共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 515 毫秒
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短尾猴陈旧粪便中DNA的提取 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
分子粪便学(Molecular scatology)是一门将传统粪便分析方法与分子生物学技术相结合,以动物粪便为实验材料进行多领域研究的学科(魏辅等,2001)。虽然该方法已在野生濒危动物保护遗传学和分子生态学研究中发挥了很大作用(Kohnand Wayne,1997),但目前大多数分子粪便学研究中使用的材料是新鲜粪便,从保存时间很长的陈旧粪便中很难提取到高质量的DNA用于PCR扩增以及序列分析,严重制约了分子粪便学的广泛应用(Wasser et al.,1997;Constable et al.,2001;Murphy et al..2002)。 相似文献
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中华白海豚(Sousachinensis)是国家一级重点保护水生野生动物,处于食物链的顶端,是近岸海洋生态系统健康状况的指示物种和海洋生物多样性保护的旗舰物种,具有重要的生态、科学和文化价值。自20世纪90年代开始,中华白海豚的研究逐渐兴起;近年来,随着3S技术、生态模型及分子生物学等技术方法的发展应用,在中华白海豚种群生态学、行为生态学、分子生态学等领域的研究取得了长足发展。国内外学者利用截线抽样法和标志重捕法,调查研究了全球范围内已知的中华白海豚种群的分布、数量等生态信息;在物种保护的背景下,开展了对中华白海豚栖息地的选择偏好、栖息地质量评价及潜在栖息地的预测研究;探究了中华白海豚的觅食行为和繁殖行为的规律和其他行为的生态意义;分子生物技术的应用,初步揭示了中华白海豚的遗传分化规律,以及该物种对气候变化表现出的脆弱性;涉海工程、水下噪声、水体污染、渔业活动等人类活动仍是目前中华白海豚面临的主要威胁。本文在总结已有研究的基础上,对未来该物种的生态学研究与保护提出了以下展望:(1)建立国家层面的动态基线数据库,以更好地追踪中华白海豚的种群动态及栖息地环境变化;(2)构建栖息地识别及保护... 相似文献
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随着与分子生物学的结合,传统的粪便学不仅拓宽了在种群生态学、行为生态学及保护遗传学等研究时取样的范围,而且能提供更多的有效信息,使得传统的粪便计数方法得以在新的领域里发展。本文对传统粪便学在有蹄类动物数量研究中的应用加以总结,并结合国内外研究现状对分子粪便学在这一领域内的可靠性、局限性及应用前景做了概述。 相似文献
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环境DNA metabarcoding及其在生态学研究中的应用 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
环境DNA metabarcoding(eDNA metabarcoding)是指利用环境样本(如土壤、水、粪便等)中分离的DNA进行高通量的多个物种(或高级分类单元)鉴定的方法。近年来,该方法引起了学者的广泛关注,逐渐应用于生物多样性研究、水生生物监测、珍稀濒危物种和外来入侵物种检测等生态学领域。介绍环境DNA metabarcoding的含义和研究方法;重点介绍环境DNA metabarcoding在物种监测、生物多样性研究和食性分析等生态学领域中的应用;总结环境DNA metabarcoding应用于生态学研究领域面临的挑战并对该方法的发展进行展望。 相似文献
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植物染色体数目及其变异与生境关系初探 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
染色体是基因的载体 ,基因决定生物的性状 ,一定的性状则适应特定的环境。染色体对生物繁衍后代 ,延续种族起着重要的作用。虽然在一定的生境中 ,植物的染色体是恒定的 ,但是大尺度的生境异质性往往导致染色体水平的变异 ,从而增加了物种的遗传多样性。由于一个物种的稳定性和进化潜力依赖其遗传多样性 ,因此保护遗传多样性成为生物多样性保护的最终目的[1 ] 。近年来 ,由于分子生态学的兴起 ,目前遗传多样性研究多集中于同工酶遗传多样性、蛋白质多样性、DNA序列多样性和基因位点多样性的研究[2~8,34~ 36] ,而细胞水平的遗传多样性与… 相似文献
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《中国科学:生命科学》2018,(10)
研究珍稀濒危动物的演化历史、濒危机制及适应性演化对策,既是保护生物学研究的重大科学问题,也是国家生态文明建设和生物多样性可持续发展的重大需求.大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)是探讨物种濒危灭绝及适应性演化机制的理想模型.本研究团队率先将种群基因组学和宏基因组学等新技术引入大熊猫研究中,开拓了濒危动物种群基因组学与宏基因组学研究领域,系统阐明了大熊猫的种群历史、濒危原因、适应性演化机制与演化潜力等科学问题.以大熊猫为模型揭示了食性特化动物类群在食性转换和特化历程中如何在形态、行为、生理、遗传和肠道微生物等方面产生适应性演化的规律,积极推动了国家大熊猫放归和栖息地廊道建设工程的实施. 相似文献
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非损伤性取样研究进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
非损伤性取样即在不捕获、触及,甚至是未亲眼见到动物的情况下,收集不同形式的样品获取样品中的DNA。通过介绍各种类型非损伤性取样的研究进展,就该取样存在的问题及现有解决方法进行讨论,并在此基础上对非损伤性取样的研究和应用前景进行了分析,以期对进一步研究提供有价值的参考。 相似文献
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Kathleen M. Fisch Jordana M. Henderson Ronald S. Burton Bernie May 《Conservation Genetics》2011,12(6):1421-1434
Over the last two decades, the collapse of the endangered delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) in the San Francisco Bay-Delta has resulted in politically charged conservation decisions, including the rationing of valuable
Delta water for use in California agriculture and urban centers. A fundamental question remaining in delta smelt conservation
is whether current management strategies have been appropriately designed to protect the remaining genetic variation in delta
smelt populations, rather than merely mitigating the decline of the species. We used 15 microsatellite markers to characterize
genetic variation within and among sampling regions on geographic and temporal scales, to estimate changes in effective population
size over time, to determine if a genetic bottleneck exists and to define conservation management units for this species.
A genetic bottleneck was detected in each of the four sampling years, and a significant decline in effective population size
was observed between sampling years 2003 and 2007. We also detected a weak geographic signal in any given sampling year that
was unsupported by temporal consistency of this signal. We assessed two strategies for defining conservation units, and concluded
that continuing to manage the species as a single, panmictic population throughout its range is the most feasible management
strategy. The results of this study will inform conservation decisions and provide an effective means for genetically monitoring
this imperiled species. 相似文献
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一种高效的哺乳动物粪便DNA提取通用方法 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
以粪便为材料提取动物DNA进行动物保护遗传学和分子生态学研究的关键是能否提取到高质量的粪便DNA.然而提取方法通用性不好和产物质量不高等问题阻碍了粪便DNA分析技术的推广.本文介绍的改进型十六烷基三甲基溴化铵提取法可广泛适用于各食性哺乳动物粪便DNA提取,在11种不同食性动物的粪便DNA提取实验中验证了它的可靠性和通用性.本方法成本低廉(3元/样),用实验室常规试剂即可完成粪便DNA提取,其产物纯度高于专用试剂盒QIAamp DNA Stool Kit,在拥有超过专业试剂盒提取效果的同时尽可能的降低了实验成本,有利于粪便DNA技术的推广. 相似文献
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濒危物种保护方法研究进展 总被引:13,自引:3,他引:10
对濒危物种的科学内涵、濒危机制和物种保护方法进行综述。具体阐述了种群生存力分析 (PVA)技术和复合种群理论(Meta- population)在濒危物种保护中的应用 ;总结了分子生物学方法在濒危物种保护中的作用 ;探讨了“3S”技术在濒危物种保护中的应用前景。分析和评价了各种保护方法的实用性和局限性 ,提出了各种保护方法在濒危物种保护中的应用前景和发展趋势。总之 ,物种保护方法的不断发展开创了保护生物学研究的新篇章 ,怎样运用交叉学科理论和综合应用各种保护方法探讨物种濒危机制、制定濒危物种有效管理和保护措施 ,是需要进一步解决的科学问题。 相似文献
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DNA-based studies have been one of the major interests in conservation biology of endangered species and in population genetics. As species and population genetic assessment requires a source of biological material, the sampling strategy can be overcome by non-destructive procedures for DNA isolation. An improved method for obtaining DNA from fish fins and scales with the use of an extraction buffer containing urea and further DNA purification with phenol-chloroform is described. The methodology combines the benefits of a non-destructive DNA sampling and its high efficiency. In addition, comparisons with other methodologies for isolating DNA from fish demonstrated that the present procedure also becomes a very attractive alternative to obtain large amounts of high-quality DNA for use in different molecular analyses. The DNA samples, isolated from different fish species, have been successfully used on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) experiments, as well as on amplification of specific ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA sequences. The present DNA extraction procedure represents an alternative for population approaches and genetic studies on rare or endangered taxa. 相似文献
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Manja U. Böhme Norbert Schneeweiß Uwe Fritz Martin Schlegel Thomas U. Berendonk 《Conservation Genetics》2007,8(3):555-563
Edge and central populations can show great differences regarding their genetic variation and thereby also in their probability
of extinction. This fact might be of great importance for the conservation strategies of endangered species. In this study
we examine the level of microsatellite variability within three threatened edge populations of the green lizard subspecies
Lacerta viridis viridis (Laur.) in Brandenburg (Germany) and compare the observed variation to other edge and central populations within the northern
species range. We demonstrate that the northernmost edge populations contain less genetic variation in comparison to the central
population. However, there were no observable significant differences to the other edge population included in this study.
Surprisingly, we observed a high genetic differentiation in a small geographical range between the three endangered populations
in Brandenburg, which can be explained by processes like fragmentation, isolation, genetic drift and small individual numbers
within these populations. We also detected unique genetic variants (alleles), which only occurred in these populations, despite
a low overall genetic variation. This study demonstrates the potential of fast evolving markers assessing the genetic status
of endangered populations with a high resolution. It also illustrates the need for a comparative analysis of different regions
within the species range, achieving a more exact interpretation of the genetic variation in endangered populations. This will
aid future management decisions in the conservation of genetic diversity in threatened species. 相似文献
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In large part, the relevance of genetics to conservation rests on the premise that neutral marker variation in populations reflects levels of detrimental and adaptive genetic variation. Despite its prominence, this tenet has been difficult to evaluate, until now. As we discuss here, genome sequence information and new technological and bioinformatics platforms now enable comprehensive surveys of neutral variation and more direct inferences of detrimental and adaptive variation in species with sequenced genomes and in 'genome-enabled' endangered taxa. Moreover, conservation schemes could begin to consider specific pathological genetic variants. A new conservation genetic agenda would utilize data from enhanced surveys of genomic variation in endangered species to better manage functional genetic variation. 相似文献
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注意植物迁地保护中的遗传风险 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
稀有濒危植物迁地保护的长期目标之一就是要保护物种的遗传多样性和进化潜力。介绍了稀有濒危植物在植物园迁地保护过程中存在的一系列遗传风险。由于引种或取样的不足,容易导致被保存的物种缺乏足够的遗传代表性;盲目的引种、不合理的定植以及材料的来源不清则会导致稀有濒危植物的遗传混杂、近交衰退或杂交衰退;人为选择和生长环境的改变也容易造成濒危物种对迁地保护的遗传适应。在实际的迁地保护工作中,这些遗传风险往往被忽视。植物迁地保护中遗传风险将严重影响稀有濒危物种的回归和恢复。植物园应当重视濒危植物的遗传管理,以降低或避免迁地保护中的遗传风险。Abstract: Conserving genetic diversity of rare and endangered species and their evolutionary potential is one of the long-term goals of ex-situ conservation. Some potential genetic risks in ex-situ conservation in botanical gardens are presented. The preserved species may lack genetic representativity because of poor sampling. Inappropriate plantations, inadequate records and unclear kinships jeopardize endangered species to genetic confusion, inbreeding depression or outbreeding depression. Artificial selection and habitat conversion also potentially result endangered plants in adapting to ex-situ conservation, which had been usually overlooked. All the genetic risks can decrease the success of reintroduction and recovery. Therefore, appropriate genetic management should be carried out in botanical gardens to decrease or avoid genetic risks in ex-situ conservation. 相似文献