菲牛蛭消化系统的组织学和组织化学研究

利用解剖、HE和AB-PAS染色技术研究了菲牛蛭消化系统的形态结构及组织化学特征。结果表明, 菲牛蛭消化系统由消化管和单细胞唾液腺组成。消化管包括口、咽、食道、嗉囊、肠、直肠和肛门。口开孔于前吸盘腹中部, 口腔内有3片呈三角形排列的颚片, 颚片由辐射肌和横纹肌构成, 其脊上具单列细齿, 可切开寄主皮肤。单细胞唾液腺开口于颚片两侧的乳突上, 可分泌蛭素; 咽呈短球形, 由黏膜层、肌层和外膜构成,肌层发达; 食道短而窄, 黏膜层见少量杯状细胞和大量嗜酸性颗粒; 嗉囊两侧有10对侧盲囊, 最后一对侧盲囊最长且延伸至肛门两侧; 肠部尚无明显分化, 可细分为肠和直肠。肠前段腔内有多个盲囊状的细管, 形成 肠内盲囊, 黏膜层具较多腺细胞, 黏膜下层发达, 具丰富的血管和淋巴细胞; 直肠肠腔明显大于肠的肠腔, 褶皱高度明显比肠的低, 上皮细胞间可见少量杯状细胞。AB-PAS染色结果显示菲牛蛭消化管黏液细胞有4种类型: Ⅰ型被染成红色, Ⅱ型被染成蓝色, Ⅲ型染成紫红色, Ⅳ型染成蓝紫色。口腔部黏液细胞分布以Ⅳ型和Ⅲ型为主, 少量Ⅱ型与Ⅰ型黏液细胞, 咽部以Ⅲ型为主, 食道、嗉囊、肠前部以及直肠壁均无酸性和中性黏液细胞存在, 肠中后部以Ⅰ型为主, 肛门壁存在大量的Ⅱ型黏液细胞。讨论了菲牛蛭消化管结构特点与食性的关系等问题, 发现肠是菲牛蛭整个消化管最主要的消化和吸收场所, 且消化管特殊的结构特征决定了菲牛蛭主要以血液作为食物来源。     

痛风病临床诊治及菲牛蛭生物疗法的研究进展

<正>痛风性关节炎是目前最常见的、疼痛最明显的骨关节疾病之一,其已从古代的\"王者之病\"演变为近代的\"疾病之王者\"。根据中华医学会风湿病学分会编写的《原发性痛风诊治指南(草案)》提供的资料表明,痛风分为原发性和继发性两大类。痛风痛是由于嘌呤代谢紊乱及(或)尿酸排泄减少所引起的一种晶体性关节炎,临床表现为高尿酸血症和尿尿酸盐结晶沉积所致的特征性急(慢)性关节炎、痛风石形成、     

菲牛蛭交配及卵茧人工孵化初步研究

人工饲养条件下,比较观察了不同养殖模式(水体、土壤)和不同温度(24℃、26℃、28℃、30℃、32℃和34℃)对菲牛蛭(Hirudinaria manillensis)交配率的影响,并进行了不同卵茧质量(＜0.6 g、0.6～1.0 g、1.0～1.5g、1.5～2.0 g、＞2.0 g)及不同温度(22℃、24℃、...     

嗜银细胞在菲牛蛭消化管中的形态与分布特征

运用Grimelius银染法对菲牛蛭(Poecilobdella manillensis)消化管内嗜银细胞的分布和形态进行观察,并根据嗜银细胞的分布特点统计其分布密度。消化管除食道外各部位均有嗜银细胞分布,细胞染棕色或黑色;嗜银细胞基本位于上皮细胞之间和固有层内,主要呈圆形、椭圆形、锥体形和长条形等多种形态;部分细胞胞突明显,细胞内可见黑色分泌颗粒。嗜银细胞分布密度为颚片最高,嗉囊次之,直肠最低,食道内未检测出嗜银细胞。消化管各段嗜银细胞的形态特征和分布规律可能与其食性和消化生理活动密切相关。     

年龄对朱鹮繁殖成功率的影响

本文对陕西洋县16年间朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)年龄对繁殖成功率的影响进行了研究,结果表明:朱鹮首次参加繁殖的平均年龄为3.89±1.40年(n=73),雌雄分别为3.64±1.36年(n=37)和4.17±1.47年(n=36),差异不显著。2-3龄亲鸟的平均窝卵数、孵化率和出飞率显著低于4-10龄的繁殖个体;>10龄繁殖个体的产卵数和卵的受精率显著降低,但雏鸟成活率较高。三个年龄组之间的繁殖成功率无显著差异(F2,146=1.963,P=0.144)。随着雌雄亲鸟年龄的增长,幼鸟的出飞率显著增加。刚参加繁殖的2龄雌性产卵数很低(2.63±0.74,n=8),至5龄时达到最大值(3.2±0.92,n=10)。6-9龄的雌雄个体产卵数量处于相对的低峰,10龄左右有所恢复(3.0±0,n=3),此后维持一个相对较低的水平(2.55±0.99,n=20)。刚参加繁殖的雄性朱鹮(2年)形成的配对卵的孵化率较低(0.67±0.29,n=3),但在第二年迅速达到高峰,而且能维持5-6年的时间。9-10年时略有下降(0.88±0.18,n=2;0.93±0.17,n=3),10年以后维持在一个较低的水平上(0.56±0.51,n=19)。     

花鼠种群年龄和繁殖的初步研究

1991年3-10月在山西省中条山区猎获花鼠202只。以眼晶体干重为指标划分出4个年龄组,分析了种群年龄组成的季节变化。该鼠每年繁殖1次, 3月下旬-1月中旬怀孕,产仔期在4月中旬-5月中旬,胎仔数5.08±0.16只, 6月上旬幼鼠出现。幼鼠于翌年春季出蛰后参加繁殖。此外,还将晶体干重、齿高指数和臼齿磨损程度3种年龄指标所划分的结果作了比较,也证实体重、体长和尾长不能用于该鼠的年龄鉴定。     

甲状腺功能对调节雄性马鹿体重和繁殖活动季节性变化的研究

本研究探讨了甲状腺功能对雄性马鹿体重和繁殖活动季节性变化的调节作用,试验１从１９８８年１月（夏季）开始到１９８９年６月（冬季）结束,对照组５头正常鹿体中,血浆Ｔ３水平具有明显的季节性变化（Ｐ＜０．０１）,在秋季和冬季较低,春季至秋季早期较高,而３头甲状腺摘除（ＴＨＸ）鹿血浆Ｔ３水平在１９８８年６月后（冬季）降低到不可测水平。在１９８８年９月以前,二组鹿的体重,睾丸直径和血浆睾酮水平的季节性变化趋势     

徽水河宽鳍的年龄、生长和繁殖

认识鱼类的生活史特征及其对生态环境变化的响应,是鱼类物种保护与资源合理利用的基础。于2009年5月至2010年4月研究了黄山地区徽水河中宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)的年龄、生长和繁殖。共采集标本352尾,雌雄性比为0.49∶1,与1∶1差异显著。以鳞片为年龄鉴定材料,雌、雄个体的最大寿命均为3龄;年轮主要形成于3月份。全长和体重呈幂函数关系,两性间无显著性差异,关系式表达为W=6×10–6L3.10;全长和鳞径呈线性关系,且两性间差异显著,关系式分别表达为L♀=29.58R+38.84和L♂=33.17R+34.99;2龄个体的退算全长在雌、雄两性间无显著性差异。繁殖时间为4—7月份;2龄时达50%初次性成熟,其个体全长为98.22(雌)和105.69 mm(雄);绝对繁殖力为(758±362)卵粒,相对繁殖力为(77.38±22.15)卵粒/g。同已有的少量研究资料相比较,徽水河宽鳍鱲的年龄结构较北京地区种群的相对简单,个体生长较同为黄山地区的浦溪河种群相对快速,这种生活史特征差异可能是生态环境空间异质性的作用结果,但有关宽鳍鱲各生活史特征之间的权衡及其对生态环境的响应还有待于进一步研究。     

黄山九龙峰保护区尖头的年龄、生长和繁殖

于2011年5月至2012年4月逐月采集标本, 对黄山九龙峰保护区尖头 (Phoxinus oxycephalus)的年龄、生长和繁殖等生活史特征进行了研究. 尖头 雌、雄鱼性比为0.77:1, 与1:1差异显著. 根据体长频率分布来确定年龄组成,结果显示雌鱼和雄鱼的最大寿命分别为3龄和2龄, 均以1龄和2龄为优势年龄组. 1龄时的体长生长速度最大, 至2龄或3龄逐渐变缓. 雌、雄鱼的初次性成熟年龄均为2龄, 对应体长分别为93.0 mm和76.9 mm. 尖头 繁殖时间为4-7月; 绝对繁殖力较低(174-2151卵粒), 且在2、3年龄组间显著差异, 但相对繁殖力无显著的年龄组间差异. 尖头 的上述生活史特征, 可能体现了对局域环境条件(如营养贫乏、环境动荡及水文周期等)的生态适应性. 尖头 在我国东南部的高海拔地区呈零星分布, 种群数量小, 加之繁殖投入低下, 因此该物种在面临人类干扰和环境变化时极易濒危和灭绝.     

Effect of Body Weight on Reproductive Performance in Cnephasia jactatana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The larger-the-better theory predicts that fitness is positively linearly associated with body size or weight. We used the kiwifruit pest, Cnephasia jactatana Walker, to test whether larger insects perform better reproductively. We divided our insect population into three weight groups: light, average, and heavy, and assessed the reproductive performance of 9 breeding treatments (3 male weights × 3 female weights). Female fecundity is positively correlated with female body weight in low and average weight groups. There is no such correlation in the heavy weight group, suggesting that further weight increase has no fitness gain for females. The positive linear relationship between fertility and female weight in all weight groups may be attributed to the fact that permanently paired heavy females are more likely to remate, gaining more sperm and thus higher fertility. However, the previous study also indicates that mated females are less likely to be mated again when males have a choice. Therefore, in the natural environment the realized fertility may still follow an asymptotical pattern similar to the fecundity in relation to female weight. Males' beneficial effect on female reproductive outputs increases linearly with their body weight in all weight groups, indicating that male reproductive performance fits the larger-the-better theory. Fertility rate is not affected by the body weight of either sex. Heavy and average females lay eggs earlier and have higher daily fecundity and fertility than light females. Females of all weight groups have similar oviposition and postoviposition periods. Male weight and female–male weight interactions have no effect on oviposition parameters.     

Body Weight of Wild and Captive Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Captive studies and occasional trappings of wild individuals indicate that callitrichids have small size and body weight and lack sexual dimorphism. We compared body weights of captive and wild Callithrix jacchus obtained by repeatedly weighing subjects from two populations in Brazil. We obtained captive data by routinely weighing 138 individuals from the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte colony and wild data via regular trapping of 243 individuals in 15 free-ranging groups from IBAMA's field site in Nísia Floresta. We assigned all subjects to one of four age classes—infant, juvenile, subadult, and adult—according to their birth dates or size, reproductive status, and dental development. There is no significant difference between males and females in any of the four age classes, but captive subjects were heavier than wild ones in all age classes but infant. Reproductive and nonreproductive adult females showed no statistical difference in weight. These results accord with previous reports of lack of body size sexual dimorphism in common marmosets and suggest that differences between wild and captive common marmosets are not constitutional, but are instead a consequence of diet and physical activity. The absence of weight difference between reproductive and nonreproductive females suggests that any possible advantage from high rank is outweighed by the costs of reproduction in common marmosets.     

锡林郭勒草原布氏田鼠体重和体长关系的研究

1991～ 1998年对内蒙古阿巴嘎旗那仁宝力格苏木布氏田鼠 (Microtusbrandti)体长、体重和胴体重资料进行了调查和分析 ,得到如下结论 :田鼠体长、体重、胴体重的均值在低密度回升期均逐年增高 ;雌性越冬鼠的胴体重均值低于雄性越冬鼠且有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ;秋季雄鼠与雌鼠的 3项指标的均值无显著差异(P >0 10 ) ,体长、体重和胴体重间相关极显著 (P =0 0 0 0 1)。分别给出了体重与体长 :胴体重与体长的模型W =aLb,其中W为体重或胴体重 ,L为体长 ;胴体重与体重的关系适合于模型NW =W / (a bW ) ,其中NW为胴体重 ,W为体重。     

Effect of Dominance,Reproductive State,and Group Size on Body Mass in Macaca radiata

Body mass can impact reproductive performance in males and females. In nonhuman primates the relationship is often mediated by dominance. We measured body mass monthly in a provisioned group of bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) living at a Hindu temple. We also measured body mass on 3 occasions in a wild population of bonnet macaques. In the temple group, females that reproduced lost body mass, while females that did not reproduce gained body mass. Mass loss among females occurred primarily while they were nursing. Adult males from the temple group lost mass during the mating season and gained it during the non-mating season. Subadult males experienced less seasonal variation in body mass. Body mass and changes in mass were not related to dominance rank in either the temple or the forest group. Furthermore, maternal dominance rank did not affect infant mass. Females from the smallest forest group weighed significantly less than females from the two larger forest groups, which suggests intergroup competition in the population. Body mass was not related to dominance rank in a straightforward manner but may indirectly affect reproductive performance. The pattern of body mass change suggests that the period of lactation is critical for females and endurance rivalry is an important form of competition among males.     

Comparison of Reproductive Characteristics and Changes in Body Weight Between Captive Populations of Rufous and Gray Mouse Lemurs

The nocturnal Malagasy mouse lemurs are among the smallest primates worldwide. Several sibling species are known. Of these, the rufous and the gray mouse lemur differ with respect to morphology, genetics, and communication. They might also differ in seasonal reproduction and body weight changes. We investigated and compared reproductive activities and changes in monthly body weight in males and females of successfully breeding colonies of both species under the same photoperiodic conditions. Females of both species showed estrous cycles only during the long-day period. Rufous mouse lemur females seemed to have a shorter gestation than their sibling species (57 vs. 62 days). The number of estrous cycles (2.25 vs. 2.5/season) and their lengths (59 vs. 52 days) were similar. Litter size (2) seemed to be similar. Latency of estrous occurrence after photoperiodic stimulation was longer in Microcebus rufus than in its sibling species (71.6 and 42.3 days). The same was true for the onset of the growth of the testes. The rate of growth and size of the testes were similar, and precede the estrous onset in both species. The reproductive activity was shorter in both sexes of the rufous than of the gray mouse lemurs. In both species, body weight showed similar seasonal changes. Males lost more weight during the breeding season than females did. In rufous mouse lemurs, body weight was similar in both sexes during the nonbreeding season. In gray mouse lemurs, sexes differed throughout the year.     

Effect of Regain of Body Weight on Regional Body Fat Distribution: Comparison Between Pre- and Postmenopausal Obese Women

The aim of our study was to determine if regain of body weight increases visceral fat in obese women and if regain of weight has a different effect upon pre- and postmenopausal women. Twenty obese women (11 pre- and 9 postmenopausal) underwent a very low energy diet (VLED) for 2 weeks to lose weight. They then regained body weight in spite of the recommended hypocaloric diet. No significant modifications in body fat distribution indexes were found by computed tomography between VLED and after regain of weight. No significant changes were found in metabolic variables. No interactions between menopausal status and regain of body weight were observed. In conclusion, regain of weight does not seem to cause an increase in visceral fat; both pre- and postmenopausal women showed the same body fat distribution before weight loss and after regain of weight.     

参考家系鸡黑素皮质素受体3基因多态性与体重关系研究

鼠遗传学研究显示黑素皮质素受体3（melanocortin-3 receptor,MC3R）和MC4R在能量平衡控制中具有互补作用。敲除MC3R基因鼠表现为独有的代谢综合征和增加脂肪重量。以8周龄高体重或低体重独立选择的高体重系（high weight,HW）和低体重系（low weight,LW）白洛克鸡3代参考家系群体作为实验材料,发现了5个新的MC3R基因单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNPs）;建立了基于限制性内切酶Dde I的MC3R基因型的PCR-RFLP分子检测方法。方差分析结果显示MC3R基因型显著影响公鸡和母鸡的体重,以及公鸡腹脂含量。该结果建议MC3R基因可以作为侯选基因解释杂交鸡体重显著差异的原因。     

早期断奶对犊牛生产性能和母牦牛繁殖性能的影响

本试验旨在研究早期断奶对犊牛生产性能和母牦牛繁殖性能的影响。试验组采取"全哺乳+早期诱饲+补饲+放牧+早期断奶"的模式进行饲养,对照组采取传统放牧。实验表明:试验组犊牛5月龄实现早期断奶,体重极显著高于对照组(p<0.01)((53.13±12.34) kg VS (23.44±9.38) kg);试验组犊牛7月龄时体重达71.42 kg,比对照组提高了1.36倍;血液检测分析:与对照组相比,试验组显著提高了牛表皮生长因子(p<0.05);12月龄时体重极显著高于对照组(p<0.01)((87.25±23.43) kg VS (39.51±17.28) kg);当年生犊牦牛实施早期断奶,母牦牛进入下一个繁殖周期,其"一年一胎"比例达68.6%。因此,早期断奶尚未影响犊牦牛生长发育,同时有利于母牦牛年产犊的提高。     

Neonatal Programming of Body Weight Regulation and Energetic Metabolism

Programming is an epigenetic phenomena by which nutritional, hormonal, physical psychological and other stressful events acting in a critical period of life, such as gestation and lactation, modifies in a prolonged way certain physiological functions. This process was preserved by natural selection as an important adaptive tool for survival of organisms living in nutritional impaired areas. So, malnutrition during gestation and lactation turns on different genes that provide the organism with a thrifty phenotype. In the case of an abundant supply of nutrients after this period, those organisms that were adapted to a low metabolic waste and higher energy utilization will be in a higher risk of developing metabolic diseases, such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The kind of malnutrition, duration and intensity are important for the type of programming obtained. We discuss some of the hormonal and metabolic changes that occur in gestation or lactation, when malnutrition is applied to the mothers and their offspring. Some of these changes, such as an increase of maternal triiodothyronine (T₃)_, leptin and glucocorticoids (GC) and decrease in prolactin are by itself potential programming factors. Most of these hormones can be transfer through the milk that has other important macronutrients composition changes in malnourished dams. We discuss the programming effects of some of these hormones upon body weight and composition, leptin, thyroid and adrenal functions, and their effects on liver, muscle and adipose tissue metabolism and the consequences on thermogenesis.     

Late reproductive senescence in a rabbit line hyper selected for reproductive longevity,and its association with body reserves

The aim of the present study was to investigate differences in reproductive and body traits during successive parities between two genetic lines. The LP line was constituted by means of selection of animals having an extremely high number of parities (at least 25) and an average reproductive performance compared to the V line selected for litter size at weaning during 31 generations. The two lines were found to have an equal reproductive performance in the first three parities, but the LP line had higher reproductive performance from the fourth parturition onwards. The low reproductive performance after the third parity in the V line was suggested to be caused by constrained environmental conditions in the test station. A line by parity interaction was also observed for body weight, since body weight declined going from the third to the fourth parity in the LP line but not the V line. Thus, it was concluded that hyper selection for reproductive longevity and average prolificacy successfully delayed reproductive senescence, and that this newly founded line showed less environmental sensitivity, which might have been mediated by a higher body reserve.