棺头蟋属四种蟋蟀音锉形态的比较(直翅目:蟋蟀科)

利用扫描电镜观察并描述了直翅目Orthoptera蟋蟀科Gryllidae棺头蟋属Loxoblemmus 4种常见昆虫即石首棺头蟋Loxoblemmus equestris尖角棺头蟋,L.angulatus,哈尼棺头蟋L.haani,多伊棺头蟋L.doenitzi的音锉和音齿形态特征,观察描述中,首次使用拐角,音齿分布,音齿左,右端等形态特征,并详细地给予了描述,为头蟋属乃至蟋蟀科种类鉴定提供了新的分类依据。     

五种蟋蟀染色体的研究 A Study on Chromosomes in Five Crickets

报道了中国4种蟋蟀的染色体C带核型,即黑脸油葫芦 Teleogryllus occipitalis (Serville,1838),2n=27,XO(♂);银川油葫芦 T.infernalis (Saussure,1877),2n=27,XO(♂);迷卡斗蟋 Velarifictorus micado (Saussure,1877),2n=29,XO(♂);泰康棺头蟋 Loxoblemmus taicoun (Saussure,1877),2n=17,XO(♂)及长颚斗蟋V.aspersus (Walker,1869)的核型即2n=23,XO(♂)。4种蟋蟀各染色体均显示强的着丝粒带,多数染色体显强或中的端带,斗蟋属(Velarifictorus)1种部分染色体显示居间带,油葫芦属(Teleogryllus)2种和棺头蟋属（Loxoblemmus）1种无居间带,各物种表现出明显的种类特异性。对蟋蟀染色体及C带核型在分类中的意义作了初步的探讨。 Abstract:This is a report on the chromosome C-banded karyotypes of four Gryllidae species in China.They are Teleogryllus occipitalis(Serville,1838),2n=27,XO(♂);T.infernalis(Saussure,1877),2n=27,XO(♂);Velarifictorus micado (Saussure,1877),2n=29,XO(♂);Loxoblemmus taicoun Saussure,1877,2n=17,XO(♂).And another karyotype is reported as well,it is V.aspersus（Walker,1869）,2n=23,XO(♂).All chromosomes of the four crickets show strong paracentric C-bands,lots of the arms show strong or median terminal C-bands,and some chromosomes of V.micado show middle C-bands.In addition,the total heterochromatin content of the four crickets was shown.The cytotaxonomic significance is discussed.     

基于mtDNA-COII基因部分序列探讨蟋蟀科五属的进化关系(直翅目:蟋蟀科)

采用DNA测序技术并比较了蟋蟀科5个属:斗蟋属Velarifictorus、棺头蟋属Loxoblemmus、油葫芦属Teleogryllus、灶蟋属Gryllodes和蟋蟀属Gryllus以及蛉蟋科针蟋亚科Allonemobiussocius的mtDNA-COII基因部分序列,依据分子数据建立了5个属的系统发育关系。结果显示A、T、C和G碱基含量分别为34.8%、35.3%、19.3%和10.6%,AT含量(70.1%)仅略高于半翅目锥猎蝽和缨尾目。分子系统树显示,油葫芦属黄脸油葫芦与蟋蟀属家蟋亲缘关系较近。显示油葫芦属与斗蟋属的亲缘关系较近。并且,棺头蟋属的多伊棺头蟋和窃棺头蟋先聚合,这与形态学特征的结果相符。     

贵州两种黄脊蝗核型和C-带的比较研究

本文研究了贵州日本黄脊蝗 Patanga japonica Bolivar和印度黄脊蝗 P.Succincta Johansson的核型和c-带。结果表明：两种黄脊蝗的染色体数目均为2n(♂)=22+x.=23,全部为端着丝粒染色体;核型公式2n(♂)=2X=231,NF=23. 但日本黄脊蝗的染色体绝对长度总和(79.75±2.22μm)比印度黄脊蝗的(71.4 7±0.63μm)长;异染色质总量(35.65±0.14μm)比印度黄脊蝗的(10.76±0.11μm多;日本黄脊蝗的核型属“1B”核型,印度黄脊蜱的核型属“lc”核型。     

基于mtDNA-COⅡ基因部分序列探讨蟋蟀科五属的进化关系（直翅目：蟋蟀科）

采用DNA测序技术并比较了蟋蟀科5个属：斗蟋属Velarifictorus、棺头蟋属Loxoblemmus、油葫芦属Teleogryllus、灶蟋属Gryllodes和蟋蟀属Gryllus以及蛉蟋科针蟋亚科Allonemobiussocius的mtDNA-COⅡ基因部分序列,依据分子数据建立了5个属的系统发育关系。结果显示A、T、C和G碱基含量分别为34．8％、35．3％、19．3％和10．6％,AT含量（70．1％）仅略高于半翅目锥猎蝽和缨尾目。分子系统树显示,油葫芦属黄脸油葫芦与蟋蟀属家蟋亲缘关系较近。显示油葫芦属与斗蟋属的亲缘关系较近。并且,棺头蟋属的多伊棺头蟋和窃棺头蟋先聚合,这与形态学特征的结果相符。     

我国新疆和湖南棉铃虫种群的遗传学研究

采自湖南衡阳(HY)和新疆哈密(HM)的棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)种群被室内杂交和回交,杂交F₁代和回交F₂代雌成虫的产卵量、卵孵化率和产卵时间等繁殖力参数均无明显的变化。在22℃下,HM、HY、HM♀×HY♂、HY♀×HM♂和(HY♀×HM♂)×HY♂后代蛹滞育的临界光周期分别为13h 35 min,11 h,11 h 45 min,11 h 43min和11 h9min。在一15℃下,HM、HY、HM♀×HY♂、HY♀×HM♂、HY♀×(HY♀×HM♂)♂和(HY♀×HM♂)♀×HM♂后代滞育蛹的致死中时间(LT”)分别是159.7h、34.27h、100.65 h、116.75h、90.78h和135.58h,亲本F₁代显性度D(HM♀×HY♂)和D(HY♀XHM♂)分别为0.3998和0.5926。遗传分析表明棉铃虫滞育蛹的抗寒性由多个不完全显性的基因控制。     

东洋界肘角广口蝇属分类研究及一新种记述（双翅目：广口蝇科）

检视和研究了东洋界肘角广口蝇属Loxoneura Macquart(双翅目：广口蝇科)的全部种类,确认目前该属共知12种。详细记述了其中的一新种：西藏肘角广口蝇L.tibetana sp. Nov.。记载了下列5种的地理分布新记录： 大斑肘角广口蝇L. fascialis Kertesz、三带肘角广口蝇L. livida Hendel和花翅肘角广口蝇L. pictipennis (Walker) 为中国新记录种;艳丽肘角广口蝇L. decora (Fabr icius) 为马来西亚和婆罗洲的新记录种;台湾肘角广口蝇L. formosae Kertesz为印度新记录种。讨论了肘角广口蝇属的属征,并提供全部已知种类（除老挝肘角广口蝇 L. vitalisiana Frey外）的鉴别特征、分种检索表及其有关特征图。     

六种蝽象的染色体研究（半翅目：蝽科）

研究了6种蝽象的核型和减数分裂行为。结果表明：6个种的染色体组成均为2n(♂)=14, 具有X-Y性别决定机制;减数分裂行为比较一致,但在中期-Ⅰ常染色体和性染色体的排列方式具有种的特异性,可为蝽科昆虫的形态分类及系统发育提供有用的证据。     

云南沟姬蜂亚科一新属二新种(膜翅目：姬蜂科)

报道了沟姬蜂亚科 Gelinae,胡姬蜂亚族 Sphecophagina一新属：扁角姬蜂属 Lentocerus 新属,二新种：丽江扁角姬蜂 L. lijiangensis和齿扁角姬蜂 L. dentatus新种。模式标本保存在中国科学院昆明动物研究所。     

干扰作用及空间异质性对七星瓢虫成虫捕食作用的影响

通过系统研究,得出：1)七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata雌雄成虫在捕食过程中麦秆数越多,环境阻力越大,捕食作用率越低;2)七星瓢虫与异色瓢虫 Harmonis axyridis 捕食过程中的种间干扰作用大于两种瓢虫的种内干扰作用;3)异色瓢虫(♀)种内竞争强度I与瓢虫数P的关系为I=0.0012+1.4072lgP;异色瓢虫(♂)种内竞争强度I与P的关系为I=0.0058+1.3942lgP;七星瓢虫(♀)种内竞争强度I与P的关系为I=-0.0072+0.7234lgP。异色瓢虫(♀)和七星瓢虫(♀)的种间竞争强度I与天敌数量(P)关系的模型为I=0.0539+1.1167 lgP,异色瓢虫(♀)和七星瓢虫(♂)的种间竞争强度I与P的模型为I=0.0018+1.1944lgP。     

Chromosomal polymorphism and speciation in the genusEunemobius (Orthoptera: Grylloidea)

Karyotypes are described for the three species of ground crickets belonging to the North American genusEunemobius. All species possess three pairs of metacentric autosomes and a submetacentric X-chromosome. The sex-determination mechanism is XX-XO with 2n=7 in males and 2n=8 in females. There is no evidence that chromosomal rearrangements have been involved in speciation in the group.     

KARYOTYPES OF FIVE SUBANTARCTIC BIVALVE SPECIES

Chromosomes of five subantarctic species were studied from mitoticmetaphases using cell suspension techniques. Among the Protobranchia,Malletiagigan-lea has a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 38with five metacentric, seven submetacentric, five sub-telocentricand one telocentric pairs, and Yoldia (Aequiyoldia) woodwardialso shows 2n = 38 but with ten metacentric, six submetacentricand three sub-telocentric pairs. Among the Lamellibranchia,the pterioidan Limatula pygmaea has 2n = 38 with six metacentric,eleven submetacentric and two sub-telocentric pairs, the veneroidanCyclocardia astar-toides has 2n = 30 with five metacentric andten telocentric pairs and the anomalodesmatan Laternula ellipticahas 2n = 40 with two metacentric, one submetacentric, two subtelocentricand fifteen telocentric pairs. Our results indicate that in all the Nuculoidea studied so far,a diploid number of 2n = 38 has been found. In addition, thekaryotypes show a close overall appearance in relative lengthswith a majority of meta-centric-submetacentric chromosomes.The species differ in the proportion of the different morphologicaltypes of chromosomes. In the Lamellibranchia, each species correspondsto a particular case within their respective orders (Pterioida,Veneroida, Anomalodesmata). (Received 22 January 1990; accepted 28 March 1990)     

Cytogenetics of the genus Parasarcophaga (Sarcophagidae: Diptera)

Somatic chromosome complements of five sympatric species of the genus Parasarcophaga, viz. P. misera, P. albiceps, P. argyrostoma, P. ruficornis and P. knabi, are described. All the species have five pairs of meta/submetacentric autosomes and an XX/XY sex chromosome pair which is highly variable in size and shape. In P. misera and P. albiceps they are tiny dots while in P. knabi the metacentric X and Y chromosomes constitute almost one third of the genome. In P. ruficornis and P. argyrostoma they are telocentric chromosomes of moderate size. A comparative study of the C-banding patterns of P. ruficornis, P. knabi, P. argyrostoma and P. misera shows that autosomes of the former three species possess characteristic C-bands in pericentric regions while in P. misera they are absent. The heterochromatic sex chromosomes are C-band positive in all the species. However, with the exception of the tiny sex chromosomes of P. misera, the X chromosomes of other species show shorter or longer regions which stain rather lightly. These C-banded areas correspond to the heterochromatic areas revealed in orcein stained preparations. The evolutionary implications of these results are discussed.     

THE GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THREE TAXA IN THE LITTORINA SAXATILIS SPECIES COMPLEX (PROSOBRANCHIA: LITTORINIDAE)

Three species in the Littorina saxatilis complex (the ovoviviparousL. saxatilis and the two oviparous species L. arcana and L.nigrolineata) were screened for the products of up to 22 lociusing gel elec-trophoresis. Analysis of allele frequencies andderived genetic distances showed that, with rare exceptionsin L. saxatilis and L. arcana, conspecific populations clusteredtogether. Sympatric pairs of populations showed significantdifferentiation at many polymorphic loci. The results confirmedthe biological reality of the three taxa, and did not suggestthe existence of any previously unrecognized species. The speciesare genetically closely related to each other, with Nei geneticdistances ranging from 0.035 to 0.083. (Received 24 October 1989; accepted 18 April 1990)     

Effectiveness of Lotus Root Nodules: II. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROOT NODULE EFFECTIVENESS AND 'IN VITRO' SENSITIVITY OF FAST-GROWING LOTUS RHIZOBIA TO FLAVOLANS

An extract from the roots of Lotus pedunculatus plants was foundto contain a compound toxic towards fast-growing Lotus rhizobia.This compound was identified as a flavolan, which has a prodeiphinidin:procyanidin ratio of 75:25. A fast-growing strain of Rhizobium(NZP2213) which forms ineffective root nodules on L. pedunculatuswas four times more sensitive to this flavolan (ED₅₀ = 25 ?gml^–1) than another strain (NZP2037, ED₅₀ = 100 ?g ml^–1)which forms effective root nodules on this species. The rootsof another Lotus species, L. tenuis, on which both strains ofRhizobium form effective root nodules, also contained a flavolan( 95% procyanidin) but both strains were relatively insensitiveto this flavolan (EDED₅₀ = 350 to 500 ?g ml^–1) L. pedunculatusplants bearing ineffective root nodules contained two to threetimes more flavolan in their roots (5–7 mg g^–1 fr.wt.)than uninoculated control plants. Experiments with seven otherLotus species and with hybrid plants developed between L. pedunculatusand L. tenuis showed a relationship between the prodeiphinidin:procyanidin ratio of the flavolan in their roots and the effectivenessof root nodules formed on these plants by NZP2213. Quantitativebinding studies of the flavolan from L. pedunculatus to NZP2037and NZP2213 indicated that, while the affinity constants forbinding were similar for both strains, the surface of strainNZP2037 contained four times more binding sites than NZP2213,possibly correlating with this strain's ability to toleratehigher concentrations of this flavolan. It is suggested thatthe differential sensitivity of these two strains of Rhizobiumto flavolans is related to their ability to form effective rootnodules on Lotus species.     

四种天牛的核型比较研究

为弄清天牛的核型特征, 补充我国天牛染色体分类特征和天牛细胞分类学的基础研究空缺, 本文以4种沟胫天牛亚科天牛为研究对象, 选取天牛的分裂旺盛组织精巢（卵巢）和中肠, 在不同的条件下进行天牛染色体玻片的制备和观察。结果显示： 4种天牛染色体数目均为 2n = 20, 性别决定机制为Xy_p。其中, 云斑白条天牛Batocera lineolata的核型公式： 4L+5M+Xy_p, 大型染色体4对, 中型染色体5对, 性染色体为小型; 榉白背粉天牛Olenecamptus cretaceus marginatus、 中华八星粉天牛Olenecamptus octopustulatus chinensis（粉天牛属）和桑天牛Apriona germari的核型公式均为： 5L+4M+Xy_p, 大型染色体5对, 中型染色体4对, 性染色体为中型。粉天牛属的榉白背粉天牛和中华八星粉天牛的核型指数非常相近; 桑天牛的染色体公式虽然与粉天牛属相同, 但长度和着丝粒位置明显不同。     

Phylogenetic Analysis of Molecular Lineages in a Species-Rich Subgenus of Sea Stars (Leptasterias Subgenus Hexasterias)

Among diverse marine invertebrate taxa, the evolution of a non-planktotrophiclarva is often associated with increased rates of cladogenesis,compared to related taxa that retain the ancestral planktotrophiclarval form. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of non-planktotrophic(and, presumably species-rich) clades of marine invertebratesare rare. Here we analyze 1542 base pairs of mitochondrial DNAsequence comprising two gene regions, the cytochrome oxidaseI gene and the putative control region and flanking sequences,for 23 molecular lineages in the obligately brood-protectingasteroid genus Leptasterias. Using maximum likelihood, minimumevolution, and maximum parsimony methods, five major cladeswere identified that corresponded to five taxa (species or speciescomplexes) in the subgenus Hexasterias, section camtschatica(following the taxonomy of Walter K. Fisher). Two clades (L.aequalis> complex and L. aleutica/L. camtschatica complex) werecomposed of numerous molecular lineages (7–8 lineages/clade),and several clades had multiple shallow nodes, suggestive ofrecent radiations. Two of the clades (L. aleutica/L. camtschaticacomplex and L. hexactis complex), with geographic ranges restrictedto latitudes higher than 48°N, were lacking deep phylogeneticnodes. This pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that high-latitudetaxa have high rates of extinction due to repeated climaticcrises. A log-likelihood ratio test performed on the camtschaticasection, including a member (Leptasterias polaris) of the polarissection and using a representative (L. mülleri) of Leptasteriassubgenus Leptasterias as an outgroup, demonstrated that thecamtschatica section is monophyletic.     

Segregational mechanisms of sex chromosomes in megaloptera (Neuropteroidea)

In male meiocytes of 2 species of the megalopteran family Corydalidae, Corydalus cornutus (L.) (2n=24, comprising 11 pairs of autosomes plus X and Y in the male and 2 Xes in the female) and Neohermes filicornis (Banks) (2n=22, comprising 10 pairs of autosomes plus X and Y in the male and 2 Xes in the female), the sex chromosomes invariably form a bivalent and segregate synchronously with the autosomes. In Neohermes this sex-bivalent is of the parachute type. Absence of autosomal univalents and of the straight-jacket deformation of chromosomes in individual spindle units further distinguishes these megalopteran meiocytes from those of Neuroptera and Raphidioptera previously described. The bearing of these findings on phylogenetic relationships of the recent Orders of the Neuropteroidea is briefly considered.