巴马香猪和杜长大猪的PDK4基因的克隆及组织表达分析

为了获得广西巴马香猪和杜长大猪丙酮酸脱氢酶激酶4 (PDK4)基因编码区序列(CDS),并研究PDK4基因在广西巴马香猪和杜长大猪不同组织中的mRNA表达差异,本研究利用基因克隆技术分别从巴马香猪和杜长大猪的背最长肌组织中提取总RNA,PCR扩增出PDK4基因CDS,并进行生物信息学分析。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测PDK4基因在这两品种猪不同组织中m RNA的相对表达量。结果表明:本研究分别成功克隆获得巴马香猪和杜长大猪PDK4基因CDS,长度为1 224 bp,这两品种猪的PDK4基因CDS同源性为100%,与GenBank报道的普通猪、人、鼠、马、羊的同源性分别为100%、91.0%、85.5%、92.3%、93.0%。基于PDK4基因碱基同源性构建的物种系统进化树可知,巴马猪和杜长大猪遗传距离是最近的,最远的是小鼠。两品种猪PDK4氨基酸组成中亮氨酸含量较高,占总氨基酸数的10.8%,同时发现PDK4蛋白具有较强的亲水性。巴马香猪和杜长大猪PDK4蛋白的高级结构中均包含有α螺旋、无规卷曲和延伸链。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,巴马香猪和杜长大猪的不同组织PDK4基因表达量最高的为腹脂,最低的是脾。巴马香猪背最长肌中PDK4基因表达水平极显著高于杜长大猪,而杜长大猪的皮脂、腹脂、肝、脾以及肾中PDK4基因表达水平极显著高于巴马香猪。本试验成功克隆了巴马香猪和杜长猪的PDK4基因,并且检测了该基因在两品种猪不同组织中的基因表达水平的差异,为今后深入探讨PDK4基因在地方猪种脂质代谢和脂肪沉积方面发挥的作用奠定工作基础。     

陆川猪GPR1基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

本试验旨在对陆川猪G蛋白偶联受体1(G protein-coupled receptor 1,GPR1)基因进行克隆及相关生物信息学分析。本研究根据NCBI上公布的野猪GPR1基因序列设计引物,应用RT-PCR技术扩增得到包含全长编码区在内的基因片段,应用生物信息学软件对陆川猪GPR1基因的理化性质,修饰结构,二级结构和三级结构进行分析。结果显示:GPR1基因编码区全长1 068 bp,编码355个氨基酸;与NCBI上公布的野猪(NM_001190244.1)、牛(NM_001206545.1)、人(NM_005279.3)、猕猴(AF100204.1)、小鼠(NM_146250.2)、大鼠(NM_012961.1)GPR1基因氨基酸序列的同源性分别为98.9%、90.4%、86.5%、86.2%、78.2%、77.4%。陆川猪的GPR1蛋白有七个跨膜螺旋结构,不存在蛋白信号肽。GPR1蛋白存在两个N糖基化位点和多个潜在磷酸化位点。本研究成功克隆陆川猪GPR1基因完整的编码区序列,为今后GPR1基因在陆川猪的脂肪沉积及脂肪代谢方面的研究提供了理论依据。     

从江香猪λ1干扰素基因的克隆及序列分析

[目的]对从江香猪λ1干扰素(interferon-λ1,IFN-λ1)基因进行扩增、克隆和生物信息学分析。[方法]根据Gen Bank登录的猪IFN-λ1基因序列(FJ455508)设计合成特异性引物,通过RT-PCR从淋巴细胞中扩增IFN-λ1基因CDS区并进行克隆和生物信息分析。[结果]从江香猪IFN-λ1基因CDS全长576 bp,共编码191个氨基酸,其分子式为C949H1543N277O270S7,相对分子质量21.38 k Da;该蛋白等电点为9.42,为亲水性蛋白。从江香猪IFN-λ1含有丰富的二级结构,以α-螺旋(64.40%)和无规卷曲(25.65%)为主,蛋白质三级结构中主要以α-螺旋为主,同源性及系统进化树分析结果表明从江香猪与野猪IFN-λ1核苷酸同源性最高(为100%),亲缘关系最近。[结论]从江香猪IFN-λ1基因的克隆和生物信息学分析为进一步研究其抗病毒功能奠定了基础。     

广西巴马小型猪Neuritin基因克隆与生物信息学分析及真核表达载体的构建

本研究旨在通过克隆广西巴马小型猪的Neuritin基因并进行生物信息学分析,为后续对Neuritin的研究奠定基础。实验成功获得Neuritin基因的编码区序列,并对Neuritin基因编码区序列和预测蛋白序列进行分析。结果表明,广西巴马小型猪的Neuritin基因编码142个氨基酸,其中含有2个磷酸化位点和2个跨膜信号结构以及1个结构保守域。通过双酶切技术成功获得重组质粒pEGFP-N1-Neuritin并转染到N2a细胞中,在24 h拍照发现N2a细胞发出荧光,证明Neuritin真核表达载体构建成功。     

巴马小型猪TNF-α基因的克隆与相关生物学信息分析

本研究旨在分析巴马小型猪TNF-α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha)基因的遗传变异情况。实验采用RT-PCR和克隆的方法成功扩增TNF-α基因的编码区序列,同时对TNF-α基因和相应的蛋白序列进行生物信息学分析。结果表明,巴马小型猪TNF-α基因编码区全长为699 bp,编码232个氨基酸;与Gen Bank中已发表的猪TNF-α基因(登录号:NM_214022.1)序列进行比对,未发现核苷酸碱基突变;编码的232个氨基酸分子量为25 253.9,理论等电点为5.44,不存在信号肽,但存在跨膜螺旋结构。经过序列相似性分析,巴马小型猪的TNF-α基因与猪、人、马、牛、家犬、绵羊同源性比较结果表明其具有较强的保守性。巴马小型猪的TNF-α基因与野猪的亲缘关系一致。     

狗Toll样受体5基因的克隆与序列分析

[目的]克隆狗TLR5基因,应用生物信息学软件对其进行结构和功能的预测分析。[方法]依据Gen Bank中已公布的狗TLR5基因的CDS区设计出特异性引物。PCR扩增获得狗TLR5目的基因,并构建重组质粒p CR2.1-Dog TLR5,测序正确后应用生物信息软件分析其序列特征。[结果]克隆得到的基因序列与Gen Bank中登录的狗TLR5(NC 006620.3)的同源性高达99%。狗TLR5的ORF为2 577 bp,编码858个氨基酸,蛋白分子质量约94.675 7 k Da,理论等电点为8.57,不稳定系数为43.14,表明为不稳定蛋白。狗TLR5蛋白N端的前20个氨基酸构成了其信号肽序列。核苷酸序列同源性比对结果表明,狗的TLR5基因序列与大熊猫、雪豹、东北虎和猎豹TLR5基因同源性相对于其他比对物种较高,分别为78.7%、77.2%、76.8%和76.3%。[结论]成功克隆出狗TLR5基因,生物信息学分析表明狗TLR5基因与Toll样受体家族具有相似的结构特征。狗TLR5基因的成功克隆与序列分析为进一步研究其在分子免疫方面的作用机制奠定了基础。     

猪细小病毒自然弱毒N株VP2基因的克隆、测序及生物信息学分析

本研究对猪细小病毒(porcine parvovirus,PPV)自然弱毒N株(PPV-N)VP2基因进行克隆、测序并利用生物信息学技术分析PPV-NVP2蛋白基因的同源性、遗传进化、密码子偏爱性、糖基化位点、磷酸化位点、B细胞抗原表位及其二、三级结构。结果表明:成功扩增出包含VP2基因完整目的片段(1901bp),构建了VP2基因的克隆重组质粒pMD18-T-VP2,测序获取VP2基因序列(1740bp)并将该序列登录到GenBank(HM355807)。PPVVP2基因属高度保守的基因;PPV-N株与PPV弱毒代表毒株NADL-2株亲缘性近,推测PPV-N株属于弱毒株;PPV-N株VP2基因氨基酸密码子偏爱以A结尾的密码子;PPV-N株VP2蛋白可能存在7个糖基化位点,其丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸可能分别有9、7、8个磷酸化位点,可能存在24个B细胞抗原表位;PPV-N株VP2蛋白二级结构预测,α-螺旋占11.74%,β-折叠占22.97%,无规则卷曲占65.28%,而三维结构预测VP2蛋白主要以无规则卷曲为主,存在多个螺旋和折叠区域。本研究结果为进一步阐释PPV-N株自然弱毒的分子机理提供依据,并为PPV分子诊断试剂及基因工程疫苗研究等提供有益借鉴。     

乌金猪FTO基因的克隆和表达分析

目的:克隆乌金猪脂肪和肥胖相关基因(FTO)编码区序列(CDS),分析其序列组成特征及在乌金猪不同组织中的表达情况。方法:采用反转录PCR方法从乌金猪脂肪组织中克隆FTO基因CDS,利用生物信息学方法分析其序列组成特征;采用实时PCR方法分析乌金猪FTO基因mRNA在不同组织中的表达情况。结果:克隆的FTO基因全长1518 bp(已提交至GenBank数据库,登录号为JQ031263),编码由505个氨基酸残基构成的蛋白,推测的相对分子质量为58.16×103,等电点为5.18;乌金猪与牛、羊、人和大鼠的FTO蛋白的氨基酸序列同源性分别为91%、90%、89%和83%;进化树分析显示,推测的乌金猪FTO蛋白的氨基酸组成与牛、羊的亲缘性较近,其次是人、大鼠;推测的氨基酸组成中无跨膜区,无信号肽,为亲水蛋白;分析发现该蛋白有22个磷酸化修饰位点,包括10个丝氨酸蛋白激酶磷酸化位点、7个苏氨酸蛋白激酶磷酸化位点、5个酪氨酸蛋白激酶磷酸化位点,200、246、302位氨基酸残基有糖基化位点;二级结构预测发现该蛋白共有201个螺旋、33个伸展链和271个卷曲结构;实时PCR检测的组织表达谱表明,FTO基因mRNA在乌金猪肝脏组织中的表达量最高,在脂肪、肾、脾中也有大量表达,在心脏、肌肉中的表达量最少。结论:为深入探讨乌金猪FTO基因的生物学功能奠定了重要基础。     

杜仲Dirigent蛋白编码基因的克隆及序列分析

分别以杜仲基因组DNA和cDNA为模板克隆DIRs基因,并分析其序列及其蛋白的遗传特性。以杜仲为研究对象,利用聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)技术获得杜仲DIRs序列,并结合生物信息学方法对杜仲DIRs的序列进行深入分析。从杜仲中克隆DIRs基因序列,利用生物信息手段分析DIRs基因与其它物种的同源性、结构域、功能域、蛋白质理化特性、蛋白质序列跨膜区、亚细胞定位、磷酸化位点、糖基化位点以及编码蛋白二级结构等进行分析。克隆的杜仲DIRs片段序列有468bp,不含内含子,编码155个氨基酸。推测的编码蛋白的氨基酸序列与芝麻、五味子同源性最高,分别达71%和70%,具有的5个保守基序,第1～148位之间是个高度保守的结构功能域—Dirigent,为亲水性蛋白,相对分子质量为17kD,理论等电点为4.91,不具有跨膜区;亚细胞定位在细胞质中,不属于分泌蛋白;序列预测具有13个磷酸化位点,未预测到糖基化位点,二级结构主要以无规则卷曲结构组成。以上研究为进一步探讨DIRs基因在木脂素生物合成途径中的功能提供了理论依据。     

西藏小型猪细胞色素b基因序列的比较

目的对西藏小型猪Cyt b-基因序列进行分析,研究其遗传背景及其与国内家猪的亲缘关系。方法提取西藏小型猪和巴马小型猪、贵州香猪、五指山猪的全基因组DNA,设计引物扩增Cyt b基因,测序后进行碱基序列比对,建立亲缘关系树,分析西藏小型猪的遗传背景。结果西藏小型猪等国内部分品种猪的Cyt b基因序列与欧洲猪相比有14个变异位点;但是西藏小型猪与国内品种猪相比存在两个特殊碱基位点即在420位点T→C转换的同时在883位点存在G→A转换。结论西藏小型猪与巴马小型猪、贵州香猪、五指山猪等国内家猪有很近的亲缘关系。同时进一步证实西藏小型猪群体内存在一定的遗传分化。     

Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms are associated with the longevity in the Guangxi Bama population of China

Human longevity is an interesting and complicated subject, with many associated variations, geographic and genetic, including some known mitochondrial variations. The population of the Bama County of Guangxi Province of China is well known for its longevity and serves as a good model for studying a potential molecular mechanism. In this study, a full sequence analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been done in ten Bama centenarians using direct sequencing. Polymorphisms of the displacement loop (D-loop) region of mtDNA and several serum parameters were analyzed for a total of 313 Bama individuals with ages between 10 and 110 years. The results showed that there were seven mitochondrial variations, A73G, A263G, A2076G, A8860G, G11719A, C14766T, and A15326G, and four haplogroups, M(*), F1, D* and D(4) in 10 Bama centenarians. In the D-loop region of mtDNA, the mt146T occurred at a significantly lower frequency in those is the older age group (90-110 years) than in the middle (80-89 years) and in the younger (10-79 years) groups (P < 0.05). The mt146T also had lower systolic blood pressure and serum markers such as total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein than did mt146C in the older age group (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the mt146C and the mt146T individuals in the middle and the younger groups (P > 0.05). The mt5178C/A polymorphisms did not show any significant differences among the three age-groups (P > 0.05), but different nationalities in the Bama County did show a significant difference in the mt5178C/A polymorphisms (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the mt146T/C polymorphisms in Guangxi Bama individuals may partly account for the Bama longevity whereas the mt5178C/A polymorphisms are strongly associated with the nationalities in the Guangxi Bama population.     

The etiology of sepsis: turned inside out

The sepsis syndrome is thought to occur when microbial products activate Toll-like receptors stimulating widespread inflammation, in turn causing organ failure, shock and death. However, recent discoveries reveal that: (i) not only microbial substances but also endogenous molecules can trigger Toll-like receptors; (ii) Toll-like receptor-4, the endotoxin receptor, is constitutively suppressed; and (iii) the first step in sepsis could be the release of Toll-like receptor-4 from suppression. These discoveries suggest that endotoxin might not always initiate the sepsis syndrome and they explain why anti-endotoxin therapies fail. The discoveries also suggest new therapeutic targets - endogenous agonists and Toll-like receptor regulators - for treatment of sepsis.     

Activation of smooth muscle and myenteric plexus cells of jejunum via Toll-like receptor 4

The cell types of the gut expressing Toll-like receptor 4, which recognizes specifically bacterial lipopolysaccharides, as well as the functionality of this receptor, have remained controversial. We aimed to clarify these issues. Mouse and human intestinal specimens were stained immunohistochemically to detect Toll-like receptor 4 expression. Smooth muscle and myenteric plexus cells but not enterocytes revealed receptor expression. Murine intestinal smooth muscle and myenteric plexus cells but not enterocytes showed nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB after in vivo stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide added to human jejunum biopsies free of epithelial cells induced release of interleukin-8 (IL-8). We can conclude that Toll-like receptor 4 is not expressed in epithelial layer, but rather on smooth muscle and myenteric plexus cells and that expression is functional. The expression of Toll-like receptor 4 on smooth muscle and myenteric plexus cells is consistent with the possibility that these cells are involved in intestinal immune defense; the low or absent expression of Toll-like receptor 4 on enterocytes might explain the intestinal epithelium hyporesponsiveness to the abundance of LPS in the intestinal lumen.     

Four N-linked glycosylation sites in human toll-like receptor 2 cooperate to direct efficient biosynthesis and secretion

Most higher organisms have a system of innate immune defense that is mediated by a group of evolutionarily related, germ line-encoded receptors, so-called Toll-like receptors. In mammals Toll-like receptors signal in response to pathogen-associated microbial structures. For example, Toll-like receptor 2 appears to mediate responses to bacterial peptidoglycan and acylated lipoproteins and Toll-like receptor 4 to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. However, the structural principles that underlie recognition of these structures are poorly understood. Toll-like receptors have leucine-rich repeats in their extracellular domains and are thus believed to adopt solenoid structures, similar to that found in platelet glycoprotein Ib. Additionally, all Toll-like receptors contain N-linked glycosylation consensus sites, and Toll-like receptor 4 requires glycosylation for function. Toll-like receptor glycosylation is also likely to influence receptor surface representation, trafficking, and pattern recognition. Using circular dichroism spectroscopy, we show here that purified human Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 proteins have secondary structure contents similar to glycoprotein Ib. We have also analyzed where consensus glycosylation sites are located in the extracellular domains of other human Toll-like receptors. We found that there are significant differences in the location and degree of conservation between sites in different Toll-like receptors. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we have found that in Toll-like receptor 2 extracellular domain all four predicted glycosylation sites are substituted, although one site is inefficiently core-glycosylated and its removal drastically affects secretion. The remaining Toll-like receptor 2 glycosylation sites also contribute to efficient protein secretion, albeit to a lesser degree.     

广西多穗柯叶片性状变异及幼苗生长量研究

多穗柯是一种珍贵天然野生药用植物,可以开发出保健食品色素和天然医用药品,广西的资源较丰富,该研究采集巴马、那坡、德保及田林等4个产地的多穗柯种子进行播种育苗,并跟踪调查测定一年生幼苗的叶片性状及幼苗生长量,并进行相关性分析。结果表明:(1)不同产地间叶片性状及幼苗生长指标均存在不同程度的差异,其中巴马与那坡、德保、田林在叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶脉间距、叶鲜重、叶片干物质含量、叶片组织密度等叶片性状上的差异均达到显著水平,在株高、地径、单株干重、主根长、单株根干重及单株叶干重等生长指标上亦存在显著差异,且生长量是后3个产地的1~2倍;通过比较各产地的叶片保水力及植株净生长量,巴马的多穗柯植株耐旱性及生长速度优于其他三地。综合各性状表现,认为巴马的多穗柯苗期表现比较好,生长速度快,长势好,抗旱性较强,可作为多穗柯优良种源的初步选择。(2)8月份是多穗柯株高、地径的生长高峰期,建议此时应加强肥水管理,调节适宜的水肥光热条件,尽量延长幼苗的快速生长时间,以获得苗木的最大累积生长量。(3)叶片性状与幼苗生长量的相关性分析结果显示,叶面积与株高、地径、单株干重、单株根干重以及单株叶干重等呈极显著正相关,叶脉间距、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)与株高、单株干重呈显著或极显著正相关,比叶面积与株高、地径呈显著负相关。因此,在以后的优株表型选择中,要优先考虑叶子大、叶脉间距宽、中老熟叶片叶色浓绿的植株。该研究结果为多穗柯优良种质资源的早期筛选提供了一定的依据。     

The Gram-negative bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis L2 stimulates tumor necrosis factor secretion by innate immune cells independently of its endotoxin

The endotoxin of Chlamydia trachomatis L(2), the causative agent of lymphogranuloma venerum, has been described as an endotoxin with an atypical structure and weak stimulatory activity. It is, however, unclear whether chlamydial endotoxin plays a role in the stimulation of innate immune cells upon contact with the whole microorganism C. trachomatis L(2). We show here that chlamydial endotoxin and, as expected, Escherichia coli O55:B5 endotoxin depend on Toll-like receptor 4 without depending on Toll-like receptor 2 to stimulate bone marrow-derived dendritic cells to secrete tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In contrast, the whole microorganism C. trachomatis L(2) induces TNF secretion by innate immune cells independently of Toll-like receptor 4, while stimulation by E. coli O55:B5 depends on Toll-like receptor 4. Furthermore, although TNF secretion of the macrophage cell line RAW264.7 with chlamydial or E. coli O55:B5 endotoxin as well as with the bacterium E. coli O55:B5 is inhibited by the endotoxin-neutralizing compound polymyxin B, C. trachomatis L(2)-induced secretion of TNF cannot be reduced. In accordance with the literature, the potential of chlamydial endotoxin is more than 100-fold weaker than E. coli O55:B5 endotoxin on all cell types tested. We conclude that chlamydial endotoxin is unlikely to be involved in C. trachomatis L(2)-induced release of TNF by innate immune cells.     

A new insight into thymosin β4, a promising therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative disorders

Thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a G-actin-sequestering secreted peptide, improves neurovascular remodeling and central nervous system plasticity, which leads to neurological recovery in many neurological diseases. Inflammatory response adjustment and tissue inflammation consequences from neurological injury are vital for neurological recovery. The innate or nonspecific immune system is made of different components. The Toll-like receptor pro-inflammatory signaling pathway, which is one of these components, regulates tissue injury. The main component of the Toll-like/IL-1 receptor signaling pathway, which is known as IRAK1, can be regulated by miR-146a and regulates NF-κB expression. Due to the significant role of Tβ4 in oligodendrocytes, neurons, and microglial cells in neurological recovery, it is suggested that Tβ4 regulates the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pro-inflammatory signaling pathway by upregulating miR-146a in neurological disorders. However, further investigations on the role of Tβ4 in regulating the expression of miR146a and TLR signaling pathway in the immune response adjustment in neurological disorders provides an insight into mechanisms of action and the possibility of Tβ4 therapeutic effect enhancement.     

Correlations of fecal bacterial communities with age and living region for the elderly living in Bama,Guangxi, China

Bama County (Guangxi, China) is famous for its longevous population. In this study, intestinal microflora of 17 healthy elderly subjects of different ages and from different regions (rural and urban) in Bama, were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Significant effects of age and living region on the whole intestinal bacterial communities were observed by redundancy analysis (RDA). A total of 11 bacterial strains that were correlated with age and living region were identified using a t-value biplot combined with band sequencing. Four bacterial strains were correlated with both age and living region of the elderly in Bama. Two Bacteroides strains and one Ruminococcaceae strain were abundant in the rural, younger elderly; conversely, one Desulfovibrio strain was high in the urban, older elderly. Another Bacteroidetes strain was only correlated with the participant’s age, and its abundance increased with the age of the elderly. The richness of one Clostridium sordellii strain, which was only correlated with the elderly living region, was high in the urban elderly. The study also found five other novel bacterial strains that were correlated with the age or living region of the elderly in Bama. These results expand our understanding of age- and region-effects on the intestinal microflora of the elderly and raise the possibility of developing probiotics originating from centenarians.     

巴马小型猪在医学研究中的应用进展简

广西巴马小型猪作为国内小型猪主要品种之一,具有遗传性稳定、多产、体重较小、体表多覆白毛等特征,组织器官及生化指标与人类相似,已越来越广泛地应用于医学研究领域：猪的心脏解剖与生理特点与人类高度相似,已被广泛应用于心血管系统研究中,在我国,巴马小型猪被用来构建心肌缺血、卵圆孔未闭等心血管疾病模型;猪具有杂食性及与人相似的脂质代谢,可用于研究内分泌疾病,巴马小型猪已用于糖尿病动物模型建立及其遗传易感性、并发症的防治研究等;巴马小型猪的消化系统与人类相似,利用此特点已建立阻塞性慢性胰腺炎、结肠穿孔、胆肠吻合等消化系统疾病模型;巴马小型猪除头、尾外,体表覆以白毛,这一特点使其成为研究皮肤创伤、烧伤修复等的理想动物;小型猪的牙齿解剖结构与人类相似,口裂大,可作为口腔医学研究中的理想动物,巴马小型猪已用来建立牙髓坏死模型及对上颌扩弓方式的研究;类似人的解剖、生理、病理使其成为较为适合的异种移植供体.在中医药研究方面,已用巴马小型猪分别建立了肝脏、脾脏、股动、静脉出血及头颈恶性肿瘤放疗后的腮腺损伤动物模型以研究中药制剂的疗效及机制.