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1.
蚕类昆虫线粒体DNA研究及其在起源与进化研究中的应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
房守敏  张烈  鲁成 《昆虫知识》2010,47(3):439-445
线粒体DNA(mtDNA)属母系遗传,进化速率较核基因快且基因组结构相对简单,已作为理想的分子标记广泛应用于昆虫群体遗传学及分子系统学等研究。本文对蚕类昆虫线粒体DNA在分子水平上的最新研究进展进行了较详细的阐述,重点介绍了蚕类昆虫线粒体基因组的组成及特征、mtDNA克隆与多态性及在蚕类昆虫分子系统学研究中的应用等。  相似文献   

2.
核基因序列在昆虫分子系统学上的应用   总被引:16,自引:2,他引:14  
核基因中含有更加丰富的生物学信息,运用核基因序列或将核基因序列与线粒体基因序列相结合研究昆虫的系统发育正成为分子系统学领域的一种发展趋势.核糖体基因中18S rDNA、28S rDNA、ITS已在昆虫分子系统学中得到了广泛的应用.与核糖体基因相比,虽然编码蛋白的核基因应用于昆虫分子系统学的种类不少,但大部分都是应用于双翅目和鳞翅目昆虫的分子系统学研究中,能够成功地普遍用于多个目昆虫的系统学研究的核基因并不多.本文简要介绍了应用于昆虫分子系统学的核中核糖体基因和编码蛋白的核基因,并分析了核基因序列在分子系统学应用上的局限性和应用前景.  相似文献   

3.
ITS序列的特点及其在昆虫学研究中的应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
马婷婷  陈光  刘春香 《昆虫知识》2011,48(3):710-715
随着PCR技术和DNA测序技术的成熟及广泛应用,分子数据的分析和利用逐渐成为生物学研究的重要手段。基因组中含有丰富的遗传信息,运用核基因序列或将核基因与线粒体基因序列相结合作为遗传标记,研究昆虫的系统发育,已成为分子系统学领域的发展趋势。由于长度适中、易于扩增、进化速度快、变异性高等优点,核糖体基因中内转录间隔区(ITS)已在昆虫系统学研究中得到广泛的应用。本文介绍了ITS序列的结构特点,重点对ITS序列在近缘种及种型快速鉴定、属及属上高级阶元系统学研究、谱系生物地理学及与其它基因联合分析昆虫系统进化关系等研究中的应用及前景进行了综述。  相似文献   

4.
鱼类线粒体DNA研究新进展   总被引:84,自引:0,他引:84  
郭新红  刘少军  刘巧  刘筠 《遗传学报》2004,31(9):983-1000
线粒体DNA是分子生物学研究中的一个热门领域,已成为鱼类进化生物学和群体遗传学研究的重要分子遗传标记。本文对鱼类线粒体DNA分子生物学的最新研究进展进行了较详细的阐述。重点介绍鱼类线粒体DNA全序列的研究进展、组成及特征,鱼类线粒体DNA非编码区结构研究进展,鱼类线粒体DNA多态性及其主要的检测方法;综述了最近有关鱼类线粒体DNA在鱼类系统学、种间杂交渐渗、种群识别、起源和进化、地理分化等研究中的应用情况。  相似文献   

5.
核基因在两栖爬行动物分子系统学中的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
从DNA水平探索生物进化的理论、生物类群的演化历史具有重要的意义,应用DNA序列研究生物的系统发育和进化规律成为当前分子系统学研究的热点,与线粒体DNA相比,核基因由于包含有更加丰富的生物学信息,运用核基因序列或将核基因序列与线粒体基因序列相结合研究两栖爬行动物的系统发育,正成为分子系统学领域的新的发展趋势.Rag-1、Rag-2、tyrosinase、rhodopsin、C-mos等核基因已在两栖爬行动物分子系统学中得到了广泛的应用.由于目前的技术手段等诸多因素,限制了更多的核基因用于两栖爬行动物分子系统学研究.为此简要介绍了目前核基因在两栖爬行动物分子系统学方面的研究进展,并分析了核基因序列在分子系统学应用上面临的问题和应用前景.  相似文献   

6.
COⅡ基因在昆虫分子系统学研究中的作用和地位   总被引:21,自引:5,他引:16  
卜云  郑哲民 《昆虫知识》2005,42(1):18-22
细胞色素氧化酶Ⅱ(cytochromeoxidaseⅡ,COⅡ)基因位于线粒体DNA(mtDNA)上,编码细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅱ,该亚基为细胞色素c提供重要的结合位点。COⅡ基因进化速率较快,是昆虫分子系统学研究中理想的分子标记。目前,已经利用该基因从各个分类水平对昆虫系统发育关系、物种形成与分化、种群遗传与变异及生物地理等方面做了广泛的研究。研究表明,利用该基因可以很好地解决昆虫属、种及种下分类单元的系统发育问题,但是在解决科、亚科等高级阶元的系统发育关系时仍存在一些局限,COⅡ基因与其他mtDNA及核基因的联合分析能够更好地解决昆虫的系统发育问题。  相似文献   

7.
线粒体基因在鳞翅目昆虫分子系统学中的研究进展   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
介绍近年来已测定线粒体DNA全序列的鳞翅目昆虫和其线粒体DNA结构,综述鳞翅目昆虫的分子系统学研究进展.特别对mtDNA在鳞翅目昆虫分类和界定、系统发育关系及种群遗传变异和进化等研究中的意义和存在的问题进行探讨.  相似文献   

8.
鱼类线粒体DNA及其研究进展   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
鱼类是脊椎动物中最原始而在种属数量上又最占优势的类群,其起源复杂,分布广泛,拥有丰富的遗传多样性。鱼类线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)同其他脊椎动物的mtRNA一样,呈共价闭合环状,是细胞核外具自主复制、转录和翻译能力的遗传因子。与核DNA相比,鱼类mtDNA具有分子较小、结构简单、进化速度快、遗传相对独立性和母系遗传等特点,是一个相对独立的复制单位。由于鱼类线粒体DNA具有上述特点,以mtDNA作为分子标记,探讨鱼类的群体遗传结构与系统演化,已成为鱼类分子群体遗传学和系统学研究中的热点。综述了鱼类mtDNA的结构特征、进化和多态性检测方法及其在鱼类分子群体遗传学和鱼类系统学研究中的应用。  相似文献   

9.
DNA 序列在蕨类分子系统学研究中的应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
刘红梅  张宪春  曾辉 《植物学报》2009,44(2):143-158
在分子系统学研究中, 目的基因或者基因片段的选择是最关键的一步, 由于进化速率的差异, 不同的DNA序列适用于不同分类阶元的系统发育研究。本文综述了目前蕨类分子系统发育研究中常用的DNA序列分析, 它们分别来自叶绿体基因组、核基因组和线粒体基因组, 着重阐明叶绿体基因在蕨类分子系统学研究中的应用。本文还简要介绍了分子系统学研究中常见的问题及解决方法(如内类群和外类群的选择, 适宜DNA片段的选择策略), 总结了目前蕨类植物分子系统学研究所取得的进展和研究现状, 展望了当今国际蕨类分子系统学的研究趋势。  相似文献   

10.
蝶类所蕴含的生态和形态多样性信息十分丰富,并一直作为进化生物学和生态学研究的模型系统之一。随着分子生物学的发展,分子生物学技术被广泛应用于蝶类系统学研究。但随着研究的深入,简单的分子片段已不能满足研究的需求,需要挖掘新的分子标记。近年来,线粒体全基因组已成为蝶类分子系统学研究中的重要分子标记之一,并广泛应用于蝶类各阶元的研究中。就蝶类线粒体基因组的测序进展、基因组的结构特征、线粒体基因(蛋白质编码基因、tRNA基因、rRNA基因)的特征、A+T富集区的特征、基因重叠现象及线粒体基因组在分子系统学方面的应用进行了概述,同时也分析了线粒体基因组在应用中存在的一些问题。  相似文献   

11.
In contrast to mitochondrial DNA, remarkably few general-use primer sets are available for single-copy nuclear genes across animal phyla. Here, we present a primer set that yields a c. 364-bp coding fragment of the metabolic gene enolase, which includes an intron in some taxa. In species where introns are absent or have few insertions/deletions, the amplified fragment can be sequenced directly for phylogenetic or population analysis. Between-species variation in the coding region occurs widely at third codon positions, even between closely related taxa, making the fragment useful for species-level systematics. In low gene-flow species, the primers may also be of use for population genetics, as intraspecific polymorphisms occur at several silent positions in the taxa examined.  相似文献   

12.
13.
Although nuclear protein-coding genes have proven broadly useful for phylogenetic inference, relatively few such genes are regularly employed in studies of Coleoptera, the most diverse insect order. We increase the number of loci available for beetle systematics by developing protocols for three genes previously unused in beetles (alpha-spectrin, RNA polymerase II and topoisomerase I) and by refining protocols for five genes already in use (arginine kinase, CAD, enolase, PEPCK and wingless). We evaluate the phylogenetic performance of each gene in a Bayesian framework against a presumably known test phylogeny. The test phylogeny covers 31 beetle specimens and two outgroup taxa of varying age, including three of the four extant beetle suborders and a denser sampling in Adephaga and in the carabid genus Bembidion. All eight genes perform well for Cenozoic divergences and accurately separate closely related species within Bembidion, but individual genes differ markedly in accuracy over the older Mesozoic and Permian divergences. The concatenated data reconstruct the test phylogeny with high support in both Bayesian and parsimony analyses, indicating that combining data from multiple nuclear loci will be a fruitful approach for assembling the beetle tree of life.  相似文献   

14.
Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are valuable characters for the analysis of cryptic insect species with few discernible morphological characters. Yet, their use in insect systematics, specifically in subterranean termites in the genus Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), remains controversial. In this paper, we show that taxonomic designations in Reticulitermes from California (USA) suggested in light of differences among CHC phenotypes are corroborated by phylogenetic analyses using mtDNA sequences. Analyses based on CHC phenotypes and supported, in part, by behavioral and ecological differences have suggested the presence of more species than the two currently recognized: R. hesperus Banks and R. tibialis Banks. We analyze a 680 base pair fragment of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase (COII) gene from 45 new (21 collection localities) and two previously recorded samples of Reticulitermes from California using parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. Both methods result in trees with highly similar topologies. Bootstrapping indicates support for six clades of Reticulitermes, and corroborates groupings based on cuticular hydrocarbons. One of the clades, R. hesperus, is already recognized in California, while four clades appear to be previously undescribed taxa. Although identification of the final clade is inconclusive, it includes a sample putatively identified as R. tibialis. Therefore, using phylogenetic analyses we corroborate chemical characters used to identify taxa, associate a chemical phenotype with a previously described species, and provide additional support for undescribed taxa of Reticulitermes.  相似文献   

15.
Porcini (Boletus section Boletus: Boletaceae: Boletineae: Boletales) are a conspicuous group of wild, edible mushrooms characterized by fleshy fruiting bodies with a poroid hymenophore that is "stuffed" with white hyphae when young. Their reported distribution is with ectomycorrhizal plants throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Little progress has been made on the systematics of this group using modern molecular phylogenetic tools because sampling has been limited primarily to European species and the genes employed were insufficient to resolve the phylogeny. We examined the evolutionary history of porcini by using a global geographic sampling of most known species, new discoveries from little explored areas, and multiple genes. We used 78 sequences from the fast-evolving nuclear internal transcribed spacers and are able to recognize 18 reciprocally monophyletic species. To address whether or not porcini form a monophyletic group, we compiled a broadly sampled dataset of 41 taxa, including other members of the Boletineae, and used separate and combined phylogenetic analysis of sequences from the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA, the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, and the mitochondrial ATPase subunit six gene. Contrary to previous studies, our separate and combined phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of porcini. We also report the discovery of two taxa that expand the known distribution of porcini to Australia and Thailand and have ancient phylogenetic connections to the rest of the group. A relaxed molecular clock analysis with these new taxa dates the origin of porcini to between 42 and 54 million years ago, coinciding with the initial diversification of angiosperms, during the Eocene epoch when the climate was warm and humid. These results reveal an unexpected diversity, distribution, and ancient origin of a group of commercially valuable mushrooms that may provide an economic incentive for conservation and support the hypothesis of a tropical origin of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis.  相似文献   

16.
概述基因序列在双翅目蚤蝇科分子系统学研究中的应用。对蚤蝇科已测序的分类单元和基因序列进行了总结,12S rDNA和16S rDNA应用最广泛,涉及蚤蝇科17个属;获得基因序列最多的是Melaloncha属。蚤蝇科分子系统学研究内容为高级阶元系统发育分析、物种鉴定和隐存种发现。今后蚤蝇科分子系统学研究应增加蚤蝇标本的种类与数量,选择标准化基因。  相似文献   

17.
Both population genetics and systematics are core disciplines of evolutionary biology. While systematics deals with genealogical relationships among taxa, population genetics has mainly been based on allele frequencies and the distribution of genetic variants whose genealogical relations could for a long time, due mainly to methodological constraints, not be inferred. The advent of mitochondrial DNA analyses and modern sequencing techniques in the 1970s revolutionized evolutionary genetic studies and gave rise to molecular phylogenetics. In the wake of this new development systematic approaches and principles were incorporated into intraspecific studies at the population level, e.g. the concept of monophyly which is used to delineate evolutionarily significant units in conservation biology. A new discipline combining phylogenetic analyses of genetic lineages with their geographic distribution ('phylogeography') was introduced as an explicit synthesis of population genetics and systematics. On the other hand, it has increasingly become obvious that discordances between gene trees and species trees not only result from spurious data sets or methodological flaws in phylogenetic analyses, but that they often reflect real population genetic processes such as lineage sorting or hybridization. These processes have to be taken into account when evaluating the reliability of gene trees to avoid wrong phylogenetic conclusions. The present review focuses on the phenomenon of non-phylogenetic sorting of ancestral polymorphisms, its probability and its consequences for molecular systematics.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract. The expanding data set on insect molecular systematics allows examination of phylogenetic performance and molecular evolution of different types of gene. Studies combining more than one gene in the same analysis allow examination of the relative contribution and performance of each gene partition and can help inform gene choice for resolving deep and/or problematic divergences. We compared results obtained from analyses of twelve insect data sets in which authors combined one or more nuclear ribosomal genes (28S and/or 18S) with one or more protein-coding genes [elongation factor-1α (EF-1α), histone H3, carbamoylphosphate synthetase domain (CPS domain of CAD, or rudimentary), long-wavelength rhodopsin (LW opsin), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6pd), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), arginine kinase, and white]. Data sets examined spanned eight orders of insects (Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera), providing a broad range of divergence times and taxonomic levels. We estimated the phylogenetic utility of the individual genes (using parsimony methods) and characterized the nucleotide substitution patterns (using Bayesian methods) to ask which type of data is preferable for phylogenetic analysis in insects. Nuclear ribosomal and protein coding genes differed little in our measures of phylogenetic performance and patterns of nucleotide substitution. We recommend combining nuclear ribosomal gene data with nuclear protein-coding gene data because each data set has distinct advantages. We do not recommend using mitochondrial genes for higher-level studies of insect phylogeny because reviewed studies demonstrate substitution patterns that lead to high levels of homoplasy.  相似文献   

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