儿童乳牙根管感染的细菌学分析

对18例3～8岁儿童乳牙的根管感染以无菌技术进行定量取样,按种于12种选择性培养基和2种非选择性培养基上,进行需氧、微需氧和厌氧培养,并对细菌菌落计数。对牙髓拟杆菌和牙龈拟杆菌作半定量免疫荧光染色计数;并对其中9例病牙进行了菌相分析。检出的所有细菌中,厌氧菌占绝对优势;其中检出率较高的菌为:产黑色素拟杆菌属,厌氧革兰氏阳性球菌,微需氧革兰氏阳性球菌等.本试验证明,儿童乳牙根管感染是以厌氧菌为主的混合感染,其中以产黑色素拟杆菌属等最常见.     

40例腹部感染患者的厌氧菌分析

对我院４０例腹部感染进行了厌氧菌和需氧菌培养,结果３３例培养阳性,总检出率８２．５％,其中单纯厌氧菌和单纯需氧菌检出率,分别占阳性标本的２７．３％和３３．３％,混合阳性占３９．４％,厌氧菌中以革兰氏阴性杆菌多见６０．７％（１７／２８）,需氧菌中同样以革兰氏阴性杆菌多见６０．６％（２０／３３）,这些细菌是人体肠道内的正常菌群,提示腹部感染主要为内源性感染。     

胆道手术患者胆汁的菌群分析

本文对59例胆道手术患者的胆汁标本进行了菌群分析。共检出各类细菌156株,其中厌氧菌70株,以类杆菌最为常见(44株);兼性需氧菌86株,以大肠杆菌最为常见(37株)。胆汁细菌培养阳性率为86.4％(51/59);64.4％(38/59)的标本为厌氧菌与兼性厌氧菌混合污染。22.0％(13/59)的标本中仅分离到兼性需氧菌。提示,胆汁中污染的类杆菌及大肠杆菌是胆道手术后感染的主要原因菌。     

247例颌面部感染的细菌学研究

采用需氧和厌氧培养方法,分离培养２４７例颌面部感染标本的细菌。结果表明口腔颌面部感染以牙源性颌面部感染最多见,其感染率为８７９％。颌面部感染的细菌学特点是：①厌氧菌感染为主,其感染率在牙源性感染为９６％,非牙源性感染为７３７％,可培养的优势厌氧菌是普氏菌、叶啉单胞菌、梭杆菌、消化链球菌,其次是放线菌、优杆菌和二氧化碳噬纤维菌、口腔链球菌群细菌是主要的兼性厌氧菌,其次是嗜血菌。②由定植于口腔的细菌引发的内源性感染。③复数菌和混合菌感染为主     

厌氧菌和需氧菌性阴道混合感染发病调查

目的对妇女厌氧菌和需氧菌性阴道混合感染发病进行调查分析。方法分别采用Donders高倍镜湿片镜检法和细菌预成酶快速检测法对257例患者进行联合检测。结果257例患者中共检出单纯的需氧菌性阴道感染患者52例,占总人数的20．2％,检出单纯的厌氧菌阴道感染患者125例,占总人数的48．6％,检出厌氧菌和需氧菌性阴道混合感染患者67例,占总人数的26．1％,检出其他感染患者13例,占总人数的5％,经统计学分析,患者的厌氧菌和需氧菌性阴道混合感染的检出率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论厌氧菌和需氧菌性阴道混合感染,可以给临床医生应采取合理有效的措施进行及时治疗,防止阴道上行感染的发生。     

慢性化脓性中耳炎的细菌学分析

报告７１例慢性化脓性中耳炎细菌培养和药敏试验,总阳性率９１．５％,需氧菌和厌氧菌阳性率各为６９．０％和５９．１％。其中纯需氧菌和纯厌氧菌各占３２．４％和２２．５％,需氧菌和厌氧菌混合阴性３６．６％。共检出细菌１２０株,其中以铜绿假单胞菌和厌氧消化链球菌多见。表明厌氧菌感染占有重要地位,并对感染机理,细菌分布和药敏试验进行了讨论。     

感染根管的厌氧菌培养结果分析

从64只感染根管中的58只根管分离到144株无芽胞厌氧菌,其中类杆菌54株,厌氧性链球菌23株,韦荣氏球菌17株,真杆菌11株,梭杆菌10株,放线菌8株,双岐杆菌2株,消化链球菌和消化球菌19株。40只根管为厌氧菌和兼性厌氧菌或需氧菌混合感染,18只根管和6只根管分别为单独厌氧菌和兼性厌氧菌感染。33只根尖周炎根管分别采集牙髓和根尖渗出物样本进行培养,实验结果表明牙髓样本中革兰氏阳性厌氧杆菌检出率较高,根尖渗出物中以产黑素类杆菌属的细菌检出率较高。根尖周炎和牙槽脓肿患者的感染根管中产黑素类杆菌属的细菌检出率明显高于蜂窝组织炎患者。     

38例慢性化脓性中耳炎厌氧菌分析

对广东省湛江农垦第二医院３８例慢性化脓性中耳炎患者脓性标本,进行厌氧菌和需氧菌培养,结果３２例培养阳性,总检出率８４．２％。其中单纯厌氧菌和需氧菌检出率,分别占阳性标本的２１８％和４０．６％。两者混合阳性占３７．５％。厌氧菌中以革兰氏阳性球菌多见４８．０％（１２／２５）,需氧菌以绿脓杆菌多见４２．８％（１２／２８）。并对感染机理,细菌种类和药敏试验进行了讨论。     

慢性根尖周炎的细菌学研究

本文对14例慢性根尖周炎患者16个感染根管细菌培养检查的结果发现:以厌氧菌为优势的混合菌感染是慢性根尖周炎感染根管细菌学的主要特点。穿髓根管由于敞开的髓腔,同一根管内4—9种细菌混合感染者占87.5％;未穿髓的感染根管2—3种细菌混合感染的占62.5％,4种以上细菌混合感染的占37.5％。优势的感染菌包括产黑色素类杆菌、口腔类杆菌、口类杆菌、具核梭杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、内氏放线菌等6种厌氧菌;血液链球菌、变链球菌和酿脓链球菌为最常见的兼性厌氧菌。本文指出口腔正常菌群是感染根管的机会病原菌。     

复合性感染的复数菌药敏实验分析

从检材中培养出细菌是确立感 (传 )染性疾病诊断和治疗的基本依据 ,单一需氧菌的培养方法易遗漏厌氧菌和缺壁细菌 ,不能概括致病原因菌的全貌 [1 ] ,使多种类细菌的混合性感染不能准确诊断和治疗。我室于 1999年接待了用常规方法仅培养部分需氧菌或未培养出细菌的检材 3例 (血 1例、腹水 1例、尿 1例 ) ,同时进行需氧菌、厌氧菌及细菌 L型培养 ,检测结果报告如下 :1　材料与方法1.1　标本来源　标本来自本市医院患儿 3例 ,拟诊为“败血征”血 1例 ,诊断为“脾亢”腹水 1例 ,诊断为“膀胱炎”尿 1例。1.2　培养基1.2 .1　需氧菌 (简称 X)培…     

Black-pigmented Gram-negative anaerobes in genito-urinary tract and pelvic infections

Abstract Black-pigmented Gram-negative anaerobes are part of the normal vaginal flora and contribute to a range of superficial and deep genital infections. Prevotella melaninogenica is found in moderate numbers (10⁴⁻⁶ cfu/g) in healthy women; the numbers and detection rates increase in anaerobic vaginosis (where it may be a significant contributor to changed microbial metabolic activity that gives the signs and symptoms of this condition) and in other vaginal infective conditions. Pr. melaninogenica is also part of the mixed flora in deep pelvic infections: endometritis, post-partum and post-abortal uterine infections; salpingitis and tubo-ovarian abscesses; PID and pelvic abscesses. Porphyromonas asaccharolytica is probably not a vaginal commensal, but may be isolated from patients with vaginal or pelvic disease. It is more specifically associated with superficial abscesses (e.g. Bartholin's abscess) and ulcers of the genitalia and perineum. P. asaccharolytica was the commonest species isolated from men with genital ulcers of various primary causes and ranging in severity from superficial balanitis/balanoposthitis to synergic gangrene.     

Prenatal and lactational transmission of Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum: experimental infection of the bitch at midpregnancy and at parturition

The degree of prenatal transmission and both the degree and longevity of lactogenic transmission of Toxocara canis, and Ancylostoma caninum to pups were studied in Beagle bitches which were experimentally infected with both parasites at either mid-pregnancy or within 48 h following parturition. Pups born to infected bitches were removed at birth and raised by a surrogate parasite-free mother until 4 weeks of age when pups were necropsied to determine prenatal infections. At the beginning of each week of lactation, a new group of four parasite-free pups was placed with each infected bitch. After nursing an infected bitch for 1 week, each group was transferred to an uninfected bitch for at least 3 additional weeks of nursing after which the pups were necropsied to recover and tabulate parasites acquired lactationally from the infected bitch. When bitches were infected at mid-pregnancy, 95.5% of the ascarids were transmitted prenatally to their own off-spring and 4.5% of the asearids were transmitted lactationally to weekly rotated pups. Ascarids were transmitted via the milk during each of 5 weeks of lactation, with transmission of consistently higher numbers during weeks 1–3 than in weeks 4 and 5. Infection of bitches at parturition denied ascarids the prenatal route of transmission but resulted in greater numbers of ascarids being passed through the milk for each of 4 consecutive weeks of lactation. Transmission of hookworms was solely by the lactational route. With mid-pregnancy infections, a significantly higher number of hookworms (63.1 %) were transmitted during the first of 5 weeks of lactation; progressively fewer were passed in subsequent weeks. With infections at parturition, only 27.8% of hookworms were transmitted through the milk during the first week of nursing but large numbers were transferred in weeks 2 (36.9%) and 3 (26.7%). The quantity of parasites transmitted in the milk was not significantly different among weeks 1, 2 and 3.     

Prenatal and lactational transmission of Toxocara canis and Ancylostoma caninum: experimental infection of the bitch before pregnancy

Breeding of five parasite-free and five experimentally infected (6000 Toxocara canis eggs orally and 2500 Ancylostoma caninum larvae subcutaneously) beagle bitches was done so that pairs of bitches (1 uninfected, 1 infected) whelped simultaneously. Pups born to an infected bitch were removed at birth and nursed by the paired uninfected bitch until 4 weeks of age when pups were necropsied to determine the number of parasites they had acquired prenatally from their infected mother. Pups born to the parasite-free bitch were nursed by the infected bitch until necropsied at 4 weeks of age to determine the number of parasites passed via the lactational route. Of 680 ascarids transmitted to pups by either route, 98.5% were transmitted prenatally and 1.5% lactationally. Transmission of 2746 hookworms to 22 pups occurred solely by the lactational route; prenatal transmission of this parasite did not occur in any of the 25 pups born to infected bitches.     

Direct non-insect-vector transmission of Leishmania parasites in mice

Animal to animal non-vector transmission of Leishmania major was investigated in Balb/c mice, a strain known for its susceptibility to this parasite. Both overt or inapparent infection (documented by positive spleen cultures) was possible after prolonged contact with infected animals. Similarly transmission of infection from infected mothers to their offspring was documented.     

Molecular and <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> characterization of field isolates of bovine herpesvirus-1

Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) is distributed worldwide and is a major pathogen in cattle,being the causal agent of a variety of clinical syndromes.The aim of this study was to isolate and to characteri...     

Molecular and in vitro Characterization of Field Isolates of Bovine Herpesvirus-1

Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) is distributed worldwide and is a major pathogen in cattle, being the causal agent of a variety of clinical syndromes. The aim of this study was to isolate and to characterize (molecular and biological characterization) BoHV-1 from 29 immunosuppressed animals. It was possible to obtain 18 isolates, each from a different animal, such as from the respiratory and reproductive tracts. In some cases the cytopathic effect was visible 12 hours post-inoculation, and became characteristic after 36-48 hours. Biological characteristics were evaluated and compared with Iowa and Colorado-1 reference strains, and differences were found in plaque size, virus titer measured by TCID50 and PFU/mL, and one step virus curves. These results showed that some isolates had a highly virulent-like behavior in vitro, compared to the reference strains, with shorter eclipse periods, faster release of virus into the supernatants, and higher burst size and viral titer. There were no differences in glycoprotein expression of BoHV-1 isolates, measured by Western blot on monolayers. Moreover, using restriction endonucleases analysis, most of the viruses were confirmed as BoHV-1.1 and just one of them was confirmed as BoHV-1.2a subtype. These findings suggest that some wild-type BoHV-1 isolates could be useful as seeds to develop new monovalent vaccines.     

Vitamin D deficiency in community-acquired pneumonia: low levels of 1,25(OH)2 D are associated with disease severity

Objectives

We aimed to explore the association between vitamin D levels and the severity, mortality and microbiological etiology of community-acquired pneumonia.

Methods

Vitamin D levels (both, the reservoir form 25-OH and the activated form 1,25-OH2) of 300 randomly selected patients with community-acquired pneumonia due to pre-specified pathogens included in the German competence network (CAPNETZ) study were measured. Prior to statistical analysis, values of 25-OH and 1,25-OH2 were power-transformed to achieve parametric distribution. All further analyses were performed with seasonally and age adjusted values.

Results

There was only a modest (Spearman Coefficient 0.38) positive correlation between 25-OH and 1,25-OH2. For 1,25-OH2 but not 25-OH, the general linear model revealed a significant inverse correlation between serum concentration and CURB score (p = 0.011). Liver and respiratory co-morbidity were associated with significantly lower 25-OH values and renal co-morbidity with significantly lower 1,25-OH2 values. No significant differences of 1,25-OH2 or 25-OH between different pathogens (influenza virus, Legionella spp., Streptococcus pneumoniae) were detected.

Conclusion

For 1,25-OH2, we found a significant and independent (controlled for age, season and pathogen) negative correlation to pneumonia severity. Therefore, supplementation of non-activated vitamin D to protect from pneumonia may be non-sufficient in patients that have a decreased capacity to hydroxylate 25-OH to 1,25-OH2.     

深部真菌感染调查及耐药性分析

目的了解住院患者真菌感染的临床特点及对药物的敏感情况。方法采用回顾性调查．对2002年8月至2005年8月住院病例中的真菌感染病例进行统计分析。结果3年间住院患者真菌感染536例,占检出病原菌的8．37％。引起深部感染的真菌以白色念珠菌为主,占39．37％;毛霉菌与曲霉菌的感染次之,分别达到16．79％和13．62％。呼吸内科、老年内科和ICU病房住院患者较易发生医院真菌感染。真菌感染的部位以呼吸道最高,其次为泌尿道。真菌对酮康唑、咪康唑和益康唑耐药率相对较高,对5一氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B、制霉菌素相对敏感。结论医院深部真菌感染主要多发生于年老体弱、免疫功能低下、病情危重和长期使用抗生素的患者,已成为医院感染的主要因素之一。医院感染真菌的耐药性日趋严重,临床应用抗真菌药物尽量参考药敏试验结果。     

淡紫拟青霉所致皮肤及皮下感染:临床和实验研究

目的 报道国内首见淡紫拟青霉所致皮肤及皮下感染患者1例。方法 取患者皮损标本多次直接镜检,真菌培养,根据真菌培养的菌落特点和镜下形态、扫描电镜及DNA序列测定鉴定致病菌种,并对分离的致病菌进行体外药敏试验。结果 患者为6个月患儿,出生12d时面部出现粟粒大暗红丘疹,脓疱,并缓慢扩大。刮取脓疱直接镜检见无色细长分支菌丝。多次培养见灰紫色羊毛状菌落生长,光镜及电镜下可见无色细长分支、分隔菌丝、直立的分生孢子梗、顶端单轮生帚状支及大量柱状或分散柱状排列椭圆形、近球形小分生孢子。根据其菌落颜色及瓶梗形态等形态学特征鉴定为淡紫拟青霉,其rRNA基因DNA测序分析证实其表型分类。动物实验证实该菌的致病性,组织相中胶质性损害为其主要病理特征。体外药敏试验提示其对特比萘芬、酮康唑较敏感,对伊曲康唑、氟康唑敏感陛较差。结论 该病例被确定为淡紫拟青霉所致的皮肤及皮下感染,为国内首例。