it. The metal concentrations were measured in the elutant. The experiments on adding effluent aliquots into the columns were continued until the metal concentrations in the elutant reached the maximum values established for effluent discharges in water courses by the Brazilian quality criteria, i.e., Cu=1.0 mg L(-1), Ni=2.0 mg L(-1), and Zn=5.0 mg L(-1). The amount of Cu retention by the vermicompost was determined at the natural effluent pH (2.0). The Zn and Ni retentions were evaluated at the natural effluent pH (6.9 and 7.4, respectively) as well pH 2.0. Vermicompost residues obtained from this process were used for lettuce cultivation. The vermicompost was found to be efficient in removing metals from the electroplating wastes, as well as in the increase of its pH values. Metal retention values were close to 100%. The Cu concentrations in lettuce leaves from the treatment with vermicompost enriched with this metal were below the range of critical toxicity level to plants, i.e., from 20 to 100 mg L(-1). However, the estimated Cu concentrations in the roots from the treatment with vermicompost enriched with Cu were much larger than that of the treatment with the natural vermicompost, reaching 246.3 mg L(-1). The Ni and Zn concentrations in lettuce leaves from the treatments, with vermicomposts enriched with the respective metals, were above the range of critical toxicity levels to plants, i.e., from 10 to 50 mg kg(-1) and from 15 to 30 mg kg(-1), respectively. However, no symptom of toxicity was found visually. Larger accumulations of Cu, Ni and Zn were found in the lettuce leaves than in the roots after the treatments with the uncontaminated vermicompost. A greater absorption of Cu and Ni by roots was found in treatments with vermicompost enriched with these elements, whereas Zn was found preferentially in the leaves. The statistical analysis was done by analyses of variance and regression.     

Phytoremediation potential of Lemna minor L. for heavy metals

Phytoremediation potential of L. minor for cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) from two different types of effluent in raw form was evaluated in a glass house experiment using hydroponic studies for a period of 31 days. Heavy metals concentration in water and plant sample was analyzed at 3, 10, 17, 24, and 31 day. Removal efficiency, metal uptake and bio-concentration factor were also calculated. Effluents were initially analyzed for physical, chemical and microbiological parameters and results indicated that municipal effluent (ME) was highly contaminated in terms of nutrient and organic load than sewage mixed industrial effluent (SMIE). Results confirmed the accumulation of heavy metals within plant and subsequent decrease in the effluents. Removal efficiency was greater than 80% for all metals and maximum removal was observed for nickel (99%) from SMIE. Accumulation and uptake of lead in dry biomass was significantly higher than other metals. Bio-concentration factors were less than 1000 and maximum BCFs were found for copper (558) and lead (523.1) indicated that plant is a moderate accumulator of both metals. Overall, L. minor showed better performance from SMIE and was more effective in extracting lead than other metals.     

Microbial biomass: an economical alternative for removal of heavy metals from waste water

Today indiscriminate and uncontrolled discharge of metal contaminated industrial effluents into the environment has become an issue of major concern. Heavy metals, being non-biodegradable and persistent, beyond a permissible concentration form unspecific compounds inside the cells thereby causing cellular toxicity. The only alternative to remove them from the wastewater is by immobilizing them. The conventional methods adopted earlier for this purpose included chemical precipitation, oxidation, reduction, filtration, electrochemical treatment, evaporation, adsorption and ion-exchange resins. These methods require high energy inputs especially when it refers to dilute solutions. Here microbial biomass offers an economical option for removing heavy metals by the phenomenon of biosorption. Non-living or dead biomass sequester metal(s) on their cell surface due to certain reactive groups available like carboxyl, amine, imidazole, phosphate, sulphydryl, sulfate and hydroxyl. The process can be made economical by procuring spent biomass from industry or naturally available bulk biomass. A batch or a continuous process of removal of heavy metals directly from effluents can be developed in a fixed bed reactor using the immobilized biomass. Further biosorption potential of the biomass can be improved by various physical and chemical treatments. The availability of variety of microbial biomass and their metal binding potential makes it a economical and sustainable option for developing effluent treatment process for removal and recovery of heavy metals.