草地生态系统中土壤氮素矿化影响因素的研究进展

氮素是各种植物生长和发育所需的大量营养元素之一,也是牧草从土壤吸收最多的矿质元素．土壤中的氮大部分以有机态形式存在,而植物可以直接吸收利用的是无机态氮．这些有机态氮在土壤动物和微生物的作用下。由难以被植物直接吸收利用的有机态转化为可被植物直接吸收利用的无机态的过程就是土壤氮的矿化．氮素矿化受多种因子的影响,这些因子可以归结为生物因子和非生物因子．生物因子包括：土壤动物、土壤微生物和植物种类．土壤动物可以促进土壤有机质的矿化;土壤微生物种类、结构及功能与氮的分解、矿化有密切的关系;不同的植物种类对土壤氮素的矿化作用是不相同的,一般来说。有豆科植物生长的土壤比其它种类土氮素矿化的作用大．非生物因素一般可以分为环境因子和人类活动干扰．环境因子中土壤温度和含水量对土壤氮素矿化的影响是国内外众多科学家研究的方向．尽管如此,在此方面的研究还没有取得一致意见,仍然需要进行这方面的研究,而在其他诸如：不同的土壤质地与土壤类型方面,研究报道的结论也很不一致,草地生态系统中人类活动对土壤氮素矿化的影响主要包括,不同强度的放牧,割草以及施肥、火烧强度等．非生物因子对氮素矿化的影响非常直接和明显,尤其是人类活动．本文综述了近年来影响草地生态系统土壤氮素矿化有关因素的一些进展．     

长期施肥及撂荒对土壤氮素矿化特性及外源硝态氮转化的影响

以黄土高原南部17年长期定位试验不同处理土壤为研究对象,研究了不同肥料处理及撂荒条件下土壤氮素矿化特性、灭菌与不灭菌条件下不同肥力土壤对施入外源硝态氮转化的影响.结果表明：氮磷钾化肥和有机肥配施（MNPK）及长期撂荒处理显著提高了土壤有机质和全氮含量以及土壤氮素矿化量和矿化率;氮磷钾化肥（NPK）处理虽然提高了土壤无机氮含量,但对土壤有机质、全氮、土壤氮素矿化量和矿化率的影响相对较小.高温高压灭菌显著增加了土壤铵态氮含量,但对不同处理土壤硝态氮含量无明显影响;在灭菌土壤培养过程中,土壤铵态氮含量呈显著增加趋势.同一土壤类型,不论灭菌与否,培养过程中施入土壤的硝态氮含量保持相对稳定,说明在本研究培养条件下,生物因素和非生物因素对外源硝态氮在土壤中的转化无明显影响.     

洞庭湖区水稻土有机氮矿化的模型模拟

有机氮矿化是土壤氮循环的关键过程,预测土壤有机氮矿化对于评价土壤供氮能力具有重要意义。本研究利用有效积温、双曲线、一阶(One-pool)和二阶(Two-pool)指数模型拟合洞庭湖区典型水稻土有机氮矿化过程,并分析模型参数与土壤有机氮组分间的关系。结果表明,洞庭湖区不同发育类型水稻土有机氮矿化表现出明显差异,各培养时期累积矿化氮量总体上表现为潴育性水稻土潜育性水稻土淹育性水稻土。各矿化模型均可对各试验土壤有机氮矿化过程进行有效拟合,但综合比较模型拟合决定系数(R~2)、均方根误差值及参数取值显示,One-pool指数模型拟合效果最差,有效积温模型和双曲线模型次之,Two-pool指数模型拟合效果最优。各模型拟合的不同土壤间有机氮矿化速率常数变异较小,与各有机氮组分均无显著相关性(P0.05);不同有机氮组分中,氨基酸氮和氨态氮与矿化模型中表征土壤有机氮矿化强度或矿化势的各参数始终具显著正相关关系(r=0.755～0.950,P0.05)。通径分析结果进一步显示,氨基酸氮是土壤有机氮矿化强度或矿化势变化的最主要决策组分并起直接影响作用。Two-pool指数模型将土壤可矿化有机氮分为易矿化氮和难矿化氮两类,相对于其他模型可更为准确地描述研究区水稻土有机氮素的矿化;固定该模型中两类可矿化有机氮库的矿化速率常数取值,有助于提升模型实时定量预测土壤矿化供氮的实用性。     

冬小麦／夏玉米轮作体系中土壤氮素矿化及预测

应用田间试验结果研究了冬小麦和夏玉米生长期的土壤氮素矿化量,并用间隙淋洗好气培养试验结合一级动力学模型对田间氮素矿化量进行了预测。结果表明,土壤氮素矿化量在年际间和作物间的变异很大,夏玉米季一般高于冬小麦季,从而导致夏玉米季施用氮肥的增产作用不明显,冬小麦季矿化量占当季作物最高吸氮量的31％～60％,夏玉米季占62％～108％,加上起始Nmin的供氮,造成了作物产量尤其是夏玉米产量对施入氮肥反应不明显,土壤氮素净矿化量均随土壤供氮量的增加而显著减少,在一般供氮量范围内(0～300kgN·hm^-2)均表现为净矿化,一级动力学模型只能预测作物整个生育期土壤氮素矿化总的趋势,并不能反映某一阶段矿化量的变化,但模型能在种植作物以前估计出土壤氮素净矿化量,从这个意义上说,模型的预测作用仍是不可低估的。     

土壤微生物生物量氮及其在氮素循环中作用

简述了土壤微生物生物量氮的含量及其影响因素,阐述了其在土壤氮素循环中的重要作用,着重讨论了其与可矿化氮、矿质氮、有机氮和固定态铵之间的关系,指出土壤微生物生物量氮与供氮因子间的关系在氮素循环研究中有非常重要的作用,可为调控土壤氮素的供应状况,减少氮素损失,提高氮肥利用率提供科学依据,并提出了需要深入研究的问题。     

黄土高原沟壑区森林带不同植物群落土壤氮素含量及其转化

为了探讨在黄土高原退耕还林还草过程中植物群落对土壤氮素含量及形态分布的影响,本文选择退耕历史较长的黄土高原沟壑区——安塞县洞子沟流域8种典型植物群落下0-10cm和10-20cm的土壤为对象,测定了土壤中有机氮、矿化氮、微生物量氮、硝态氮和铵态氮的含量。结果表明,从草本群落到乔灌草群落,土壤各形态氮素含量均增加,整体表现为乔灌草群落>灌草群落>草本群落。然而人工刺槐林的土壤氮素水平远低于自然恢复的乔灌草群落,甚至低于灌草群落。0-10cm 土层各形态氮素均高于10-20cm 土层。硝态氮对植物群落的变化最为敏感,可作为土壤氮素水平的敏感指标。土壤有机质、pH、容重与氮素含量极显著相关,各种氮素间极显著正相关。各种氮素占总氮的比例对总氮的变化有着不同的响应,有机氮、可矿化氮和微生物量氮占总氮的比例相对稳定,硝态氮占总氮的比例随总氮含量的增加而增加,铵态氮占总氮的比例随总氮含量的增加而降低。     

土壤易矿化有机态氮和微生物态氮作为土壤氮素生物有效性指标的评价

通过盆栽试验研究了土壤易矿化有机态氮和土壤微生物态氮与土壤净矿化氮及植物吸氮量之间的关系。结果表明,种植前土壤易矿化有机态氮和土壤微生物态氮以及种植前后土壤易矿化有机态氮的变化量均与土壤氮素净矿化量和植物吸氮量之间存在显著的相关性。在盆栽试验条件下,土壤易矿化有机态氮和种植前土壤微生物态氮能够较好地反映土壤氮素的矿化和供应能力,可以作为土壤氮素的生物有效性指标。     

植被类型与坡位对喀斯特土壤氮转化速率的影响

土壤氮素转化对于植物氮素营养具有重要作用,尤其是对于受氮素限制的喀斯特退化生态系统。选取植被恢复过程中4种典型喀斯特植被类型(草丛、灌丛、次生林、原生林)和3个坡位(上、中、下坡位)表层土壤(0—15cm)为对象,利用室内培养的方法,研究不同植被类型和坡位下土壤氮素养分与氮转化速率(氮净矿化率、净硝化率和净氨化率)的特征及其影响因素。结果表明,植被类型对土壤硝态氮含量、无机氮含量、氮净矿化率、净硝化率和净氨化率均有显著影响(P0.01),即随着植被的正向演替(草丛—灌丛—次生林—原生林),土壤硝态氮含量、无机氮含量、土壤氮净矿化速率和净硝化速率整体上呈增加趋势,而坡位以及坡位与植被类型的交互作用对上述土壤氮素指标无显著影响(P0.05)。冗余分析结果表明凋落物氮含量、凋落物C∶N比和硝态氮含量对土壤氮转化速率有显著影响,其中凋落物氮含量是影响土壤氮转化速率的主要因子(F=35.634,P=0.002)。可见,尽管坡位影响喀斯特水土再分配过程,但植被类型决定的凋落物质量(如凋落物氮含量等)对喀斯特土壤氮素转化速率的作用更为重要。因此,在喀斯特退化生态系统植被恢复初期,应注重植被群落的优化配置(如引入豆科植物)和土壤质量的改善(如降低土壤C∶N),促进土壤氮素转化及氮素的有效供给。     

土壤微生物量氮含量、矿化特性及其供氮作用

论述了土壤中微生物体氮的含量及其影响因素,土壤微生物量氮的矿化特性及其与土壤矿化氮间的关系,土壤微生物量氮含量与土壤供氮指标间的关系等。提出研究不同生态系统中土壤微生物量氮的含量及其变化规律,不同耕作栽培措施对土壤微生物量氮含量的影响。土壤微生物量在土壤氮素保持和释放中的作用,土壤微生物量氮的转化率与其供氮量间的关系;土壤微生物量氮与作物氮素吸收间的关系等,是土壤微生物量氮方面应重点研究的问题。     

广东南雄烟区烤烟氮素累积分配及利用特征

在广东南雄烟区以烤烟品种K326为材料,采用田间原位培养方法和15N同位素示踪技术,在大田条件下研究了土壤氮素矿化特征、烤烟氮素累积分配规律以及当季施入肥料氮的分配情况.结果表明:南雄烟区土壤氮素矿化量随着生育期推移呈上升趋势,在移栽后75 d达到高峰,此后下降;不施氮处理土壤氮素矿化量在各生育期均显著高于施氮处理;烟株不同器官氮素积累量表现为叶片＞茎＞根.烤烟在团棵期和打顶期以吸收肥料氮为主,成熟期则以吸收土壤氮为主,烟株整个生育期吸收的氮素主要来源于土壤氮,且吸收的土壤氮及其占总氮的比例随生育期推移和叶片着生部位的升高而增加.氮肥烟株利用率、土壤残留率和损失率分别为30.8%、32.3%和36.9%.南雄烟区土壤氮素矿化能力较强,土壤氮对上部叶片质量的影响较大,在施氮量为150kg·hm-2条件下,肥料氮的残留量和损失量较高.     

有机类肥料对土壤养分含量的影响

绿色、可持续是我国发展现代农业的必然要求,肥料投入是关键之一。基于有机肥培肥土壤、生态友好的优势,发展和推广有机肥已经成为我国农业生产的一项基本国策。我国有机肥来源广泛、种类繁多,农业生产条件千差万别。本文分析了我国有机肥产品种类及标准现状、理化性质差异、碳氮矿化特性差异及影响因素,评述了施用有机肥对提高耕地基础地力的作用。因来源、制作工艺不同,不同有机肥的有机碳组分含量、全氮和活性氮含量、碳氮比等基本性质差异明显,这四者是影响有机肥碳氮矿化率、碳氮矿化量、碱解氮释放量等碳氮供应特性的主要内在因素;加之土壤环境等外界因素的影响,不同有机肥表现出不同的养分供应特性。总体上,有机肥一方面对提高土壤有机质含量,尤其是活性有机质含量和碳库管理指数效果明显,另一方面可增加土壤氮磷钾养分容量,减少作物生长消耗带来的土壤养分亏损,促进土壤质量良性发展。今后,应加强有机肥在耕地培肥中的应用,并加强有机肥肥效理论的基础研究和安全高效有机肥新产品的开发,促进有机肥资源的高效循环利用,使其成为重要的农业资源。     

太子河河岸带土壤理化性质特征及其与环境因子的关系

根据太子河河岸带69个样点的土壤分层调查, 研究了太子河河岸带土壤特征、空间格局及与环境因子的关系。研究结果表明:垂直剖面自上而下土壤含水率、土壤孔隙率、总磷、有机质和总氮含量显著减少, 容重、pH和有效磷在层间差异不显著。根据土壤理化性质, 将样点分为2类, 一类主要分布在太子河上游及某些支流上游, 该类土壤呈弱酸性, 有机质和总氮含量高, 另一类主要分布在太子河中下游, 该类土壤呈弱碱性, 有机质和总氮含量较低。利用冗余分析(RDA)识别影响土壤性质的环境因子, 结果表明海拔、年降水、年均温和距离河口的距离是影响土壤空间差异的主导因子。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘不同类型生物土壤结皮对土壤有机碳矿化的影响

生物土壤结皮(BSCs)是荒漠生态系统的重要组成部分,是该区土壤碳循环及碳平衡的关键影响因素。研究了腾格里沙漠东南缘不同类型生物土壤结皮覆盖下土壤碳矿化过程及其对温度(10℃、25℃和35℃)和水分(土壤含水量10%和25%)变化响应特征,分析了土壤碳矿化过程与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明:(1)结皮的形成和发育显著影响土壤有机碳矿化过程,藻类、地衣和藓类结皮覆盖的土壤碳矿化速率和CO_2-C累积释放量均显著高于去除结皮的土壤,不同类型BSCs覆盖土壤和去除结皮土壤之间均表现为藓类结皮土壤地衣结皮土壤藻类结皮。(2)含结皮层土壤的平均和最大矿化速率均随温度升高和水分增加而逐渐增大,有结皮覆盖的土壤和去除结皮的土壤对温度和水分变化的响应规律相同。(3)有结皮土壤和去除结皮土壤碳矿化速率的温度敏感性(Q_(10))与结皮类型密切相关,均表现为藓类结皮地衣结皮藻类结皮。结果表明生物土壤结皮由以藻类为主向以藓类为主的演变进一步促进了土壤碳矿化过程,结皮对土壤碳循环的调控作用受水热等环境因子的共同影响。     

Effect of starch and inorganic nitrogen on microbial transformations of organic compounds in soil

It was found in long-term incubation experiments (100 weeks) that in soil non amended with organic compounds, mineralization proceeded in a steady state after an initial reactive respiration and corresponded approximately to the rate of mineralization of soil organic matter under natural conditions. The addition of nitrogen influenced this mineralization process only very slightly. The addition of starch decreased the stability of organic compounds in the soil at first but the newly formed organic substances were gradually stabilized again. The addition of nitrogen to starch increased the extent and the rate of these alterations. The overall extent of mineralization of the substrate after the addition of starch alone exceeds the amount of the added substrate; a small accumulation of the substrate could be observed after the addition of starch together with nitrogen.     

川西高寒山地灌丛草甸不同海拔土壤有机碳矿化的季节动态

为探明高寒山地灌丛草甸不同海拔土壤碳矿化潜力,选取折多山3800 m、4000 m、4200 m 3个海拔梯度的灌丛草甸,采用室内培养法测定不同季节土壤累积矿化量和矿化速率,运用一级动力学方程对土壤碳矿化过程进行拟合,并分析不同海拔土壤活性碳组分季节变化及累积矿化量与土壤环境因子的关系。结果表明:土壤累积矿化量及活性碳组分均呈现出0—20 cm土层显著高于20—40 cm土层,且夏季最高的季节变化,而海拔变化趋势不一致,但大体呈现出3800 m灰化土最大。土壤碳矿化速率随着培养时间的推移逐渐降低慢慢趋于平缓,且前21 d降低幅度显著高于后21 d。各海拔C_0和C_0/SOC均夏季最高,表明高寒灌丛草甸夏季土壤固碳能力最低,且3800 m灰化土固碳能力最低。土壤碳矿化与土壤全氮、有机碳、活性碳显著相关,且微生物量碳更能直接影响土壤碳矿化。土壤碳矿化季节性变化受土壤理化性质和环境因素综合影响,这些因子共同作用使得土壤有机碳库各组分发生复杂变化,所以对于高寒灌丛草甸地区植被多样性的保护及夏季牧场的合理控制至关重要。     

蚂蚁筑巢对西双版纳热带森林土壤有机氮矿化的影响

蚂蚁作为生态系统工程师能够调节土壤微生物及理化环境,进而对热带森林土壤有机氮矿化速率及其时间动态产生显著影响。以西双版纳白背桐热带森林群落为研究对象,采用室内需氧培养法测定土壤有机氮矿化速率,比较蚁巢和非蚁巢土壤有机氮矿化速率的时间动态,揭示蚂蚁筑巢活动引起土壤无机氮库、微生物生物量碳及化学性质改变对有机氮矿化速率时间动态的影响。结果表明：（1）蚂蚁筑巢显著影响土壤有机氮矿化速率（P<0.01）,相较于非蚁巢,蚁巢土壤有机氮矿化速率提高了261%;（2）土壤有机氮矿化速率随月份推移呈明显的单峰型变化趋势,即6月最大（蚁巢1.22 mg kg^-1 d^-1、非蚁巢0.41 mg kg^-1 d^-1）,12月最小（蚁巢0.82 mg kg^-1 d^-1、非蚁巢0.18 mg kg^-1 d^-1）;（3）两因素方差分析表明,不同月份及不同处理对土壤有机氮矿化速率、NH₄-N及NO₃-N产生显著影响（P<0.05）,但对NO₃-N的交互作用不显著;（4）蚂蚁筑巢显著提高了无机氮库（NH₄-N与NO₃-N）、微生物生物量碳、有机质、水解氮、全氮及易氧化有机碳等土壤养分含量,而降低了土壤pH值;（5）回归分析表明,铵态氮和硝态氮对土壤有机氮矿化速率产生显著影响,分别解释87.89%、61.84%的有机氮矿化速率变化;（6）主成份分析表明NH₄-N、微生物生物量碳及有机质是影响有机氮矿化速率时间动态的主要因素,而全氮、NO₃-N、易氧化有机碳、水解氮及pH对土壤有机氮矿化速率的影响次之,且pH与土壤有机氮矿化速率呈显著负相关。总之,蚂蚁筑巢活动主要通过影响土壤NH₄-N、微生物生物量碳及有机质的状况,进而调控西双版纳热带森林土壤有机氮矿化速率的时间动态。研究结果将有助于进一步提高对土壤氮矿化生物调控机制的认识。     

The influence of living plants on mineralization and immobilization of nitrogen

Summary Changes in the pattern of distribution of the nitrogen of the soil and seedling grass plants have been investigated when the grass plants were grown in pots of sandy soil, from a pasture, at pH 5.7. Net mineralization of soil nitrogen was not observed during an experimental period of one month in the absence of added nitrogenous fertilizer (Table 2). Addition of labeled nitrogen (as ammonium sulphate) to the soil at the beginning of the experimental period resulted in a negative net mineralization during this period (Table 4b). When none of the fertilizer nitrogen remained in its original form in the soil it was found that approximately 12 per cent of the labeled nitrogen had been immobilized in soil organic compounds. Clipping of the grass at this date was followed by a decrease in the amount of labeled soil organic nitrogen, indicating that mineralization was not depressed by living plants. The application of unlabeled ammonium sulphate subsequent to the utilization of the labeled nitrogen did not decrease the amount of immobilized labeled nitrogen in the soil organic matter, as would be expected if the organic nitrogen compounds of the soil had been decomposed to ammonia. This was thought to be due to the fact that decomposition of organic nitrogen compounds in permanent grassland results in the production of peptides, amino acids etc. which are utilized by microorganisms without deamination taking place. In pots with ageing grass plants, labeled organic nitrogen compounds were found to be translocated from the grass shoots to the soil (Table 7). Net mineralization of soil organic nitrogen was positive in the contents of pots containing killed root systems (Table 3b). About 8 per cent of the labeled nitrogen added to the contents of such pots, in the form of ammonium sulphate, was found to be present in soil organic nitrogen compounds approximately 4 weeks after application, while a total of about twice this amount of soil organic nitrogen was mineralized during that period. From the results obtained in this investigation, it is concluded that the constant presence of living plants is responsible for the accumulation of nitrogen in organic compounds in permanent grassland. No evidence was obtained that the decomposition of such compounds in the soil is inhibited by living plants.     

森林生态系统土壤氮矿化影响因素研究进展

森林生态系统土壤氮矿化是生态系统中最重要的功能之一,综述了近10余年来森林生态系统土壤氮矿化影响因素的研究,在前人的基础上将其影响因素归成3类;（1）环境因子,（2）凋落物质量,（3）土壤动物和微生物,其中环境因子中的土壤温、湿度是影响土壤氮矿化的最重要因子,氮素可利用性、氮转化与群落演替、植物多样性间相互关系的研究正受到愈来愈多的重视,研究CO2倍增及其引起的全球变暖对土壤氮素转化的潜在影响也已成为当前全球变化问题研究的热点之一。     

Effect of seasonal freeze–thaw cycle on net nitrogen mineralization of soil organic layer in the subalpine/alpine forests of western Sichuan,China

Nitrogen mineralization, a main way that soil organic nitrogen converts to mineral nitrogen, is one of the key processes in soil nitrogen cycle. The mineral nitrogen has an important role in plant growth in the growing season. It has been widely accepted that soil freezing in winter can kill a number of microorganisms, weakening soil nitrogen mineralization. However, more and more recent studies have documented that soil microorganisms still have high activity during the deep freezing period, and obvious nitrogen mineralization in winter. Seasonal freeze–thaw cycle is a common phenomenon in the subalpine/alpine forest region, which may have a strong effect on soil ecological processes. Furthermore, the changing pattern of seasonal freeze–thaw cycles might have a significant influence on soil nitrogen mineralization in this region in the scenarios of global warming. As yet, little attention has been given to nitrogen mineralization of soil organic layer as affected by changed seasonal freeze–thaw pattern, although the increasing studies have demonstrated that winter warming might give strong effects on the litter decomposition and microbial activity in the subalpine/alpine forest regions. Therefore, a method of intact soil core incubation in combination with natural environmental gradient was employed by transferring forest soils from 3582 m (A₁) of altitude to 3298 m (A₂) of altitude and 3023 m (A₃) of altitude in the subalpine/alpine forests of western Sichuan, respectively. The amounts and rates of net nitrogen mineralization in soil organic layer were measured. The incubation period included the growing season and the freeze–thaw season from May 24, 2010 to April 19, 2011. The results suggested that significant net nitrogen mineralization was only observed in soil organic layer at low altitude (A₃) during the whole incubation period. Forest soils at higher altitudes (A₁ and A₂) showed obvious soil nitrogen immobilization. In comparison with the growing season which showed remarkable nitrogen immobilization characteristic, the freeze–thaw season showed obvious nitrogen mineralization at lower altitudes (A₂ and A₃). In contrast, the nitrogen immobilization amounts at high altitude (A₁) in freeze–thaw period were less than those in the growing season. Besides, the maximum of net nitrogen mineralization amounts and rates at high altitude (A₁) in soil organic layer mainly occurred in the late stage of growing season and the onset of freezing, soil nitrogen mineralization at the middle altitude (A₂) mainly occurred in the onset of freezing and the deep freezing period, while the highest amount and rate of net nitrogen mineralization at low altitude (A₃) occurred in the early stage of thawing and the late stage of growing season. Furthermore, the amount and rate of soil net nitrogen mineralization during the freeze–thaw season were increasing with the decrease of altitude, which correlated with soil freeze–thaw cycle and freezing process at different altitudes. These results indicated that increasing soil temperature in the future could not only significantly enhance soil nitrogen mineralization in the freeze–thaw season, but also improve soil nitrogen mineralization by increasing freeze–thaw cycle times and shortening freeze–thaw period. However, the processes were significantly influenced by soil micro-environment of subalpine/alpine forest regions.