蛇的起源及中国的蛇化石

在爬行动物纲中,蛇目和蜥蜴目共同隶属于有鳞亚纲.蛇和蜥蜴是现生爬行动物种类最多、适应力最强的两类.在生物进化的历程中,蛇是从原始蜥蜴类分化出来的,是蜥蜴进化主干上发出的一个侧枝.也可以说蛇是高度特化了的蜥蜴.这可从一些原始蟒蛇类如蟒科来看,此科某些属种仍有肩带和腰带残迹,有的在肛门二侧至今     

Lycodon（蛇亚目：游蛇科）是亚洲白环蛇的正确属称

我们最近出版的《中国两栖爬行动物学》一书中,将Ｏｐｈｉｔｅｓ作为亚洲产的白环蛇的属称。当时以为Ｂｏｉｅ（１８２６）关于Ｌｙｃｏｄｏｎ的原始描述没有指定模式种。然而,在Ｂｏｉｅ（１９２６）之前一两个月,Ｂｏｉｅ在Ｆｉｔｚｉｎｇｅｒ（１８２６）书中确指定ａｕｌｉｃｕｓ为Ｌｙｃｏｄｏｎ属的模式种。因此,亚洲产白环蛇的正确属称应该是ＬｙｃｏｄｏｎＨ．ＢｏｉｅｉｎＦｉｔｚｉｎｇｅｒ,１８２６（模式种：ＣｏｌｕｂｅｒａｕｌｉｃｕｓＬｉｎｎａｅｕｓ,１７５８）。     

人工养蛇失败原因分析

众所周知 ,蛇全身是宝。目前一些蛇类保健品 ,营养滋补品也不断面市 ,加上市场经济南北大流通 ,一股从南到北的“人工养蛇热”遍布全国。“养一条蛇胜养一头猪”的说法 ,极大地刺激了众多养蛇者 ,有的人甚至改行来养蛇 ,目前养蛇业的现状是成功者占少数 ,失败者居多 ,景况让人甚忧。为此 ,作者总结几年养蛇过程中的失败原因 ,供初次养蛇者借签参考 ,早日摆脱人工养蛇失败阴影 ,走出困境。( 1 )初养者没有扎实的养蛇技术和经济 ,蛇场构造不够合理 ,其中包括防逃、防盗、水源、食源、密度、采光、温度、湿度及越冬、越夏等各方面设计的标准和…     

蛇产品医用经验

关于蛇产品的开发利用,多年来已有众多报道和阐述,笔者在养蛇、医治毒蛇咬伤及有关疑难杂症中探索出的一些利用蛇产品为人治病的点滴经验,现撰写成文供同行参考。1　蛇蜕制剂1.1　制法　蛇蜕放铁锅内加热炒到收缩结块出油,待大量出油,全部融合结块转黑时起锅冷却,研成细末装瓶备用。1.2　适应症　皮肤骚痒,奇痒,疥疮,流火。1.3　用法　对顽固性皮肤骚痒症,先用鲜金银花叶,野菊花叶,千里光叶各1份,马蜂窝2份泡开水洗浴,先蒸后洗(简称方1);再用蛇蜕制细末2～3g用白糖水或蜜糖水服下(简称方2),每天2～3次,2天为1疗程1.4　方解　金银花叶、千里…     

赤峰锦蛇ELAPHE ANOMALA为一有效种（蛇目）

本物种为Ｂｏｕｌｅｎｇｅｒ１９１６年第１次报道,标本采自中国赤峰,长期以来一直被作为棕黑锦蛇的一个亚种。作者经过三十余年的调查和饲养研究,发现其形态特征和地理分布均与棕黑锦蛇Ｅｌａｐｈｅ ｓｃｈｒｅｎｃｋｉｉ（Ｓｔｒａｕｃｈ）有明显的不同。因此,确认其为一独立有效种。     

我国的蛇类

阐述了蛇类的出现和发展,指出蛇和晰蜴的的主要区别。具体介绍了蛇亚目的主要要类群及我国蛇类的多样性,对我国１０种蛇的形态结构特点和分布进行了说明最后,提出保护蛇类的重要性。     

滑鼠蛇的人工孵化及幼蛇的饲养

滑鼠蛇又称水南蛇、水律蛇,无毒。滑鼠蛇在食用和药用上都有较高的价值,因此,滑鼠蛇的人工养殖业具有良好的发展前景。为促进滑鼠蛇养殖业发展,谨就本人对滑鼠蛇的人工孵化与幼蛇的饲养方面的体会作简单介绍如下。     

蛇园中蛇房假山一体化结构的设计

蛇是有多种经济用途的野生动物，近年来市场需求量越来越大，捕捉野生蛇类受到资源的限制，驯养蛇类已成为快速致富的重要途径。蛇类驯养成功的关键在于蛇园的拟态程度。目前我国多采用蛇房与蛇园分离的结构，这种结构虽然便于蛇类捕捉，但增加了投资，且与野生蛇类的生境结构有较大差别，不利于蛇的驯养。我们设计蛇房假山一体化结构的蛇园，很好地解决了上述问题，现介绍如下。１　蛇房假山一体化结构　　蛇房假山一体化是将蛇房与假山建在一起。蛇房建在园内蛇的活动区，内部建造成蛇窝供蛇避暑、冬眠、休息及藏身。蛇房的外围堆垫土层，…     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Mink Circovirus Can Infect Minks,Foxes and Raccoon Dogs

正Dear Editor,Mink circovirus (MiCV), which is clustered in the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, was first described in minks from farms in Dalian, China in 2013 (Lian et al.2014). The complete single-stranded circular genome of the virus is 1,753 nucleotides long and contains two major open reading frames (ORFs), designated ORF1 (Rep gene)and ORF2 (Cap gene)(Lian et al. 2014; Ge et al. 2018).Sequence analysis has shown that MiCV is most closely     

CypA Regulates AIP4-Mediated M1 Ubiquitination of Influenza A Virus

Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase that interacts with the matrix protein (M1) of influenza A virus (IAV) and restricts virus replication by regulating the ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. However,the mechanism by which CypA regulates M1 ubiquitination remains unknown. In this study, we reported that E3 ubiquitin ligase AIP4 promoted K48-linked ubiquitination of M1 at K102 and K104, and accelerated ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. The recombinant IAV with mutant M1 (K102 R/K104 R) could not be rescued, suggesting that the ubiquitination of M1 at K102/K104 was essential for IAV replication. Furthermore, CypA inhibited AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination by impairing the interaction between AIP4 and M1. More importantly, both the mutations of M1 (K102 R/K104 R) and CypA inhibited the nuclear export of M1, indicating that CypA regulates the cellular localization of M1 via inhibition of AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination at K102 and K104, which results in the reduced replication of IAV.Collectively, our findings reveal a novel ubiquitination-based mechanism by which CypA regulates the replication of IAV.