影响不同林型天然红松混交林林隙更新的土壤特征因子

采用野外调查、样品采集和统计分析等相结合的方法,对小兴安岭天然红松混交林3种不同林型(椴树红松混交林(TP)、枫桦红松混交林(BP)、云冷杉红松混交林(PAP))的林隙及其邻近郁闭林分的土壤特征因子和树木更新的相关性进行了研究,旨在阐明林隙土壤特征因子对树木更新的影响,从而为小兴安岭天然红松混交林植被更新、退化生态系统的恢复和可持续经营提供基础数据和实践参考。结果表明:郁闭林分土壤有机质、全氮质量分数显著高于3种不同林型的林隙。有效磷和速效钾含量在BP内与其他林型之间差异显著。3种林型林隙内p H值均略高于其郁闭林分,但与其差异均不显著。3种林型林隙内更新总密度、幼树更新密度与郁闭林分差异显著(P0.05),PAP林隙中更新总密度和幼树更新密度最高。BP林隙面积与更新密度相关不显著,乔木幼苗、幼树更新密度与有机质(r=-0.400,r=-0.475)、全氮均呈显著负相关(r=-0.519,r=-0.603)。TP林隙内全氮与乔木幼苗更新密度呈正相关(r=0.092),而与乔木幼树更新密度呈显著负相关(r=-0.585)。PAP林隙内全氮与乔木幼苗、幼树更新密度均呈负相关。郁闭林分幼苗更新密度分别与有机质、全氮、速效钾、p H值、脲酶和蛋白酶呈负相关。主成分分析表明,全氮是影响林隙和郁闭林分树木更新的关键因素。     

缙云山针阔混交林更新层物种多样性林隙梯度变化初探

根据对缙云山针阔混交林群落更新层的样带调查数据,采用Margalef物种丰富度指数（R）、Simpson多样性指数（D）、Shannon-Wiener指数（H）、Pielou均匀度指数（J）及Alatolo均匀度指数（E）来研究更新层物种多样性的林隙梯度变化。结果表明：从非林隙到林隙中心,更新层物种多样性逐渐升高,即非林隙＜林隙边缘＜林隙近中心＜林隙中心;物种丰富度变化与其一致,而均匀度变化则表现为两端高中间低的现象;更新层物种多样性林隙梯度变化程度受林隙发育阶段的影响较大,随着林隙的发育,变化程度为早期林隙＞中期林隙＞晚期林隙。     

川西亚高山暗针叶林恢复过程中岷江冷杉天然更新状况及其影响因子

在川西亚高山米亚罗林区海拔3 100~3 600 m阴坡、半阴坡, 以立地条件基本一致的箭竹和藓类林型不同恢复阶段(20~40 a生的箭竹阔叶林、50 a生的箭竹针阔混交林、160~200 a生的箭竹原始暗针叶老龄林; 20~40 a生的藓类阔叶林、50 a生的藓类针阔混交林、160~200 a生的藓类原始暗针叶老龄林)的群落为研究对象, 共设置了50个样方(20 m×20 m), 采用空间代时间的方法分析了岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)的天然更新状况, 并采用通径分析法对其影响因子进行分析。结果表明: 箭竹和藓类两种森林类型岷江冷杉幼苗、幼树和小树的密度偏低。对于箭竹林型不同恢复阶段, 岷江冷杉幼苗密度＜幼树密度＜小树密度; 对于藓类林型不同恢复阶段, 藓类阔叶林幼树密度大于幼苗和小树密度, 藓类针阔混交林小树密度大于幼苗和幼树密度, 而藓类原始暗针叶老龄林幼苗密度大于幼树和小树密度。藓类林型岷江冷杉天然更新状况好于箭竹林型。对箭竹林型而言, 影响岷江冷杉天然更新的关键因子为母树密度、倒木蓄积量、箭竹盖度和苔藓层厚度, 其中母树密度和倒木蓄积量对岷江冷杉天然更新起着促进作用, 箭竹盖度和苔藓层厚度对岷江冷杉天然更新起着阻碍作用; 对于藓类林型而言, 影响岷江冷杉天然更新的关键因子为灌木盖度和苔藓层厚度。灌木和苔藓有利于幼苗的发生, 但不利于幼苗向幼树、小树的过渡。     

三峡大老岭山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林林隙干扰研究II.林隙干扰的地形格局

根据对三峡大老岭地区山地常绿落叶阔叶林林隙的调查结果,运用多种方法定量分析和检验了5种地形要素对林隙和3类林隙形成木(GM)各方面特征的空间格局的影响。结果反映了地形对林隙时空格局的影响,和不同类型林隙形成木的响应特征：1）林隙干扰随海拔上升、坡度增大、坡位从山脊到沟谷、坡形由凸到凹而加剧;坡向影响的规律不明显。林隙特征对各地形因素梯度有显著的响应,其中扩展林隙面积、林隙高度、GM数量、种数以及平均胸径是反映地形影响的敏感指标。2）GM的平均胸径、最大胸径和扩展林隙面积与海拔显著正相关;GM平均胸径还与坡位正相关;GM数量沿N→S的坡向梯度减少,而随坡度增大及坡形由凹转凸而增加;GM种类沿坡度和坡形梯度有相同的变化趋势。林隙高度（亦即植被高度）随海拔和坡度增大而减小,但随坡位上升而增大。地形要素对林隙高度和GM平均胸径的空间格局的贡献最大,分别达到75.9%和67.0%。3）折干特征的空间格局受海拔和坡位的显著影响;枯立木的分布特征主要受小地形的坡位和坡形控制;影响翻倒木的最根本地形因素是坡度。     

三峡大老岭山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林林隙干扰研究II.林隙干扰的地形格局

 根据对三峡大老岭地区山地常绿落叶阔叶林林隙的调查结果,运用多种方法定量分析和检验了5种地形要素对林隙和3类林隙形成木(GM)各方面特征的空间格局的影响。结果反映了地形对林隙时空格局的影响,和不同类型林隙形成木的响应特征：1）林隙干扰随海拔上升、坡度增大、坡位从山脊到沟谷、坡形由凸到凹而加剧;坡向影响的规律不明显。林隙特征对各地形因素梯度有显著的响应,其中扩展林隙面积、林隙高度、GM数量、种数以及平均胸径是反映地形影响的敏感指标。2）GM的平均胸径、最大胸径和扩展林隙面积与海拔显著正相关;GM平均胸径还与坡位正相关;GM数量沿N→S的坡向梯度减少,而随坡度增大及坡形由凹转凸而增加;GM种类沿坡度和坡形梯度有相同的变化趋势。林隙高度（亦即植被高度）随海拔和坡度增大而减小,但随坡位上升而增大。地形要素对林隙高度和GM平均胸径的空间格局的贡献最大,分别达到75.9%和67.0%。3）折干特征的空间格局受海拔和坡位的显著影响;枯立木的分布特征主要受小地形的坡位和坡形控制;影响翻倒木的最根本地形因素是坡度。     

阔叶红松林林隙结构与树种多样性关系研究

对阔叶红松林林隙与林下不同层次树种多样性进行比较,探讨林隙大小及发育阶段与树种多样性间的关系.结果表明,林隙与林下树种多样性存在显著差异（P<0.01）.与林下相比,林隙更新层树种多样性、丰富度和均匀度增大,生态优势度减小（P<0.01）;演替层树种多样性、丰富度和均匀度减小,生态优势度增大（P<0.0001）.林隙中不同层次树种多样性随着林隙大小呈现出相反的变化趋势.长白山阔叶红松林林隙演替层树种多样性和丰富度总体上呈单峰形变化,中等大小林隙（100～250 m²）中树种多样性和丰富度较高,生态优势度较小.而更新层树种多样性和均匀度在≥250 m²和<100 m²的林隙中最大,在200～250 m²的林隙中最小;生态优势度在200～250 m²的林隙中达到最大.更新层和演替层树种对林隙面积大小反应不同,有利于更新层幼苗建立的林隙面积并不是演替层幼树发育和成活的最适面积;随林隙年龄的增加,更新层和演替层树种多样性在不同层次上呈互补关系.     

林隙对香樟和枫香幼苗早期生长阶段功能性状的影响

探究林隙对不同需光性树种早期生长特征和功能性状的影响,对揭示林隙微生境影响次生林内幼苗更新机制具有重要意义。以亚热带次生林中耐荫常绿树种香樟和阳性落叶树种枫香幼苗为试验对象,研究大林隙(D/H介于1.5—2.0)、中林隙(D/H介于1.0—1.5)和小林隙(D/H介于0.5—1.0)对不同需光树种幼苗早期(1—3年生)生长特征和功能性状的影响。结果表明：(1)林隙大小对两种幼苗的生长均有显著影响。其中,中林隙可显著促进香樟2—3年生幼苗的生长,大林隙对枫香1—3年生幼苗的生长均具有显著促进作用。(2)对林隙环境因子与幼苗功能性状的关系进行冗余分析表明,香樟幼苗功能性状的变化与林隙土壤有机质含量、水解性氮含量、酸碱度和有效磷含量密切相关,而枫香幼苗功能性状则主要受林隙土壤酸碱度、有机质含量、水解性氮含量、土壤含水率、冠层透光率和土壤有效磷含量的影响。(3)维持较高的根重比、细根比根长、叶碳氮比和叶碳磷比是幼苗应对林隙环境影响的重要生理生态调节机制。     

林隙对小兴安岭阔叶红松林树种更新及物种多样性的影响

研究了小兴安岭阔叶红松林不同林隙梯度(林隙中心、林隙近中心、林隙边缘)中主要树种的数量特征,以及林隙大小对树种更新的影响.结果表明:不同梯度林隙内灌木树种的密度均明显高于非林隙,同种灌木密度的比值在1.08～18.15之间;随林隙面积增加,乔木幼苗更新密度逐渐增大,幼树Ⅰ(高度H≥1 m,胸径DBH≤2 cm)和幼树Ⅱ(H≥1 m,2 cm＜DBH≤5 cm)的更新密度呈多峰曲线.林隙灌木总体更新密度主要随幼苗和幼树Ⅰ数量而变化.林隙内不同位置幼苗的平均树高、平均基径、种密度和个体密度有所差异.从林隙中心到非林隙,更新层乔木幼苗重要值的大小顺序为:林隙中心＞林隙近中心＞林隙边缘＞非林隙;物种均匀度呈高-低-高的变化,物种多样性的变化为早期林隙＞中期林隙＞晚期林隙.     

卧龙自然保护区林隙干扰特征

 林隙干扰对森林的结构和多样性的维持具有重要意义。对五一棚周围林隙干扰格局和林隙特征进行了3条样线调查,样线总长度为4.4 km。结果表明：1)本区以小型林隙干扰为主,林隙平均密度为12.5个•km-1,林隙的分布格局在阳坡和山脊为集聚分布,阴坡近均匀分布;林隙形成木以针叶树为主,岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)、铁杉(Tsuga chinensis)和糙皮桦(Betula utilis)在形成木的数量和径级组成上均居前列。2)林隙形成木的腐烂等级分布揭示出林隙形成木的形成方式和种类组成均随时间变化。表现为针叶树组形成木对林隙的贡献随时间降低,阔叶树组反之;砍伐和倒木是早期林隙形成的主要方式,而枯立和折干是近期林隙形成的主要方式。3)林隙木形成方式关联度分析结果为砍伐与倒木、折干与倒木之间存在显著负关联,林隙其它各形成方式之间的关联不显著,但砍伐与其它形成方式的负联结系数均较高。     

蛟河阔叶红松林林冠干扰及林隙更新研究

研究了吉林蛟河实验林场阔叶红松林的林冠干扰状况及林隙更新的基本规律。结果表明,扩展林隙（ＥＧ）和冠空隙（ＣＧ）在阔叶红松林中所占的面积比例分别是１８．０９％和１２．５１％,林冠干扰的返回间隔期为７００ａ左右;ＣＧ的大小平均为ＥＧ的６９％,ＥＧ的面积变化在１７—２８４ｍ２之间,平均为７５．４９ｍ２,而ＣＧ的面积变化在１０—２３４ｍ２之间,平均为５１．９８ｍ２,大多数林隙的平均直径仅为主林层树高的２０—６０％;大多数的林隙是由单株形成木形成的,形成林隙最重的方式是干基折断和掘根风倒;林隙形成木主要是由红松、沙松、枫桦和鱼鳞松四个树种组成,林隙形成木的胸径大都在４０—８０ｃｍ之间,树高在２５—３０ｍ之间;林隙的空间分布格局是均匀型的。不同树种在林隙内外的数量特征不同,随着林隙与非林隙的交替变化,不同树种的优势地位亦发生相应的变化,根据不同树种在林隙内外重要值位序差值的大小,可将蛟河阔叶红松林内树种对林隙的更新反应划分为三种类型。林隙及非林隙林分的物种多样性特征不同     

Study on canopy disturbance regime and mechanism of tree species diversity maintenance in the lower subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest,South China

ABSTRACT

The canopy disturbance, the gap environment, gap regeneration and maintenance of tree species diversity in the lower subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest (LSEBF) of South China were studied in this paper. The most common manner of gap formation in the forest was by stem breakage. Most gaps were formed by two gap makers. The sizes of most expanded gaps (EG) and canopy gaps (CG) were in the range of 100 – 300 m² and 50 – 100 m², respectively. The ecological factors in gaps were analysed on the basis of contrasting measurement of the microclimatic regimes in gaps of different sizes and in non-gap stands. Tree species in the LSEBF were classified into 5 ecological species groups on the bases of their changes in order of importance values in gaps and in non-gap stands. Most of the species reached their peak of regeneration density around the gap sizes of 100 m² and 500 m². The curves of regeneration density vs. gap age for major species revealed two types. Regeneration densities of most species, and species diversity indices in gaps were greater than those in non-gap stands.     

Factors influencing sapling composition in canopy gaps of a temperate deciduous forest

To detect the factors that affect sapling species composition in gaps, we investigated 55 gaps in an old-growth temperate deciduous forest in Ogawa Forest Reserve, central Japan. Gap size, gap age, gap maker species, topographic location, adult tree composition around gaps, and saplings of tree species growing in the gaps were censused. For gaps 5 m², mean gap size was 70 m² and the maximum was 330 m². Estimated ages of gaps had a tendency to be concentrated in particular periods relating to strong wind records in the past. The sapling composition in gaps was highly and significantly correlated to that under closed canopy, indicating the importance of advance regeneration in this forest. However, some species showed significant occurrence biases in gaps or under closed canopy, suggesting differences in shade tolerance. The result of MANOVA showed that gap size and topography were important factors in determining the sapling composition in gaps. Species of gap makers affected the sapling composition indirectly by influencing gap size. The existence of parent trees around gaps had effects on sapling densities of several species. Gap age did not have clear influences on sapling composition. Variations in gap size and topography were considered as important factors that contribute to maintenance of species diversity in this forest.     

Seed regeneration potential of canopy gaps at early formation stage in temperate secondary forests, Northeast China

Promoting the seed regeneration potential of secondary forests undergoing gap disturbances is an important approach for achieving forest restoration and sustainable management. Seedling recruitment from seed banks strongly determines the seed regeneration potential, but the process is poorly understood in the gaps of secondary forests. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of gap size, seed availability, and environmental conditions on the seed regeneration potential in temperate secondary forests. It was found that gap formation could favor the invasion of more varieties of species in seed banks, but it also could speed up the turnover rate of seed banks leading to lower seed densities. Seeds of the dominant species, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, were transient in soil and there was a minor and discontinuous contribution of the seed bank to its seedling emergence. For Quercus mongolica, emerging seedling number was positively correlated with seed density in gaps (R?=?0.32, P<0.01), especially in medium and small gaps (<500 m(2)). Furthermore, under canopies, there was a positive correlation between seedling number and seed density of Acer mono (R?=?0.43, P<0.01). Gap formation could promote seedling emergence of two gap-dependent species (i.e., Q. mongolica and A. mono), but the contribution of seed banks to seedlings was below 10% after gap creation. Soil moisture and temperature were the restrictive factors controlling the seedling emergence from seeds in gaps and under canopies, respectively. Thus, the regeneration potential from seed banks is limited after gap formation.     

草地生态学领域空斑研究进展

空斑(gap)是近几十年来草地生态学领域的重点研究对象之一,在草地植被更新、群落结构和草地生态系统物种多样性维持方面起着重要作用。本文在介绍空斑的概念、功能分类和形成的基础上,总结分析了国内外对空斑的研究现状,发现目前对草地空斑的研究主要集中在空斑大小、空斑类型对物种更新以及空斑对群落结构和物种多样性影响等方面,而对空斑小环境和土壤的研究较少,对空斑内生理生态学、机理和机制性的问题尚缺乏深入探讨;建议在今后加强对空斑内环境变化、空斑内物种的生理生态学特性和物种对空斑更新的响应机制等方面的研究。     

Seed dispersal, seedling establishment and gap partitioning among tropical pioneer trees

1 We examined the abundance and distribution patterns of pioneer seeds in the soil seed bank, and of pioneer seedlings in 53 recently formed gaps, in a 50‐ha forest dynamics plot on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. The aim was to assess the importance of dispersal limitation (failure of seeds to arrive at all sites suitable for their germination) and establishment limitation (failure of seeds having reached a site to germinate successfully and establish as seedlings) in determining patterns of gap occupancy.
2 The abundance of seeds in the soil seed bank was strongly negatively correlated with seed size, but was not correlated with the abundance of reproductive‐sized adult trees in the plot. In contrast, the abundance of pioneer seedlings > 10 cm height in natural gaps was strongly correlated with adult abundance, but was not correlated with seed size.
3 Seedlings were non‐randomly distributed among gaps, but seedling abundance was not directly related to gap size, and there was no evidence of partitioning of the light environment of gaps by small seedlings. Large differences in growth and mortality rates among species were observed after 1 year, and this may result in the gap size partitioning previously found in saplings of the same species.
4 Seedlings of most species, particularly those with large seeds, were relatively more abundant than expected in gaps close to their conspecific adults. Proximity to reproductives, and by inference dispersal limitation, therefore exerts some effect on seedling distribution. None the less, large differences between seed and seedling abundances for some species, and low seedling occupancy rates in some gaps close to adult conspecifics, suggest that seedling emergence probabilities and species‐specific establishment requirements may also be important determinants of local abundance.     

玉龙雪山自然保护区丽江云杉林林窗特征研究

研究了玉龙雪山自然保护区云杉坪典型丽江云杉林林窗干扰的基本特征．结果表明,滇西北亚高山丽江云杉林林窗占林分面积比例冠层林窗和扩展林窗分别为28．8％和42．5％,干扰频率以林窗密度计算,林窗出现的平均密度为35个·hm^-2左右．林窗大小分布为面积大于100m^2的大林窗约占25％,面积为50～100m^2的中等林窗占41％,面积小于50m。的小林窗占34％．形成林窗最重要的方式是干基和干中折断,其次是枯立滇西北亚高山丽江云杉林林窗形成木80％以上是丽江云杉,通常直径为40～50cm、高度为15～25m．每个林窗形成木数量多为1～2株,约占68．8％,5株以上很少,最多为6株．随着林窗面积由大变小,林窗中更新苗木的密度逐渐变大,小林窗中更新木密度约为大林窗的5倍．     

神农架巴山冷杉群落更新特点及影响因素

采用样方法对神农架自然保护区巴山冷杉群落更新特性、环境因子对其更新的影响进行了研究.研究表明:(1)林窗更新是巴山冷杉群落重要的更新方式,以红桦为代表的阔叶树种和巴山冷杉等耐荫树种在林窗内外均存在更新差异;(2)巴山冷杉在林窗更新中具有最大优势,3a以下的巴山冷杉幼苗数量占45.7%,随着年龄的增加下降明显,7a以上的幼树数量只占6.3%;(3)用SPSS将影响巴山冷杉更新的四类环境因子进行主成分分析表明,林窗面积、坡向、林窗微环境、乔灌草盖度依次是影响巴山冷杉幼苗生长和分布的主要因子;(4)林窗微环境因子的相关分析表明,在不同的生活史阶段,更新影响因子重要性不同,光照水平和土壤水分分别对幼苗和幼树的生长具有显著影响;(5)坡向和密度的相关分析表明在北坡巴山冷杉更新幼苗数量丰富,灌草层是巴山冷杉更新过程的潜在障碍.     

青海三江源地区三种天然圆柏林更新特征

为明确青海三江源地区3种天然圆柏林的更新特征及其主导影响因子,对天然林保护与经营提供参考,本研究评价了圆柏林天然更新等级,分析了林分因子和林地土壤因子对圆柏林天然更新的影响.结果 表明:3种天然圆柏林更新不良,更新潜力不足.大果圆柏林、祁连圆柏林和密枝圆柏林平均更新密度分别为332、279和202株·hm-2,更新个体...