东北地区草地螟1999年大发生的虫源分析

草地螟是我国北方重要的迁飞性害虫,对其虫源地及迁飞路线尚缺乏全面的认识。本文分析了1999年各地草地螟主要迁入峰期的天气学背景,并对风场的时空分布及草地螟迁飞轨迹进行了模拟。结果表明：1999年东北地区大发生的草地螟只有少部分来自以往认为的“主要发生基地”,其主要虫源来自蒙古共和国东部及中蒙边境地区;草地螟盛发期东北地区气旋性天气系统对草地螟的迁入和扩散有密切的关系,据此提出可将“东北低压”、“东北低涡”的发生、发展趋势与虫源地的情况结合起来作为监测草地螟迁入的预警指标。     

我国草地螟轻发年份时空特征及其气候背景

揭示我国草地螟在长时间序列上的年度间变化规律,探明轻发年份特点和研究意义,阐释气候变化背景对草地螟发生的影响方式。分析了1949—2012年我国草地螟发生面积的时间序列和轻重年份差异,利用2006—2012年北方主发区每年各代次各虫态发生期出现时间、有效持续时间和发生县点数等数据分析了轻发年份的时空分布特征。在1951—2012年可追溯的时间序列上,研究了北方草地螟主发区(169个具有连续气象资料的发生站点)年平均气温、1月月平均气温、6—8月累计降雨量等气候背景变化趋势与草地螟年度发生动态的相关性。结果表明:(1)在62年的长时间序列上,我国草地螟轻发年份频次多于重发年份;(2)轻发年份的总体特征是发生期迟、发生盛期短、发生区域少;(3)大尺度气象条件变化是引起草地螟年度发生动态波动的重要因素,与1951—2012年年度发生面积进行相关分析发现,年平均气温和1月份月平均气温与草地螟发生面积呈显著正相关关系,6—8月累计降雨量与发生面积呈显著负相关关系。分析指出,轻发年份是草地螟种群长期消长动态中不可忽视的环节,对轻发年份的研究是揭示其年度发生变化规律的重要途径;在长时间序列的分析方法上,可采用年度发生(幼虫)面积作为判断轻重年份发生程度的主要量化指标;利用草地螟发生区多点大尺度气象数据,与年度发生面积进行相关性分析,可作为阐释气候背景影响草地螟长期发生趋势的方法之一。     

我国草地螟发生间歇期的区域格局变化

2010—2016年我国草地螟一直维持总体轻发态势。为从长时间序列上分析连续轻发年份的历史地位,以1979年以来第2、3个暴发周期及其之间的间歇期为对照,分析了2010—2016年草地螟连续轻发的特点,即全国种群规模维持在历史低位,西北地区发生面积和比率加大,发生区域向西部缩减,提示我国草地螟种群发生已进入间歇期。分析了1979—2016年时间序列上华北、东北、西北3个地区的发生情况对全国的影响,结果表明:(1)华北地区、东北地区的发生面积自然对数值与全国发生面积自然对数值呈极显著的线性正相关,即华北、东北地区与全国发生趋势的年际波动完全一致;(2)西北地区发生面积自然对数值与全国的线性相关性达显著水平,但在不同的历史阶段西北地区与全国的波动趋势有明显差别;(3)自第3个暴发周期的2005年以后,西北地区的波动曲线逐渐与全国趋同,推测这一变化与新疆种群的建立和发展有关。     

草地螟的有效积温及其世代区的划分

经实验测定,草地螟(Loxostege sticticalis L.)各虫态的发育起点温度：卵为14.3℃、幼虫为12.7℃、蛹为11,6℃、成虫为11.0℃;有效积温：卵为30.5日度、幼虫为190.7日度、蛹为158.3日度、成虫为96.7日度。全世代的发育起点温度为10.5℃,有效积温为531.2日度。虽然草地螟各虫态的理论发育起点温度和实测值尚有一定差异,但根据上述结果推算的发生世代数目和实际发生世代数目基本一致。根据对草地螟发生地区的有效积温计算和实际观祭记载,草地螟在我国的发生世代数目表现为由南到北递减的趋势。在年等温线0℃以北地区每年发生1代,年等温线0-8℃地区年生2-3代,年等温线8-12℃地区年生3-4代。草地螟在我国的主要为害区是2-3代区,主要为害世代是第一代。     

2010年牧区2代草地螟成虫迁飞的虫源分析

草地螟(Loxostege sticticalis L.)是危害我国北方农牧区的重要迁飞性害虫,明确其迁飞、扩散规律以及与境外虫源交流情况,对早期预警和有效防治具有重要意义。2010年6月1日至9月17日,利用垂直监测昆虫雷达的观测资料,结合探照灯和地面灯灯诱虫情、迁飞高峰期雌虫卵巢解剖、区域大气环流形势和迁飞轨迹分析,在内蒙古锡林浩特西郊研究了牧区2代草地螟的迁飞过程,结果表明:2010年牧区2代草地螟迁飞高峰期出现在2010年8月8日至8月21日,高峰日为8月11日,高峰日探照灯诱虫量达9167头,卵巢发育级别以1—2级为主,高峰日雷达回波主要集中在300—400 m。轨迹分析显示:迁飞高峰期8月8日、8月10—12日牧区草地螟迁飞虫源主要来自蒙古共和国东南部及中蒙边境地区,由蒙古气旋西南侧的西北气流输送进入我国内蒙古锡林郭勒盟,再随西南气流迁入呼伦贝尔草原。     

草地螟2007年越冬代成虫迁飞行为研究与虫源分析

草地螟 Loxostege sticticalis L.是危害我国北方农牧业的一种重要迁飞性害虫,明确草地螟的虫源地及迁飞路线对其早期预警具有重要意义。本文利用垂直监测昆虫雷达的长期观测,迁飞高峰期雌虫卵巢解剖、大区环流分析、各地虫情信息收集和利用Hysplit_4模型进行轨迹分析,研究了2007年越冬代草地螟的空中迁飞行为和东北地区严重暴发的草地螟虫源。结果表明：6月7–9日,雷达观测点诱虫灯内草地螟具有典型迁飞昆虫生理特征;草地螟主要在夜间迁飞,飞行高度集中在300～500 m,400 m是主要飞行高度,迁飞高峰期夜间迁移可持续9 h。东北地区严重发生的草地螟虫源,一部分来自内蒙古乌盟地区,一部分来自蒙古共和国中东部及中俄边境地区。据此推测我国与国外草地螟存在虫源交流。     

On the temperature tolerance of diapausing prepupae of the beet webworm Loxostege sticticalis L. (Lepidoptera,Pyraloidea: Crambidae)

The beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis L. is a very dangerous polyphagous insect pest. The beet webworm overwinters at the pronymphal stage. In some individuals, the diapause can last from the first generation to the next spring. The influence of 30-days-long exposure at temperatures of +5, +10, +15, +20, and +25°C on survival and subsequent reactivation of diapausing pronymphs of L. sticticalis has been investigated in laboratory conditions. The beet webworm was shown to be very thermotolerant: although the temperature of +5°C, as expected, was optimal for reactivation, the other thermal regimes did not cause a significant decrease in survival and in the proportion of individuals reactivated before the end of the experiment (in 120 days). These data suggest that the southern boundary of the geographical range of L. sticticalis is determined not by high winter temperatures, but rather by some other factors (possibly, by high summer temperatures).     

Improved rearing and release procedures forCotesia melanoscela (Hym.: Braconidae), an early season parasitoid ofLymantria dispar (Lep.: Lymantriidae)

Rearing and release procedures forCotesia melanoscela (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an early-season parasitoid ofLymantria dispar (L.), were evaluated in 1995 and 1996 at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA. Mass rearing procedures were developed during the winter/spring of 1995/1996 to produce diapausingC. melanoscela cocoons for experimentation. Program efficiency as measured by percent adult emergence was estimated to be 84% with a measured sex ratio of 48:52 M:F, at an estimated cost per 1 000 cocoons of U.S. $5.26 for materials and a labor requirement of approximately 6 hours. A host larvae:female parasitoid ratio of 100:1 was found to be most efficient in terms of number of parasitoid cocoons produced per female parasitoid, but a ratio of 100:2 was most efficient in terms of number of cocoons per rearing cup. OverwinteringC. melanoscela cocoons under natural conditions for 25 weeks (November placements) before expectedL. dispar egg hatch (mid-April) resulted in excellent synchrony with host egg hatch. Alternatively, holdingC. melanoscela cocoons in cold storage for 23 or more weeks at 5°C resulted in adult parasitoid emergence beginning 10 days after removal from cold storage, and proper timing of removal would result in similar synchrony of adult emergence with host egg hatch. These alternative release strategies give managers increased program flexibility.     

Biological features and population density forecasts of the beet webworm Pyrausta sticticalis L. (Lepidoptera, Pyraustidae) in the period of low population density of the pest in Krasnodar Territory

Population dynamics of the beet webworm Pyrausta sticticalis L. was studied in 2003–2005 in Krasnodar Territory (Slavyansk-on-Kuban District) during the period of low population density of the pest. In the period examined, the adult death rate was high, fecundity was low; the low rate of hatchability and high rate of mortality was typical of larvae reared in the laboratory. Analysis of life tables has demonstrated that the observed population density of adults could be explained only by a constant flow of migrants. Low viability of insects from the local population could be explained by the infection with pathogenic microorganisms, including viruses of the Polyhedrosis and Granulosi groups of Baculovirus, and microsporidia, including Nosema sticticalis and Microsporidium sp. Reproduction of the pest can also be influenced by unfavorable weather conditions reducing population density in the subsequent generation. It is demonstrated that the model of the beet webworm population density dynamics based on indices of female fertility, changes in the offspring viability, and the rate of infection with microsporidia is more reliable than models based only on meteorological factors.     

我国草地螟的迁飞规律及途径

草地螟Loxostege sticticalisL.是一种重要的迁飞害虫,曾给我国三北地区的农牧业生产造成巨大的经济损失。文章在列举大量草地螟迁飞证据的同时,总结分析了成虫的迁飞过程及行为生理特征、迁飞途径以及在我国主要发生危害区的虫源关系。有资料显示,成虫通常在黄昏前后自主起飞,起飞的适宜温度为20℃左右。当成虫进入边界层后,便在距地面400 m左右的高空成层,并随气流运载至远处。黎明前后,成虫降落。脂类是成虫飞行的主要能源物质。在我国,越冬代和1代之间可能可以“互为虫源地”。越冬代成虫随西南气流迁飞至我国东北地区,在当地繁殖1代后,成虫可能回迁至华北地区,尽管目前还缺乏直接的证据。最后,还讨论了草地螟迁飞规律研究中尚待解决的主要科学问题。     

双斑截尾寄蝇对寄主种类及草地螟幼虫龄期和寄生部位的选择性

双斑截尾寄蝇Nemorilla maculosa Meigen是草地螟和其他鳞翅类昆虫的重要寄生天敌,但国内外对其寄生行为知之甚少。为了明确双斑截尾寄蝇的寄生行为特征及其对草地螟种群动态的影响,在22℃,光照16 h的条件下就其对不同寄主种类及草地螟幼虫龄期、寄主部位的选择性进行了研究。结果显示：在草地螟、甜菜夜蛾和粘虫3种幼虫同时存在的条件下,双斑截尾寄蝇对草地螟的寄生率显著高于甜菜夜蛾和粘虫,而对甜菜夜蛾的寄生率又显著高于粘虫。另外,幼虫被寄生的平均次数也呈现相同的趋势,表明双斑截尾寄蝇喜选择草地螟。在3, 4, 5龄草地螟幼虫同时存在时,双斑截尾寄蝇对5龄幼虫的寄生率和平均寄生次数均显著高于4龄和3龄幼虫的,表明该寄蝇主要选择5龄幼虫为其寄主。在被寄生的草地螟幼虫中,胸部被寄生的比率（66.4%）和次数（4.2）显著高于头部（23.4%,1.0）和腹部（10.9%,1.1）,而腹部及头部被寄生的比例及卵粒数没有显著差异,表明双斑截尾寄蝇主要选择幼虫的胸部进行寄生。最后,就双斑截尾寄蝇对产卵寄主选择的原因和机理进行了讨论。     

草地螟寄生蝇与寄主间的关系及控害作用

草地螟寄生蝇是草地螟Loxotego stictialisL.的重要天敌,但其发生种类、控害作用尚不明确。通过室内饲养,结合历年田间调查对康保县草地螟寄生蝇种类、田间分布、寄生率及消长规律进行研究,结果表明康保县草地螟寄生蝇发生种类有5种。田间呈聚集分布,种群数量大,寄生率高,控害作用显著。对开展草地螟预测预报,保护利用天敌资源和综合治理提供了科学依据。     

Oligochaete cocoon remains as evidence of past lake pollution

Cores taken in L. Orta, a large, deep ammonia and copper polluted lake in North Italy, revealed the presence of sub-fossil cocoons of a tubificid (Spirosperma ferox) and of a lumbriculid (Stylodrilus lemani?) in sediment layers corresponding to a period prior to the beginning of heavy industrial pollution (1926). The findings point out the possible use of sub-fossil cocoons of some aquatic Oligochaeta to indicate past lake conditions.     

Parasitoid complex of the pistachio twig borer moth,Kermania pistaciella,in Iran

The parasitoid complex of the pistachio twig borer moth, Kermania pistaciella Amsel (Lepidoptera: Tineidae), a native pest of pistachio trees, was investigated at 27 pistachio plantation sites in Kerman province, the major pistachio growing area of Iran. The present study was conducted to document the naturally established parasitoid complex and to assess the need for improving the biological control of this species. In total, 22,390 moth cocoons were collected from 186 samples collected from commercial orchards during 2006–2008 and kept singly in controlled conditions to rear immature insects. An average of 2.8% of moth cocoons had been attacked by predators at time of sampling. Of the collected cocoons, on average 46.7% completed development and emerged as adult moths, no insects emerged from 8%, suggesting that the moth or wasp died before maturing, and parasitoids emerged from the remaining 42.5%. The overall percentage of host cocoons from which wasps emerged ranged from 25.6 to 59%. Fifteen hymenopterous parasitoid species were recovered from cocoons, of which three species were primary parasitoids, two were obligatory hyperparasitoids and the remaining 10 species were facultative hyperparasitoids. The primary parasitoid, Chelonus kermakiae (Tobias) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), was the most abundant comprising almost 85% of the total emerging parasitoids. In addition, a further four species of larval parasitoid developed within the PTBM's larval tunnels in pistachio fruit cluster-stem tissue. Conservation of these parasitoids in the pistachio growing areas is recommended since a high level of parasitized moths’ cocoons was found at the majority of experimental sites.     

The beet webworm <Emphasis Type="Italic">Loxostege sticticalis</Emphasis> L. (Lepidoptera,Crambidae) in the focus of agricultural entomology objectives: I. The periodicity of pest outbreaks

Analysis of the published data on the population dynamics of the beet webworm Loxostege sticticalis L., including its relation to solar activity, was made. The official statistical data from Russia and China testify to asynchronous outbreaks of the webworm in these countries, which suggests the existence of at least two population systems within the species range, the Euro-Siberian (Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan) and Central Asian (China and Mongolia) ones, geographically isolated by mountain systems (Tien Shan, Pamir, Altai, and the Sayan mountains) and deserts and bridged by the narrow East Siberian corridor. The theoretical and applied aspects of this conclusion are discussed, including the necessity for further studying of the population dynamics of this dangerous pest.     

Infection density,diversity, and distribution of Wolbachia bacteria in moths (Order Lepidoptera): First systematic report from Thailand

Members of the genus Wolbachia are a group of Rickettsia-like, intracellular, maternally inherited bacterial endosymbionts that infect a diverse range of insects and cause reproductive changes in their hosts. Although Wolbachia’s role in many insects has been extensively studied, only a little of their effects on host’s reproduction and their infection frequencies were reported in Lepidopteran which is one of the most diverse insects. Here, we present the first systematic survey of the Wolbachia infection status in different species of moths from three different geographic regions of Thailand, which was carried out during January to December in 2019 with the screening of 1,235 specimens in total of 58 moth species from 13 families. Specimens were collected from Khao Yai National Park (the Central and the Northeast regions), and Kaeng Krachan National Park (the West region). Infections of Wolbachia were screened by using polymerase chain reaction with 16S rRNA, ftsZ and wsp gene primers which the results indicated high rates of Wolbachia infection in moth populations from Thailand. Wolbachia was found in all different geographically populations in total of 625 individuals in total of 28 moth species from 9 families, including 144 individuals (46 males and 98 females) from the Central, 156 individuals (49 males and 107 females) from the Northeast, and 325 individuals (114 males and 211 females) from the West. The highest infection rate was 90.47% in the West populations and the average infection rate was 61.90%. The detection of Wolbachia in different moth populations from all regions was identical when all primers were used to screen for Wolbachia. The relative densities of Wolbachia within each individual were determined using quantitative real-time PCR and the result showed that there was a low Wolbachia infection density in these moth populations. These findings indicated that Wolbachia are distributed throughout the moth populations from Thailand.     

Genetic structure and diversity of a newly invasive species, the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in China

Cydia pomonella (L.) was firstly reported in China in the 1950s and considered as one of the most serious invasive pest in fruit orchards of China. It spread rapidly from the original site in Xinjiang to other northwestern regions. The pest has further penetrated northeastern China since 2006. With its rapid invasion rate, most pome fruit production areas of China are being threatened. As yet there has been no research into the genetic diversity and structure of the codling moth population in China. We investigated the genetic variations of 12 C. pomonella populations collected from the main distribution regions (Xinjiang, Gansu and Heilongjiang Provinces) in China and compared them with one German and one Swiss population using eight microsatellites loci to infer the characteristics of genetic diversity and genetic structure. We observed sequential loss of genetic diversity and significant structuring associated with distribution but no significant correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance among northwestern populations. There was no genetic evidence for bottleneck effects in any of the populations. The results suggest that the loss of genetic diversity in C. pomonella populations resulted from the successive colonization of founder populations. Recent invasion history led to the lack of any bottleneck effect. The high level of population genetic structuring is related to the weak flight capacity of the codling moth and the human-aided dispersal rather than to geographic distance. These genetic data not only provide us with an understanding of the micro-evolutionary processes related to successful biological invasions, but also provide guidance for pest management strategies.     

Effects of host age and cocoon position on attack rate by the hyperparasitoid,Eurytoma sp. [Hym.: Eurytomidae], on cocoons of the parasitoid,Cotesia (=Apanteles) glomerata [Hym.: Braconidae]

Host age preference of the hyperparasitoid,Eurytoma sp., attacking the cocoons of the gregarious parasitoid wasp,Cotesia (=Apanteles) glomerata L., was investigated in the field and laboratory. Under laboratory conditions of 20°C and L16D8 photoperiod.Eurytoma sp. parasitized cocoons of all ages, laying 7 to 10 eggs per cluster during a 24 h period. Field-collected cocoons also indicated that the host was parasitized regardless of its developmental stage. However, the mortality ofEurytoma sp. laid in cocoons on the day before host emergence was as high as 60%. Furthermore, progeny sex ratio (proportion males) reached 0.708 in eggs laid in the oldest cocoon clusters, whereas that for younger cocoons was strongly female-biased. Together, these facts suggest that older hosts are less suitable forEurytoma sp. than are younger ones, even though there was no significant decreasing tendency in the number of parasitized cocoons per cluster. In addition, the effect of cocoon position within a cluster was apparent, outer cocoons being more easily parasitized than inner ones. TheEurytoma sp. female oviposited at random on the free surface ofC. glomerata cocoons.     

Model of Grapholita molesta spring emergence in pear orchards based on statistical information criteria

The oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, is becoming a large threat to Korean pear production. Timely management of the egg and early larval stages from the spring emergence is critical to reduce the G. molesta population during the pear growing season. A model was developed to precisely predict the spring occurrence of G. molesta adults as a function of accumulated degree-days. The model was validated with male moth caught in sex pheromone-baited traps placed in pear orchards at two major pear production regions (Icheon and Naju) of Korea in 2010. We applied nine distribution models to describe the cumulative proportions of G. molesta males caught relative to accumulated degree-days. The observed phenology of the G. molesta spring population was well described by the nine models. The predicted dates for the cumulative 50% male moth catches were within a 5 day period. Based on statistical information criteria (Akaike's and Bayes–Schwartz information criteria), we recommend the sigmoid function referred by Brown and Mayer, because of its ease of use and meaningfulness; the parameter “b” denotes the degree-day accumulation at 50% moth emergence. The G. molesta spring emergence model could be applied to determine optimal chemical treatment timing for controlling G. molesta in fruit tree orchards and further help to develop a full-cycle phenology model of G. molesta.