海南岛霸王岭热带山地植被研究：Ⅱ.代表群落类型的结构分析

以陆均松＋黄叶树一线枝蒲桃群落和钝叶水丝梨＋线枝蒲桃一托盘青冈群落为例,对海南岛霸王岭自然保护区域内的热带山地雨林和热带山地常绿林植被的最小取样面积、种群的立木级组成以及物种重要值作了初步的分析。     

海南岛霸王岭热带山地植被研究 Ⅰ． 永久样地设置与群落类型

对海南岛霸王自然保护区内占有主体的热带山地植被的群落类型作如下初步的划分：1）热带山地雨林;a．陆匀松＋黄叶树－－线枝蒲桃君落,b.油丹＋黄叶树－线枝蒲桃群落;c.黄叶树＋厚壳桂－线枝蒲桃群落;d.鸡毛松－线枝蒲桃群落;e.厚壳桂＋线枝蒲桃－光叶白颜群落;2）热带山地常绿林,钝叶水丝梨＋线枝蒲桃－托盘青岗群落。     

海南岛坝王岭热带山地雨林陆均松-线枝蒲桃群系的区系特点

初步探讨了海南坝王岭自然保护区热带山地雨林的代表群落类型即陆均松－线枝蒲桃群系的种子植物区系组成及其地理分布特点。此群落含有61科、137属、326种,热带分布特别是热带－亚洲分布的成分占有明显优势,其次是泛热带分布,热带性很强,中国特有的分布的种属所占比例极低。单、寡种属极为丰富是该地区植物区系组成的另一特点。     

海南五指山森林的垂直分布及其特征

本文探讨了海南五指山森林垂直分布及其特征．并根据五指山自然保护区的６００ｃｍ２样地调查材料,连同区内一些路线调查材料统计结果,计有维管束植物９９８种,５７６属,１７８科;按照植物地理成份分析,指出以樟科、桃金娘科、壳斗科、棕榈科等科、属、种为主的五指山热带、亚热带植物属占总、属数的８９％是很高的。根据调查材料,五指山森林可划分为３个垂直带与１１个植被群系,也就是Ⅰ．热带雨林带,一、热带常绿季雨林：１：荔枝,毛丹群系;Ⅱ．热带山地雨林带：一、低山雨林：（一）低山青梅雨林;１,青梅,蝴蝶树群系：２．鸡毛松．公孙锥群系：（二）沟谷雨林：１．尖叶杜英,海南柿群系;（三）低山枫香林：１．枫香．鸭脚木群系．二、中山雨林：（一）中山针阔叶雨林：１．陆均松．岭南青同群系;２．银背锥．白花含笑群系;３．罗浮锥,海南蕈树群系;Ⅲ．中山矮曲林带：一、中山矮曲林：１．硬壳柯,厚皮香群系;２．少药八角．肖柃群系;二、山顶矮林：１．红脉南烛,南华杜鹃群系。五指山森林垂直分布规律与特点：１．乔木树种多样性随着海拔升高而递减;２．温带树种的数量随着海拔升高而递增：３．青梅天然分布的海拔高度为海南各林区之冠。     

南亚热带常绿阔叶林4个树种对增温的生理生态适应能力比较

以红枝蒲桃(Syzygium rehderianum)、海南红豆(Ormosia pinnata)、红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)和木荷(Schima superba) 4种南亚热带常绿阔叶林典型树种为研究对象, 采用红外-箱式增温的方法, 研究4个树种叶片气孔性状(表征气孔调节能力)、叶片解剖结构(表征叶片组织调节能力)和光合特征(表征养分维持能力)对增温的响应情况, 比较不同树种在增温背景下的生理生态适应能力, 为预测该地区森林植物在全球变暖情形下的生长变化趋势提供理论依据。结果表明: 增温后, 红枝蒲桃叶片海绵组织厚度减小, 且光合氮利用效率(PNUE)和光合磷利用效率(PPUE)降低; 海南红豆气孔导度增大、气孔密度减小以及叶片厚度和栅栏组织厚度减小, 同时光合速率、PNUE和PPUE升高; 红锥气孔大小缩小, 但光合速率不变; 木荷气孔增大而密度减小, 栅栏组织厚度减小, 光合速率、PNUE和PPUE降低。综上所述, 红枝蒲桃、海南红豆和木荷能够通过降低叶片厚度来适应高温环境, 不同物种的气孔调节、养分维持、光合速率和光合养分利用效率对增温的响应存在差异。增温有利于固氮植物海南红豆的生长, 但不利于传统优势树种木荷和红枝蒲桃的生长。因此, 在未来气候变暖的情况下, 固氮植物海南红豆由于具有较强的适应能力, 在南亚热带常绿阔叶林中可能会取代木荷和红枝蒲桃等成为新的优势树种。     

海南五指山热带山地雨林植物物种多样性研究

王指山热带山地雨林的物种种类十分丰富,在１ｈｍ＾２样地中共出现５４个科,１００个属的乔木树种１７７种,１３３７个个体。区系地理分析表明属的分布区类型以热带分布型成分占优,为８９．０％,充分体现了五指山山地雨林的热带性质。多样性指数分析结果为：样地１Ｍａｒｇａｌｅｆ指数１７．８２２,Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｉｅｎｅｒ指数５．６２１,均匀度０．８２３,Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ指数０．０５０,均匀度６．７７５,表明五指     

城市绿地中鸟类对海南蒲桃的取食和传播作用

海南蒲桃(Syzygium cumini)是亚热带地区城市绿地中常见的绿化植物, 其果实数量多、果期长, 可为鸟类提供大量食物资源。2020年6月—8月借助 Safari 10×26 变焦双筒望远镜, 采用焦点扫描法对访问海南蒲桃果实(种子)的鸟类行为进行观察, 详细记录鸟类的种类、取食基质、访问频次、取食时间、取食数量和取食方式等信息, 探讨鸟类在海南蒲桃种子传播及种群更新中的生态作用。结果表明: 成熟的海南蒲桃能吸引7种食果鸟类对其种子进行取食,其中白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、红耳鹎(Pycnonotus jocosus)、白喉红臀鹎(Pycnonotus aurigaster)和黄臀鹎(Pycnonotus xanthorrhous)4种鸟类以整吞的方式取食海南蒲桃的种子, 属于种子潜在传播者。不同种鸟类对海南蒲桃果实的取食频次间存在显著差异(t=4.310, df=6, P < 0.01), 平均访问只数、平均取食时间和平均取食量间存在极显著差异(P < 0.001)。食果鸟类的形态特征(体长、体重和嘴峰大小)与取食数量间均呈正相关。鸟类主要以呕吐的方式传播海南蒲桃的种子, 观察期间在鸟类取食后停歇的树木下方地面上常散落着较多表面洁净、无果肉包裹的裸露种子, 且有大量的海南蒲桃幼苗成功更新, 说明城市绿地中的植物是可以借助鸟类的取食和传播来实现其种群的更新。     

海南山蛭种群数量动态与气象因素关系研究

在海南岛橡胶林内,每月观测海南山蛭Ｈａｅｍａｄｉｐｓａ ｈａｉｎａｎａ种群数量Ｂａ,用逐步回归分析方法研究了１０个气象因子对海南山６种数量的影响,结果表明,１）每年海南山蛭种群数量不同,６ａ间影响海南山蛭种群数量的主要气候因素是Ｘ１（月雨量）、Ｘ３（月雨日）和Ｘ５（月有露日数）;２）海南岛５～１０月份为雨季,海南山蛭这种群数量明显增大,影响山蛭种群数量的主要气候因素是Ｘ５和Ｘ１６（月最大风速和）和     

增温对南亚热带常绿阔叶林4种幼树生长和碳氮磷化学计量特征的影响

为了解不同物种在气候变暖条件下的生长及养分利用策略,研究选取南亚热带常绿阔叶林4种具代表性的典型乔木树种幼苗（1年生）木荷（Schima superba）、红锥（Castanopsis hystrix）、红枝蒲桃（Syzygium rehderianum）和海南红豆（Ormosia pinnata）为研究对象。采用红外-箱式增温的方法（2016年1月至2018年12月期间,年平均气温升高2.26℃,P<0.05）,研究了4种幼苗生长以及各器官中C、N、P化学计量特征和非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）含量对增温的响应。结果表明：增温促进了红锥和海南红豆（除2017年6月）的生长,但降低了木荷（增温1年后）和红枝蒲桃的生长（P<0.05）。增温显著降低了木荷细根、红锥茎干和海南红豆枝的P含量（P<0.05）,与对照相比,分别降低了1.91%、18.70%和46.07%。增温增加了固氮物种海南红豆细根N含量,但降低了其叶片N含量（P<0.05）,增温对其它树种N含量无显著影响。木荷茎干N∶P和海南红豆的细根N∶P在增温下分别升高了30.42%和90.29%（P<0.05）。此外,增温显著升高了木荷和红枝蒲桃叶片的可溶性糖含量（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,增温对南亚热带常绿阔叶林植物的影响存在种间差异,木荷和红枝蒲桃在增温条件下生长受限,但促进了红锥和海南红豆的生长,未来气候变暖可能会改变该生态系统的养分竞争平衡,进而可能会改变群落组成。     

海南一新记录科——伯乐树科

报道了海南一新记录科,即伯乐树科。这是该科在中国最南端的分布,而且是分布于热带山地雨林中。文章并对其地理分布和保护建议进行了阐述。     

非度量多维测度及其在群落分类中的应用

 排序与聚类分析法是近代最为常用的植被数量分析方法。原理上,排序较之于聚类法,一般具有较为严格的数学基础。在植被研究的应用方面,排序比聚类法能更好反映植被的连续性。同时,在反映植被分类结果上,排序图不仅象聚类树形图一样,使全部实体之间的划分关系得以反映,而且两两实体间的关系可以通过排序图上彼此间的距离比较而得以较好的反映。然而常规的排序方法主要适用于具有线性结构的数据分析,在2—3维排序图上常难以充分反映这些实体的生态学关系,造成大量生态学数据信息的损失。非度量多维测度(Non-metric multidimensional scaling)是近期发展起来的适用于非线性数据结构分析的一种复杂的迭代排序方法。它的基本思想是通过排序,n个实体在尽可能低维(t相似文献   

五指山热带雨林黑桫椤种群及其所在群落特征

黑桫椤(Alsophila podophylla)属国家二级保护植物.作者在海南岛五指山山地雨林和低地雨林分别设立样地对黑桫椤种群及其所在群落进行了调查,分析了热带雨林黑桫椤种群的年龄结构、空间分布格局、数量分布以及群落结构和物种多样性.结果表明,山地雨林和低地雨林中黑桫椤种群分别为稳定型种群和增长型种群,都是完全集群分布.低地雨林的黑桫椤平均密度是山地雨林的1.7倍.土壤pH值对黑桫椤种群密度有负的影响,全磷含量对其有正的影响.山地雨林林地土壤pH值大而全磷含量低,低地雨林刚好相反.土壤酸碱度和全磷含量的差异是导致两地黑桫椤数量差异的原因之一.pH值对黑桫椤平均密度的影响效应是全磷含量的2.5倍,说明pH值是影响黑桫椤种群密度的主要因素.黑桫椤所在群落垂直结构分为3个乔木亚层、2个灌木亚层及草本层.山地雨林黑桫椤所在群落的Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数分别为0.957和5.305,均匀度为0.811;低地雨林黑桫椤所在群落的Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数分别为0.937和5.484,均匀度为0.804.总之,五指山山地雨林和低地雨林的黑桫椤种群年龄结构、分布格局和数量分布都有一定差异,这些差异是由生境差异造成的.热带雨林黑桫椤所在群落结构复杂,物种多样性丰富.     

西双版纳勐宋山区热带山地雨林的群落学研究

首次报道了云南西双版纳勐宋的热带山地雨林群落 ,该群落植物区系组成特殊 ,森林上层乔木组成中以古老的单室茱萸科 (Mastixiaceae)和紫树科 (Nyssaceae)植物为优势 ,亦富有木兰科 (Magnoliaceae)的长蕊木兰、云南拟单性木兰 ,红花木莲等系统发育上较原始的植物以及一些典型东南亚热带山地雨林群落的代表植物。通过对该热带山地雨林群落组成与结构的调查研究 ,认为该热带山地雨林可区分为沟谷和山坡 2个类型。沟谷群落类型以八蕊单室茱萸和大萼楠为乔木层优势种 ,可定义为八蕊单室茱萸—大萼楠林。山坡群落类型以云南拟单性木兰和云南裸花为优势 ,可定义为云南拟单性木兰—云南裸花林。     

Nonrandom co-occurrence patterns of rainforest chameleons

Null‐model analysis of co‐occurrence patterns is a powerful tool to identify ‘structure’ in community ecology data sets. We evaluated the community structure of chameleons in rainforest regions of Nigeria and Cameroon using available data in the literature, including peer‐reviewed articles and unpublished environmental reports to industries. We performed Monte Carlo simulations (5000 iterations, using the sequential swap algorithm) under several model assumptions to derive co‐occurrence patterns among species. Food and spatial (habitat) segregation patterns in both lowland rainforest and montane forest were investigated. We subjected four indices of co‐occurrence patterns (C‐ratio, number of checkerboard species pairs, number of species combinations, and V‐score) to randomization procedures. Overall, the chameleon communities do not show random organization, but instead exhibit precise deterministic patterns. In lowland rainforest, chameleon communities are assembled deterministically along the food niche resource axis, but not along the habitat niche resource axis. The opposite holds for chameleon communities in montane rainforest. We predict that these patterns can be generalized to other regions of tropical Africa, thus helping to determine the general structure of chameleon communities in tropical African forests.     

西双版纳热带雨林和热带山地常绿阔叶林附生苔藓的组成与多样性格局

为探讨西双版纳热带雨林和热带山地常绿阔叶林附生苔藓的组成、多样性格局及其维持机制,该文对两种植被的树干附生苔藓植物进行了调查与分析。所选择的样地位于西双版纳勐腊县,每种植被类型选择10个20 m×20 m的样方,每个样方选择约10棵样树。结果表明:(1)本调查共记录到附生苔藓20科39属60种,其中热带雨林附生苔藓有19科33属48种,热带山地常绿阔叶林附生苔藓有9科14属19种,共有种6种。(2)热带雨林最优势科为平藓科,热带山地常绿阔叶林最优势科为锦藓科。(3)热带雨林比热带山地常绿阔叶林具有更高的物种丰富度、β多样性和γ多样性。(4)不同径级和不同树皮粗糙度宿主上附生苔藓植物的盖度差异显著,而物种丰富度差异不显著。(5)苔藓植物的生活型对植被类型有所偏好,表现为悬垂型、扇型、交织型、粗平铺型集聚于热带雨林,丛集型、垫状型、细平铺型集聚于热带山地常绿阔叶林。(6)直接排序结果表明,宿主特性特别是树皮粗糙度显著影响苔藓植物生活型的组成和分布。热带雨林比热带山地常绿阔叶林能提供更多样的微生境,因而孕育了物种更丰富的附生苔藓植物。考虑到不同的植被类型或宿主特性条件下孕育着不同生活型组成的苔藓植物,因此可将苔藓生活型作为今后森林监测的一项重要指标。     

Spatiotemporal patterns and dynamics of species richness and abundance of woody plant functional groups in a tropical forest landscape of Hainan Island, South China

Tropical forests are among the most species-diverse ecosystems on Earth. Their structures and ecological functions are complex to understand. Functional group is defined as a group of species that play similar roles in an ecosystem. The functional group approach has been regarded as an effective way of linking the compositions of complex ecosystems with their ecological functions. To understand the variation of functional groups in species-rich ecosystems after disturbance, the present study investigated the spatial pattern and temporal dynamics of woody plants in a typically fragmented natural forest landscape of Hainan Island in South China. The study area was classified into eight landscape types based on vegetation type, disturbance manner and the time of recovery. The woody plant species were aggregated into seven functional groups based on the growth form, successional status and plant size. The results gained from the present study showed that all functional groups, except for the emergent and canopy tree species, were present in all eight landscape types. Each landscape type had different numbers of dominant functional groups. There are similar species richness and stem abundance structure among functional groups between mid-successional clear cut lowland rainforest and old growth tropical coniferous forest. This similarity exists in selective logged lowland rainforest and old-growth lowland rainforest, as well as among landscape types of montane rainforest. The functional groups with the same successional status had similar patterns of species richness and stem abundance ratios among different landscape types. The variation patterns of functional groups along the successional stages in terms of species richness and stem abundance among the tropical lowland rainforest landscape types were more similar to each other than those in the tropical montane reinforest landscape types. This study provides further support for the competition-colonization tradeoff and successional niche theory as opposed to models of neutrality and ecological equivalence.     

Are Montane Forests Demographic Sinks for Bornean White‐bearded Gibbons Hylobates albibarbis?

I estimated habitat-specific population densities for a population of Bornean white-bearded gibbons Hylobates albibarbis inhabiting seven distinct forest types at Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Population densities in montane forests (0.44 individuals/km²) were almost ten times lower than those in the next best habitat (upland granite forest; 4.2 individuals/km²) and far lower than those in lowland forest types. Demographic data on 33 gibbon groups living across the seven forest types showed that reproduction was substantially depressed in montane forests compared to high-quality lowland habitats. A simple model suggests that montane forests are demographic sinks for gibbons at Gunung Palung. Follow-up data from observations of montane groups 5 yr after the initial observation period support this result. As high-quality lowland forests (source habitat for gibbons) are being disproportionately lost in and around Gunung Palung National Park due to illegal logging and conversion to oil palm plantations, an increasing percentage of the remaining forest in the park comprises sink habitat for gibbons. This result has disquieting implications for the long-term viability of gibbon populations at Gunung Palung. In addition, as montane forests are generally low-quality habitat for most rainforest vertebrates, and since lowland forests are being lost at alarming rates across the tropics, source-sink population dynamics similar to those I describe here may characterize populations of other tropical vertebrate species.     

西双版纳森林植被研究

西双版纳是世界生物学多样性保护的关键和热点地区,倍受国际学术界的关注。笔者依据30多年来对西双版纳植被的调查,结合植物群落生态学与植物区系地理学研究,并参考世界类似热带植被的研究成果,对西双版纳植被的分类、物种组成、群落生态表现和植物区系特征等作了系统探讨,还进一步分析比较了其与世界类似热带森林植被的关系。结果显示,西双版纳的森林植被共包括32个较为典型的群系,且分属于7个主要的植被型,即热带雨林、热带季节性湿润林、热带季雨林、热带山地(低山)常绿阔叶林、热带棕榈林、暖热性针叶林和竹林。本文对西双版纳植被进行的全面记录和系统归纳,可为科学研究、生物多样性保护和自然保护区的管理提供参考。     

Phylogenomic approaches reveal how climate shapes patterns of genetic diversity in an African rain forest tree species

The world's second largest expanse of tropical rainforest is in Central Africa, and it harbours enormous species diversity. Population genetic studies have consistently revealed significant structure across Central African rainforest plants. In particular, previous studies have repeatedly demonstrated a north–south genetic discontinuity around the equatorial line, in a continuous expanse of rainforest where a climatic inversion is documented. Here, we took a phylogeographic approach by sequencing 351 nuclear markers in 112 individuals across the distribution of the African rainforest tree species Annickia affinis (Annonaceae). We showed for the first time that the north–south divide is the result of a single, major colonization event across the climatic inversion from an ancestral population located in Gabon. We suggested that differences in ecological niche of populations located on either side of this inversion may have contributed to this phylogenetic discontinuity. We found evidence for inland dispersal, predominantly in northern areas, and variable demographic histories among genetic clusters, indicating that populations responded differently to past climate change. We show how newly developed genomic tools can provide invaluable insights into our understanding of tropical rainforest evolutionary dynamics.