中国西南与台湾地区维管植物的间断分布格局及形成机制

植物的间断分布格局及其形成机制是植物地理学研究的重要问题之一。本文在对中国大陆与台湾名录整理比较的基础上,对中国西南与台湾地区的植物间断分布格局及形成机制进行了分析。结果表明,两地同种型间断分布的维管植物有198种(包括变种和亚种),隶属于56科129属,其中蕨类植物86种,裸子植物3种,双子叶植物56种,单子叶植物53种;两地异种型间断分布的维管植物有22属,隶属于15科,其中蕨类植物6属,裸子植物1属,双子叶植物7属,单子叶植物兰科8属。间断分布类群以草本植物为主,主要是蕨类和兰科植物。间断分布类群在台湾地区主要分布在中部到东北部,在大陆的分布主要集中在川东–鄂西地区、川西–滇西北地区–藏东南地区和滇东南–桂西–黔西南地区。在垂直高度上,海拔1,550–2,350m是间断分布类群最集中分布的海拔范围。我们推测中国西南与台湾地区的间断分布类群有3种来源:北半球温带、中国西南和热带亚洲来源。     

东亚粗叶木属(茜草科)植物的分布及其生物地理意义

茜草科粗叶木属植物是亚洲热带原始林下优势地位明显的一类灌木植物.依据标本资料和分类学修订,研究了东亚产粗叶木属植物33个种的地理分布式样,并将其划分为热带亚洲、东亚和中国特有3个分布区类型,其中热带亚洲分布型可以进一步划分为印度(喜马拉雅)至马来西亚分布、印度(喜马拉雅)至中国南部和大陆东南亚分布及中国南部至大陆东南亚分布3个亚型.中国粗叶木属植物中热带亚洲分布型占总种数的72.7%,显示了中国热带地区植物区系的热带亚洲亲缘.一些粗叶木属植物种类的分布式样暗示了中国-日本、中国-喜马拉雅森林植物区系的分区及物种形成,喜马拉雅(横断山)-台湾山地植物区系的联系及台湾-琉球-日本物种迁移通道.海南、台湾植物区系缺少特有种反映了它们的植物区系大陆性很强. 粗叶木属植物种类的分布式样对中国热带植物种分布区类型的划分提供了参考.     

中国壳斗科植物属的分布区定量研究

通过植物专业网站及发表的论文论著,收集每一种壳斗科植物在中国的具体分布地点（县）,并采用地理信息系统技术,以县为空间数据的基本单元,以壳斗科植物为研究对象,制作属的空间分布图,从图中定量地提取斑块的数目、面积、周长,计算形状指数、最大斑块指数,以及属的Shannon均匀度指数、Simpson均匀度指数,分析中国壳斗科植物属的空间分布及其特点,为植物区系空间分布定量研究提供依据。结果表明：（1）中国壳斗科植物属的空间分布呈现连续分布或间断分布,间断分布有星散分布、主次分布区、主分布区3种类型,以图形和定量的方式体现出属在空间上的分布差异。（2）中国壳斗科植物属的分布区或最大斑块的分布区在中国亚热带,能连续分布到热带,但在温带斑块分散,面积小,由此推断中国亚热带植物区系应划分为古热带植物区。（3）根据三棱栎属、锥属、柯属在世界和中国的分布,推断它们均为热带亚洲和热带美洲洲际间断分布。     

獐牙菜属植物的起源, 散布和分布区形成

本文根据植物类群的系统发育和地理分布统一的原理,讨论了獐牙菜属植物的起源、散布和分 布区的形成。獐牙菜属包括11组16系154种,间断分布在亚洲、欧洲、北美洲和非洲。中国西南部- 喜马拉雅地区汇集了大多数种类、不同演化水平的类群以及形形色色的特有类群,成为该属的多样化 中心和多度中心。该属的原始类群和外类群也集中分布在中国西南山地,极有可能是该属的起源地。该 属的分布区类型中出现了各式的间断分布,根据有该属植物分布的大陆间及大陆与岛屿间分离和连接 的时间推测,该属的起源时间至少不会晚于晚白垩纪,也许更早,可追溯到中白垩纪。通过分类群间亲 缘关系和现代分布分析,显示出该属植物从起源地向周围和一定方向散布,形成了三个主要散布途径。在散布过程中植物本身也发生演化和就地特化,形成新的类群。     

猕猴桃属植物狗枣子(Actinidia kolomikta ( Maxim. & Rupr. )Maxim.)的生态地理分布及其植物地理学意义

作者认为狗枣子(Actinidia kolomikta ( Maxim. & Rupr. ) Maxim.)是一个多型的、具有两个间断布区的适应于地带性针阔叶混交林生境的猕猴桃属植物.文中还根据狗枣子的生态地理分布特征,认为狗枣子的现代中国西南--东北亚间断分布的格局是东亚第三纪以来气候回旋变化的结果所造成的.狗枣子原始分布区(中国西南高山)受气候回旋变化的胁迫衍生出次生的东北亚分布区.由于气候的振荡变化,水平方向上原有的连续分布区逐渐断裂而形成现代的间断分布格局.据此文中还指出,狗枣子分布区的这种传播扩散模式在东亚湿润季风区植物的散布与现代分布格局的形成方面具有普遍意义.     

巴岳山-西温泉风景名胜区种子植物区系特征分析

在对重庆市巴岳山-西温泉风景名胜区种子植物详细调查、标本采集及鉴定的基础上,对其科、属的分布区类型进行统计分析,其种子植物区系特征如下：（1）区系成分丰富,有136科,573属,1043种;包括11种科的分布区类型和15种属的分布区类型。（2）优势科、属明显。（3）种子植物区系起源古老,单型科、单型属及原始多心皮古老类群较多。（4）科属分布区类型以热带分布为主,温带分布类型也占相当比例;同时,有许多分布区亚型及间断分布类型,呈现出明显的区系过渡性质。（5）珍稀濒危及重点保护植物、中国特有分布类型丰富,有较高的保护价值。     

南岭植物区系地理学研究──Ⅲ．植物区系地理亲缘与区划

南岭山地与相邻地区植物区系具有明显的过渡或替代关系,主要通过亚热带及亚热带至热带亚洲分布成分与华南南亚热带及亚洲热带地区联系;与华中和华东地区植物区系的联系以亚热带以及亚热带至温带分布和中国－日本间断分布成分来沟通;与西南地区植物区系的联系则表现为两地共有的古老和与子遗成分区及石灰岩山地区系成分。华夏植物区系,是从古老的华夏植物群逐步发展起来的统一体,在区系分区上应划归为统一的华夏植物界,下分东亚     

楝科（Meliaceae）的地理分布

楝科为泛热带分布科,全世界有５１属,约５５０—６００种,分布于旧世界热带地区有４６属,热带美洲有８属．热带亚洲和热带非洲为楝科两大现代分布中心．中国楝科共１５属,６１种,占世界属总数的２９％,种总数的１０％。中国楝科的分布是在全球楝科分布区的边缘,主要分布于中国西南部及南部诸省,种类由西南向东南递减。中国楝科属的分布区类型可归为５类：１．热带亚洲、非洲和中南美洲间断分布（１属）;２．旧世界热带分布（３属）;３,热带亚洲至热带大洋洲分布（２属）;４．热带亚洲至热带非洲分布（１属）;５．热带亚洲分布（８属）。中国楝科种的分布区类型仅有２类：１．热带亚洲分布（３１种）;２．中国特有分布（３０种）。楝科植物的起源推断在早白垩纪。中国楝科植物由印度—马来西亚成分及特有成分组成。热带亚洲的楝科植物主要是通过中南半岛和中国云南。广西和海南等地发生联系,而菲律宾和台湾之间可有直接的联系。     

金缕梅科:地理分布、化石历史和起源

本文利用系统发育与地理分布相结合的方法,探讨金缕梅科各属植物的系统位置和分布式样,并结合化石、古地理及古气候等证据,讨论该科的分布中心,可能的起源时间和地点以及现代分布式样形成的原因。研究结果表明：全世界金缕梅科植物共30属144种,间断分布于亚洲西部、东部、东南部,非洲东部、南部,大洋洲的澳大利亚东北部以及中美洲和北美洲的东南部,欧洲和南美洲尚无现代类群分布的记载。它基本上是一个热带和亚热带山地分布的科。通过对该科30个属的系统位置及其分布式样的分析,将金缕梅科属的分布归纳为：A．热带分布类型(18属),包括(1)热带亚洲分布(11属),(2)热带中美洲分布(2属),(3)热带非洲分布(2属),(4)热带大洋洲分布(3属),B．温带分布类型(12属),包括(5)东亚分布(7属),(6)西亚分布(2属),(7)西亚-东亚-北美间断分布(1属),(8)东亚-北美间断分布(1属),(9)北美分布(1属)。东亚区南部到印度支那区北部(即中国长江以南至中南半岛北部地区)是它的现代分布区中心;根据化石证据、原始类型分布和外类群分布分析,提出该科植物起源于劳亚古陆,并曾经有一个很长的白垩纪历史,至少在早白垩纪金缕梅科植物的先驱就已经出现。最后,从地质和气候的变迁等方面探讨了金缕梅科现代分布区形成的原因。     

中国种子植物属的地理成分分布格局及其与气候和地理的关系

基于覆盖了全中国各地理区的204个地区植物区系研究资料和这些地区的841个气象站资料,我们对中国种子植物属的地理成分分布格局及其与气候、经纬度分布的关系进行了研究,并结合这些分布格局探讨了中国植被分带和植物区系分区。结果如下：（1）除世界分布、栽培和入侵成分外,大部分中国种子植物属的地理成分的分布与地理相关密切;（2）热带分布属（泛热带分布、热带亚洲至热带美洲间断分布、旧世界热带分布、热带亚洲至热带大洋洲分布、热带亚洲至热带非洲分布及热带亚洲分布合计）占各地方植物区系的0．84％到94．38％,其最低值出现在中国西北部的新疆和青海地区,最高值出现在中国云南南部和海南;（3）热带分布属在〈北纬30°的地区占优势,除热带亚洲至热带美洲间断分布外,其它热带成分随纬度增加迅速减少;（4）温带分布属（北温带分布、东亚和北美间断分布、旧世界温带分布、温带亚洲分布、地中海区、西亚到中亚分布、中亚分布和东亚分布合计）占各地方植物区系的5．1％至98．83％,其最高值出现在中国西北部的新疆地区,最低值出现在中国云南南部和海南;（5）除东亚和北美间断分布、东亚分布和中国特有分布外,其它温带成分随纬度增加迅速增加;（6）在温带成分中,东亚和北美间断分布及东亚分布属主要出现在中国亚热带到暖温带地区,北温带分布、旧世界温带分布和温带亚洲分布属在中国北部占优势,而地中海区、西亚到中亚分布和中亚分布属则在中国西北部占优势;（7）除世界分布、东亚和北美间断分布、东亚分布和中国特有分布外,所有其他成分都显示了与气候因素（主要是气温和降雨量）密切相关,其中,北温带分布属与年均温和年降雨量最为密切相关。中国种子植物属的地理成分的分布格局与现行的中国植被分带和植物区系分区密切匹配。支持现行的中国植被分带和植物区系分区方案。     

甘肃省忍冬属植物区系地理的定理研究

根据系统分类和地理分布资料,采用模糊聚类方法,将甘肃省所产忍冬属４１个类群划分为１８个地理范畴各异的分布式样,分别归属于中国特有,东亚、中国－日本、中国－鼓马拉雅、热带亚洲,西亚喜马拉雅至东亚北部等６个分布型,其中,中国特有分布类群占７３．２％。多数分布式样体现出西南至东北部的适应性辐射方向,少数呈现山西至西北方向。将甘肃省忍冬属植物分布区划分为３个区,１１个小区,其中白龙江中上游山地,小陇山微成     

Centres of plant endemism in China: places for survival or for speciation?

Aim This study aimed to identify the ‘centres of endemism’ of the Chinese spermatophyte flora in order to indirectly detect the locations of past glacial refugia. The role of these areas as places for plant survival (‘plant museums’) and/or areas for plant evolution and speciation (‘plant cradles’) was also assessed. Location China. Methods Distribution patterns of 555 plant endemic taxa, taken as a representative sample of the Chinese endemic flora, were mapped on a 1° × 1° latitude/longitude grid. For each grid cell, species richness (total count of species) and weighted richness (down‐weighting each species by the inverse of its range) were calculated. Grid cells within the top 5% of highest values of weighted richness were considered centres of endemism. Based on available information, all plant taxa included in this study were classified into palaeoendemics and neoendemics, and their distributional patterns were represented separately. Results Twenty areas of endemism were identified in central and southern China, roughly corresponding to mountain ranges, including the Hengduan and Daxue Mountains, the Yungui Plateau, central China Mountains, the Nanling Mountains, eastern China Mountains, and Hainan and Taiwan. Although almost all centres of endemism contained both palaeoendemic and neoendemic taxa, considerable differences in their respective numbers were recorded, with the majority of neoendemics on the eastern fringe of the Tibetan Plateau (Hengduan Mountains sensu lato) but more palaeoendemics towards the east. Main conclusions Owing to their varied topography, the mountainous regions of central and southern China have provided long‐term stable habitats, which allowed palaeoendemics to persist and facilitated the process of speciation. Contrasting patterns between the palaeoendemics and neoendemics within refugia might be attributable to the geological and tectonic history of specific areas. The eastern fringe of the Tibetan Plateau clearly constitutes the ‘evolutionary front’ of China, probably as a result of the uninterrupted uplift of the plateau since the late Neogene. In contrast, the tectonic stability of central and southern China during the Tertiary may have facilitated the persistence of relict plant lineages.     

中国台湾海峡两岸原始被子植物的起源、分化和关系

文章分析了中国台湾海峡两岸共有20个原始被子植物科的地理分布,区系分化,起源以及它们之间的关系,进一步证明台湾海峡两海的植物区系是一个统一的区系,台湾省是一个东亚植物区系的马来西亚植物区系交汇,而以东亚植物区系成分占优势的地区,台淡丰富的原始被子植物特有种,大多种是在台湾同大陆分离以后形成的,带有新特有的种的性质,中国大陆同台湾现存的原始被子植物科属在区系上是共同起源的,起源的时间和地区可以追溯到中生代的华夏古陆,即在白垩纪末台湾同大陆第一次分裂之前就已经表成了,第四纪冰期大陆同台湾之间的陆桥,对两岸原始被子植物的分布几乎没有影响。     

Glacial effects on sequence divergence of mitochondrial COII of Polyura eudamippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in China

Sequence divergence of mitochondrial COII was analyzed in 50 specimens belonging to five subspecies of Polyura eudamippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) collected from southern China. There were nine haplotypes in the 405 bp of partial COII sequence. Distribution of the five subspecies was primarily consistent with the spatial distribution of haplotypes. The K (st) statistic showed genetic differentiation among these subspecies, except between the pair of P. e. kuangtungensis and P. e. formosana, which were separated by the Taiwan Strait. This is consistent with the 10,000-year history of the Taiwan Strait, not long enough for detectable differentiation. The present distribution pattern of COII haplotypes of P. eudamippus should be shaped by the alteration of Pleistocene glaciations, and Yunnan might be the refugium of P. eudamippus in the ice age, judging from the abundant haplotypes remaining. There were two routes for P. eudamippus in the postglacial expansion, one northward to Sichuan, Chongqing, and Hubei and another eastward to the southeastern coast of mainland China and Taiwan Island. Because the haplotype of butterflies on Hainan Island (P. e. whiteheadi) was completely different from that of mainland China, it was estimated that butterflies on Hainan Island might be from the Indo-China Peninsula rather than from mainland China.     

Copepod communities related to water masses in the southwest East China Sea

The East China Sea is characterized by a complex hydrographic regime and high biological productivity and diversity. This environmental setting in particular challenged a case study on the use of mesozooplankton community parameters as indicators of water masses. In order to reveal spatial patterns of zooplankton communities during summer, a large scale oceanic transect study was conducted. Two transects were taken in the southwest East China Sea region, covering for the first time the China shelf, slope, and the estuaries of the Yangtze river and of the Minjiang river, the northern Taiwan Strait, and the Kuroshio Current region. A total of 77 copepod species were quantified. Copepod abundance was significantly higher in the estuary of the Yangtze River runoff mixture waters and lowest at the Kuroshio Current Region. The calanoid Parvocalanus crassirostris was the most frequently occurring and abundant species retrieved from 27 samples of a total of 39 samples. The use of multivariate cluster analysis separated the Mainland China Shelf from the northern Taiwan Strait and the Kuroshio Current Region at the first hierarchical level. The use of an indicator value method (IndVal) associated with each cluster of stations revealed characteristic species assemblages. Two hierarchical levels defined 4 assemblages within geographical sectors representing copepod assemblages of the Kuroshio Current Region, of the northern Taiwan Strait and the southern China Shelf near the estuary of the Minjiang River and northern stations near the estuary of the Yangtze River. Overall, there was a strong correspondence between the distribution of certain copepod species and water masses. Differences between the Mainland China shelf, the northern Taiwan Strait and the Kuroshio Current Region were characterized by differences in species composition and abundance. Water mass boundaries in the study area were exclusively indicated by distinct differences in species composition, emphasizing a correlation between copepod communities and water masses of the southwest East China Sea in summer.     

Fragmented habitats and Pleistocene climate shaped diversification of the hoary bamboo rat (Rhizomys pruinosus) in the mountainous plateau of SW China

The southwest mountainous region of China has been characterized as one of the worldwide biodiversity hotspots, but mechanisms underlying diversification of organisms in this region are still not clear. We assessed whether fragmented mountainous habitats and Pleistocene climate changes impacted the genetic diversity and diversification patterns of the hoary bamboo rat (Rhizomys pruinosus Blyth), a widely distributed species of rodent in SW China. Genetic diversity analyses were undertaken based on four mitochondrial DNA regions and 12 nuclear microsatellite loci (simple sequence repeats), representing 153 individuals from 24 populations across SW China. Moreover, we investigated correlations between genotype and geographical components, and predicted species distribution models for R. pruinosus under the historical and present climate conditions. Both mitochondrial DNA and simple sequence repeat markers revealed substantial genetic diversity and strong differentiation between populations. Phylogeographical analyses revealed two phylogenetic clades that were consistent with their geographical distributions (eastern and western clades). We inferred that the divergence of R. pruinosus was largely driven by Quaternary climatic oscillations and regionally fragmented mountainous habitats with environmental and geographical heterogeneity. Overall, our study revealed diversification patterns of R. pruinosus—patterns that may be shared by small alpine vertebrates in SW China.     

A biogeographical study on tropical flora of southern China

The tropical climate in China exists in southeastern Xizang (Tibet), southwestern to southeastern Yunnan, southwestern Guangxi, southern Guangdon, southern Taiwan, and Hainan, and these southern Chinese areas contain tropical floras. I checked and synonymized native seed plants from these tropical areas in China and recognized 12,844 species of seed plants included in 2,181 genera and 227 families. In the tropical flora of southern China, the families are mainly distributed in tropical areas and extend into temperate zones and contribute to the majority of the taxa present. The genera with tropical distributions also make up the most of the total flora. In terms of geographical elements, the genera with tropical Asian distribution constitute the highest proportion, which implies tropical Asian or Indo‐Malaysia affinity. Floristic composition and geographical elements are conspicuous from region to region due to different geological history and ecological environments, although floristic similarities from these regions are more than 90% and 64% at the family and generic levels, respectively, but lower than 50% at specific level. These differences in the regional floras could be influenced by historical events associated with the uplift of the Himalayas, such as the southeastward extrusion of the Indochina geoblock, clockwise rotation and southeastward movement of Lanping–Simao geoblock, and southeastward movement of Hainan Island. The similarity coefficients between the flora of southern China and those of Indochina countries are more than 96% and 80% at family and generic levels, indicating their close floristic affinity and inclusion in the same biogeographically floristic unit.     

Glacial Effects on Sequence Divergence of Mitochondrial COII of Polyura eudamippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in China

Sequence divergence of mitochondrial COII was analyzed in 50 specimens belonging to five subspecies of Polyura eudamippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) collected from southern China. There were nine haplotypes in the 405 bp of partial COII sequence. Distribution of the five subspecies was primarily consistent with the spatial distribution of haplotypes. The K _st statistic showed genetic differentiation among these subspecies, except between the pair of P. e. kuangtungensis and P. e. formosana, which were separated by the Taiwan Strait. This is consistent with the 10,000-year history of the Taiwan Strait, not long enough for detectable differentiation. The present distribution pattern of COII haplotypes of P. eudamippus should be shaped by the alteration of Pleistocene glaciations, and Yunnan might be the refugium of P. eudamippus in the ice age, judging from the abundant haplotypes remaining. There were two routes for P. eudamippus in the postglacial expansion, one northward to Sichuan, Chongqing, and Hubei and another eastward to the southeastern coast of mainland China and Taiwan Island. Because the haplotype of butterflies on Hainan Island (P. e. whiteheadi) was completely different from that of mainland China, it was estimated that butterflies on Hainan Island might be from the Indo-China Peninsula rather than from mainland China.     

近五百年来长臂猿在中国的分布变迁

长臂猿是唯一分布于我国的类人猿,也是我国近代历史上分布变化最明显、灭绝最快的灵长类之一。然而,关于长臂猿在历史上的分布变化以及造成这些变化的原因的研究比较有限,本文根据古文献记载,梳理了从明朝直到现在长臂猿在我国的分布变化,并对其原因进行了分析,结果表明:长臂猿的分布除了呈从东北向西南退缩的趋势之外,也围绕着各个主要分布区的中心地带向内收缩直至消失,现存的分布区仅剩下西南边陲与海南岛西北部。从遍布大半个中国内地缩减到只剩西南边陲,这种变化受多种因素影响,其中人类影响起到重要作用。