辽宁东部的主要植被类型及其分布

 辽宁东部位于铁岭一营口一线以东地区。北部为山地,属于长白植物区系区。南部为辽东半岛丘陵,属于华北植物区系区,并具有一些耐寒性的亚热带植物。红松(Pinus koraiensis)、沙松(Abies holophylla)—阔叶混交林和油松 (Pinus tabulaeformis)、赤松(P.densiflora)、落叶阔叶林是辽宁东部的地带性植被。但是,目前次生的蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)林和各类灌丛分布很广。以开原一南杂木一青城子一青椅山线为界把辽东分为两个植被地带：1)北部为温带针叶阔叶混交林地带;2)南部为暖温带落叶阔叶林地带。在暖温带落叶阔叶林地带内,熊岳一青椅山线的东南部为亦松栎林亚地带,西北部为油松栎林亚地带。     

关于泰岭及陕北黄土高原区辽东栎林的初步研究

 由于辽东栎从第三纪以来,经过多次冷、暖、干、湿气候波动的影响,表现出气候上的广生态幅特点,是它形成现代分布区的基础,既可在黄土区接近草原地带形成水平地带性植被,又能在秦岭形成垂直地带性群落。秦岭辽东栎林的种类组成、层次和层片结构以及生态类群等方面都比黄土区复杂。今后辽东栎林在秦岭和黄土高原现在的分布区内,仍是最稳定的群落。     

湖北植被地理分布的规律性(上)

湖北植被的地理分布明显地受水热因素的规律性的控制,植被的纬向性分布规律十分明显;北部为北亚热常绿阔叶落叶阔叶混交林地带,典型植被以含有青冈、柯、楠木、冬青的栎类林,枫香林以及马尾松林,台湾松林和巴山松林为代表,南部为中热带常绿阔叶林地带,典型植被以含有栲类林、润楠林、梓树林,水丝梨林和杉木林、马尾松林为表征。植被的经向地带性规律显而易见,东部植被基本为华中成分,与华东区系有密切联系,西部则为典型的     

关于秦岭及陕北黄土高原区辽东栎林的初步研究

由于辽东栎从第三纪以来,经过多次冷、暖、干、湿气候波动的影响,表现出气侯上的广生态幅特点,是它形成现代分布区的基础,既可在黄土区接近草原地带形成水平地带性植被,又能在秦岭形成垂直地带性群落。秦岭辽东栎林的种类组成、层次和层片结构以及生态类群等方面都比黄土区复杂。今后辽东栎林在秦岭和黄土高原现在的分布区内,仍是最稳定的群落。     

北京山区的栎林

 本文叙述了北京山区的主要栎林——辽东栎林、槲栎林、槲树林和栓皮栎林的群落学特征。栎林是由温带植物区系所组成的落叶阔叶林。组成栎林的植物以菊科、蔷薇科、禾本科和豆科植物种类为最丰富。在群落结构中有重要作用的植物,乔木层以壳斗科的栎属为主,灌木层以蔷薇科的绣线菊属、李属、豆科的胡枝子属,马鞭草科的荆条属和虎耳草科的溲疏属占有重要地位。草本层常以莎草科的苔草属,禾本科的隐子草属、大油芒属、野古草属和白草属植物为优势种或常见种。栎林的植物生活型谱,从种类成分分析是以地面芽植物为主,高位芽植物次之,地下芽植物亦占一定比例,但从各类生活型植物的优势度分析,显然以高位芽植物占有优势。组成栎林植物的叶级,是以小型叶植物为主,中型叶植物次之,大型叶植物为罕见。就各类栎林种类成分的相似性分析,以槲树林与槲栎林最为相似,辽东栎林与栓皮栎林差异较大。     

佛坪国家级自然保护区短柄Ｐao栎林初步研究

对佛坪国家级自然保护区短柄Ｐao栎林进行了初步研究,结果表明：佛坪自然保护区是目前秦岭短柄Ｐao栎林分布比较集中的地区,短柄Ｐao栎林在该地区主要分布于海拔１３００－１７００m,处在锐齿槲栎林带中偏干暖条件下,与锐齿槲栎林分别占据着不同的生境;其物种组成及其生活型谱、种群结构、物种多样性特征等都表明短柄Ｐao栎林在本区是一稳定的群落。     

秦岭不同海拔森林土壤-植物-凋落物化学计量特征对土壤氮组分的影响

为探究不同海拔森林土壤氮组分对土壤-植物-凋落物化学计量特征的响应规律,选取太白山1300~2600 m海拔范围内4种典型森林--锐齿栎林(Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata)、辽东栎林(Quercus liaotungensis)、红桦林(Betula albo-sinensis)、牛皮桦林(Betula albo-sinensis var.septen-trionalis)为研究对象,测定土壤、叶片、凋落物、根的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)及土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、微生物生物量氮,分析不同森林土壤、植物、凋落物的化学计量比值的变化特征及其对氮组分的影响。结果表明:1)4种森林土壤C、N、P含量的变化范围分别为36.77~59.80、2.91~4.76、0.13~0.80 g·kg^-1。C、N含量在不同森林间变化趋势基本一致,均表现为牛皮桦林>红桦林>辽东栎林>锐齿栎林;P含量的变化趋势表现为辽东栎林>牛皮桦林>红桦林>锐齿栎林;2)锐齿栎林叶片N∶P<14,表明锐齿栎林生长较大程度受N限制;辽东栎林、红桦林、牛皮桦林叶片N∶P>16,表明辽东栎林、红桦林、牛皮桦林生长较大程度受P限制;3)不同森林间微生物量氮差异显著(P<0.05),铵态氮含量无显著差异,硝态氮含量表现为锐齿栎林(0.33 mg·kg^-1)>牛皮桦林(0.28 mg·kg^-1)>辽东栎林(0.27 mg·kg^-1)>红桦林(0.17 mg·kg^-1);4)冗余分析结果表明,土壤-植物-凋落物N∶P值是影响土壤微生物量氮的重要因子,土壤C∶N是影响铵态氮、硝态氮含量的重要因子。本研究结果为太白山森林生态系统的保护和氮循环研究奠定基础。     

子午岭林区白桦-辽东栎混交林光合生理生态特征研究

对黄土高原子午岭次生林区白桦林、辽东栎林和白桦-辽东栎混交林3种林分的土壤物理特性和叶片光合特性进行了研究。结果表明:(1)白桦-辽东栎混交林地的土壤水分明显改善,其土壤容重最小、土壤孔隙度最大,且均优于纯林,即混交林地有深层次的土壤水分可供利用,并改善了土壤的物理结构;(2)辽东栎林的光合速率和气孔导度最大,其次为白桦-辽东栎混交林,水分利用率(WUE)为混交林白桦>混交林辽东栎>辽东栎林>白桦林;(3)混交林中白桦、辽东栎的Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo值均较大,与纯林差异不显著;白桦林和辽东栎林的qP和NPQ值均大于混交林。     

子午岭林区山杨-辽东栎混交林的生理生态效应

研究了黄土高原子午岭次生林区山杨林、辽东栎林和山杨-辽东栎混交林3种林分的土壤物理特性和叶片光合特性.结果表明,山杨林地在0～300 cm土层的土壤含水量最大,而在200 cm土层以下,山杨 辽东栎混交林的土壤水分明显改善,并优于辽东栎林;在0～60 cm土层内,山杨林地土壤容重最大、土壤孔隙度最小,而山杨-辽东栎混交林的土壤容重最小、土壤孔隙度最大,且均优于纯林,说明混交林地有深层土壤水分可供利用,同时土壤理化特性得到改善.山杨林和辽东栎林的叶绿素含量较高,且均明显高于山杨-辽东栎混交林.辽东栎林的光合速率和气孔导度最大,其次为山杨林, 二者均明显高于山杨-辽东栎混交林.从叶片水分利用效率来看,辽东栎林>山杨-辽东栎混交林辽东栎>山杨-辽东栎混交林山杨>山杨林.山杨-辽东栎混交林中辽东栎的PSⅡ最大光化学转换效率(F_v/F_m)和PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)值均较大,但与辽东栎林的F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o值差异不显著,而混交林中山杨的F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o值均相对小于山杨林,且与山杨林的F_v/F_m差异显著,山杨林和辽东栎林的荧光光化学猝灭系数和非光化学猝灭系数值均大于混交林地.因此,子午岭林区辽东栎林更趋于稳定且生长优于其混交林,而山杨林群落将逐步被替代,与纯林类型相比较,其混交林类型可能较不利于山杨的生长.     

秦岭不同海拔森林土壤-植物-凋落物化学计量特征对土壤氮组分的影响

为探究不同海拔森林土壤氮组分对土壤-植物-凋落物化学计量特征的响应规律,选取太白山1300～2600 m海拔范围内4种典型森林——锐齿栎林(Quercus aliena var.acuteserrata)、辽东栎林(Quercus liaotungensis)、红桦林(Betula albo-sinensis)、牛皮桦林(Betula albo-sinensis var. septen-trionalis)为研究对象,测定土壤、叶片、凋落物、根的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)及土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、微生物生物量氮,分析不同森林土壤、植物、凋落物的化学计量比值的变化特征及其对氮组分的影响。结果表明:1) 4种森林土壤C、N、P含量的变化范围分别为36.77～59.80、2.91～4.76、0.13～0.80 g·kg-1。C、N含量在不同森林间变化趋势基本一致,均表现为牛皮桦林红桦林辽东栎林锐齿栎林; P含量的变化趋势表现为辽东栎林牛皮桦林红桦林锐齿栎林; 2)锐齿栎林叶片N∶P14,表明锐齿栎林生长较大程度受N限制;辽东栎林、红桦林、牛皮桦林叶片N∶P16,表明辽东栎林、红桦林、牛皮桦林生长较大程度受P限制; 3)不同森林间微生物量氮差异显著(P0.05),铵态氮含量无显著差异,硝态氮含量表现为锐齿栎林(0.33 mg·kg-1)牛皮桦林(0.28 mg·kg-1)辽东栎林(0.27 mg·kg-1)红桦林(0.17 mg·kg-1); 4)冗余分析结果表明,土壤-植物-凋落物N∶P值是影响土壤微生物量氮的重要因子,土壤C∶N是影响铵态氮、硝态氮含量的重要因子。本研究结果为太白山森林生态系统的保护和氮循环研究奠定基础。     

中国热带生物地理北界的建议

以前多个关于中国热带北界的建议由于依据的指标和学科不同,存在很大的差异。我们基于202个中国地理区的植物区系和气象资料,对中国种子植物属的地理成分分布格局及其与气候、经纬度分布的关系进行研究,同时依据覆盖中国北纬30°以南地区的135个地方植物区系资料,对种子植物属的地理成分分布格局进行了研究。结果显示,在中国植物区系中,依据种子植物区系科和属的地理成分(即分布区类型),发现热带分布属中80%以上的区域基本上在中国南部和东南部北纬22°30'以南。在这条界线以南地区,位于基带(低海拔或水平地带性区域)的原始植被为热带森林(热带雨林、季雨林),并且具有在中国分布的典型热带植物科,但在中国西南部,热带森林沿云南西部可达到北纬24°30',在西藏南部的深切河谷可达到北纬29°。这条界线与中国的热带雨林、季雨林区划的北界相符合,亦与植物区系分区上的泛北极植物区系与古热带植物区系的地理分界线相吻合。结合中国植被和植物区系区划,我们建议将北纬22°30'作为中国南部和东南部的生物地理热带北界。这条热带北界比气候上的热带北界(21°30'N,年积温8000℃以上)更北,这暗示中国热带地区在历史上可能曾达到更北的范围,支持在古生态学研究上提出的全新世中期中国东部地区热带和亚热带常绿阔叶林曾北移的结论。     

华北植物地区的北界：兼述分区的原则和方法

华北植物区系的北界即是东亚森林植物区系与欧亚草原与荒荒植物区系的东界。本文主要是尽可能准确地划分其界线的位置和讨论有关植物区系分区的原则和方法。根据植物区系和植被有机联系的原则,植物区系成分和它们中的建群种、优势种、特征种和特有种的分布及其与环境条件的关系,这条界线被确定为如图1表示。在最东部,华北与东北植物区系界线是从开原向南到岫岩,然后向东至中、朝国界的浑江口。从开原向西南延伸2000余公里至兰州。在这条界限以此为以针茅为优势种的蒙古草原南界,其以南为以白羊草为优势种的暖温带草原并结合有东亚森林植物区系的草、灌丛。     

GIS‐analysis of tree‐line elevation in the Swiss Alps suggests no exposure effect

Abstract. Counter intuition, an analysis of tree‐line position across the Swiss Alps based on a geographical information system (GIS) with a spatial resolution of 100 m (2.5 million points) revealed no difference in climatic tree‐line altitude with slope exposure. Through step wise discrimination procedures our analysis accounts for anthropogenic tree‐line depression. Any land cover bias affects the frequency of GIS‐points corresponding to tree‐line forests rather than the mean elevation of such points, captured by our analysis. We explain this phenomenon (1) by the absence of significant drought effects in the Alps (no disadvantages for southwest slopes), (2) by the fact that tree tops, unlike low stature vegetation, do not profit from greater radiation warming on south slopes during the growing season but are thermally coupled to free air circulation, and (3) by preliminary data for root zone temperatures during the growing season, which do not differ between south and north slopes, as long as the soil is screened by a closed forest canopy. The overall difference in season length and snow cover, often seen between south and north slopes, does not seem to affect tree‐line position but explains greater natural forest fragmentation on north slopes. It is this greater fragmentation and patchiness (avalanche tracks, snow beds etc.) which seem to have nourished the idea of a generally lower limit of tree growth and tree lines at northern slopes. These results are in line with a recently developed theory, which suggests that tree‐line elevations in humid climates correspond to similar isotherms, irrespective of latitude and thus, season length.     

Shifting altitudinal distribution of outbreak zones of winter moth Operophtera brumata in sub‐arctic birch forest: a response to recent climate warming?

Climatic change is expected to affect the extent and severity of geometrid moth outbreaks, a major disturbance factor in sub-arctic birch forests. Previous studies have reported that the two geometrid species involved, autumnal moth and winter moth, differ in their temperature requirements and, consequently, in their altitudinal and latitudinal distribution patterns. In this study, we document the altitudinal distribution of winter moth outbreaks in a large coastal area in northern Norway. We show that, in the present winter moth outbreak, defoliated birch stands were seen as distinct zones with a rather constant width in the uppermost part of the forest and where the upper limit coincided with the forest line. The outbreak zone closely followed the spatially variable forest line as an undulating belt, although some of the variation in outbreak zone width was also related to variation in topographical variables, such as distance from the coast, forest line altitude, and slope of the terrain. A distinct outbreak zone at the altitudinal forest line is the typical picture that has been depicted in more qualitative historical records on previous outbreaks of autumnal moth rather than winter moth. We suggest that the recent documented climate warming in this region may have induced a shift in distribution of the winter moth both relative to topography and geography. Further investigation is, however, required to substantiate these suspicions.     

Ecological description of ground beetle communities (Coleoptera, Carabidae) in northern taiga meadows of Arkhangelsk Region

Species composition and ecological structure of ground beetle population was studied in northern taiga meadows of the Arkhangelsk Region. Meadows in the northern forest zone proved to harbor 91 ground beetle species. Carabid complexes formed in the intrazonal biocenoses of the northern forest zone can be as rich as the family topical groups in the southern forest zone by the number of species and ecological diversity. Ecological properties of the fauna and ground beetle population proved similar in different parts of the forest zone. The proportion of stenobiotic meadow species proved to decrease while that of ecologically plastic ones increased from south to north. The proportion of the genus Harpalus decreased in the ground beetle population while the number of Amara species remained unaltered and their abundance increased. The changes in the species composition caused no transformation of the ecological structure of ground beetle population since they were limited to a single life form or guild.     

Sensitivity of managed boreal forests in Finland to climate change, with implications for adaptive management

This study investigated the sensitivity of managed boreal forests to climate change, with consequent needs to adapt the management to climate change. Model simulations representing the Finnish territory between 60 and 70 degrees N showed that climate change may substantially change the dynamics of managed boreal forests in northern Europe. This is especially probable at the northern and southern edges of this forest zone. In the north, forest growth may increase, but the special features of northern forests may be diminished. In the south, climate change may create a suboptimal environment for Norway spruce. Dominance of Scots pine may increase on less fertile sites currently occupied by Norway spruce. Birches may compete with Scots pine even in these sites and the dominance of birches may increase. These changes may reduce the total forest growth locally but, over the whole of Finland, total forest growth may increase by 44%, with an increase of 82% in the potential cutting drain. The choice of appropriate species and reduced rotation length may sustain the productivity of forest land under climate change.     

河南省伏牛山南侧西峡县的森林植被及其合理利用问题

 本文是在野外调查的基础上,参考有关资料和科研成果写成的,对于河南伏牛山南侧西峡县森林植被的生态环境、主要类型及其分布、与生态环境的关系、动态变化以及合理利用问题作初步论述。     

The Indochinese–Sundaic faunal transition at the Isthmus of Kra: an analysis of resident forest bird species distributions

Aim  To establish the geographical position of the biogeographical transition between Indochinese and Sundaic faunas using distributional data for the best-documented taxon, the birds.
Methods  Distributional data of 544 resident forest and forest edge bird species of Thailand and the Thai–Malay peninsula were examined at 45 sites spanning 15° of latitude from northern-most Thailand to the southern peninsular Malaysia. Sites were grouped into 23 degree or half-degree latitudinal zones and avifaunal similarity coefficients were calculated between each zone.
Results  A Mantel test revealed a significant transition between northern Indochinese and southern Sundaic (Indomalay) avifauna assemblages just north of the Isthmus of Kra (10°30' N). Northern and southern range limits of 152 species (> 269 species and subspecies combined) lie between 11° and 13° N.
Main conclusions  This transition between zoogeographical subregions is not coincident with the widely recognized transition between floristic provinces which is traditionally placed 400–500 km further south at the Kangar–Pattani line, but is associated with a change from wet seasonal evergreen dipterocarp rain forest to mixed moist deciduous forest north of the Isthmus of Kra in the northern Thai–Malay peninsula. Climatological and ecological factors associated with the distribution of forest types today are reviewed and it is hypothesized that the avian transition tracks the northern phytogeographical boundary. Palaeogeographical factors, including hypothetical Neogene seaways, which may account for the historical development of both phytogeographical and avifaunal transitions are also described.     

小叶、中间和柠条三种锦鸡儿的分布式样及其生态适应

确定了小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿3种植物的分布式样:小叶锦鸡儿为蒙古高原东部-F松辽平原西部-华北山地分布种,中间锦鸡儿为东戈壁-鄂尔多斯高原-黄土高原北部分布种,柠条锦鸡儿为南阿拉善-西鄂尔多斯分布种。小叶锦鸡儿适应分布于蒙古高原典型草原带和森林草原带以及华北山地落叶阔叶林带,在草原带高平原上可形成灌丛化草原的景观,在草原带的沙地上可形成以小叶锦鸡儿为建群种的沙地灌丛植被;中间锦鸡儿适应分布于蒙古高原的荒漠化草原及草原化荒漠带、鄂尔多斯高原的典型草原和荒漠化草原带的沙地及梁地上、黄土高原北部的黄土丘坡上,常形成以中间锦鸡儿为建群种的沙地灌丛植被;柠条锦鸡儿则适应分布于草原化荒漠和典型荒漠带的固定和半固定沙地上。近缘的3种锦鸡儿的地带性分布从东至西或从北向南形成明显的有规律的地理替代分布格局。